Khoa hgc Xa hpi va Nhan van i
v i n de hoi nhap quoc te qua lich su* phe binh Truyen Kieu
TrSn Nho Thin'
Trir&ng Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hoi vd Nhdn vdn, Dai hoc Quoc gia Hd Npi
Ngay nhan bai 18/11/2019; ngay chuy6n phan bien 25/11/2019; ngay nhan phan bien 30/1/2020; ngay chap nhan dang 27/2/2020
Tdm tdt:
Lich sii' nghien ciru, ph§ binh Truyen Kieu tir dau the ky XX, khi ngu'61 Viet Nam tich eye hdi nhap quoc te cho din nay cho thay nhiiu vSn de quan trong va thu vj xet ca ve ly luSn v^ phuo'ng phap nghiln ciru. Nghien ciiu Truyen Kieu a Viet Nam ho'n mdt tram nam qua dien ra ddng hanh cung cac ITnh vuc xa hoi khac nhau, phat trien dudi anh hudng, tac dong khac nhau cua cac ly thuyet van hoc. Bai viet tSp trung gidi thieu tdng quan cac ly thuyet nay theo chieu dai lich su ly luSn phe binh Truyen Kieu trong sudt hon mot the ky qua.
Tir khda: hoi nhap qudc te, nghien cuu va phe hinh, Truyen Kieu.
Chi so phan loai: 5.10
m uSn de
Tniyen Kieu - mot kiet tac ciia van hgc trung dai Viet Nam - da va dang dat ra rat nhieu van de Idiac nhau cho gidi nghien ciiu, phe binh ma mdt bai viet nhd khdng the bao quat day dii. Vdi bai viet nay, tac gia chi han che trong lich sir nghien cihi, pbe binh nhan vat nii' chinh ciia tac pham - Thuy Kieu de chi ra mdt vai phuang dien ciia hdi nhap qudc te trong nghien curu, phe binh van hgc trung dai, va Truyin Kieu ndi rieng, gidng nhu mot nghien cuu trudng hgp (case study).
Nhiilhg tianh luan cua hau the vh Thuy Ki^u
Khi sang tac Truyen Kieu, chac Nguyen Du khdng ngd hau the lai tranh luan gay gat den vay ve cac nhan vat ciia dng, dac biet ddi vdi nhan vit Thuy Kieu. Dieu gi da xay ra vay?
Tieng ndi vao loai sdm nhat "phan bien" nhan vat Thiiy Kieu cd the tim ±ay trong sang tac cua Nguyen Cdng Tni (1777-1858), ngudi ddng huang Nghi Xuan ciia Nguyen Du, kem Nguyen Du 12 tudi. Trong bai hat ndi Vinh Thity Kieu, Nguydn Cdng Tni cue luc Ien an Thuy Kieu "ta dam"
va cho rang chinh vi ta dam nen phai nhan sd kiep "doan tru'dng". "Dam" ddi lap vdi "trinh". Nguyen Cdng Tni cdng khai ddi lap vdi Nguyen Du, ngudi da de cho Kim Trong ndi nhirng Idi nhiet thanh benh vuc Thdy KiSu:
Xua nay trong dao ddn bd ChS- trinh kia cung co ba bay duang
Co Ichi bien co khi thudng
Co quyen ndophdi mot duang chap kinh Nhu ndng lay hieu Idm trinh Bui nao cho due dug'c minh dy vay Trai con de co horn nay Tan .mang dau ngo ven mdy giiia trdi Hoa Idn md lai them tuai Trdng tdn md lai han muoi ram xua.
Nhung ngay trong the ky XIX, cung da cd khdng it van nhan ddng cam vdi than phan Thuy Kieu. Nam 1820, Mdng Lien Dudng chii nhan viet: "Ta lay mot thiSn muc nhat, xa viing nang KiSu, tuy Idi van que kech, kliong dii sanh vdi birc giao thien, song du td rang cai ng sau ciia hai cbij tai tinh, tuy da khac ddi ma chung mdt da. May dugc ndi d ditng sau quyen "tan thanh" cita Td Nhu tir, ciing lam mdt khtic "doan trudng" de than khde ngudi xua" [1]. Chu Manh Trinh (1862-1905) Ien tieng: Ta cdng noi tinlx/Thuang nguai dong dieu. Dac biet, phai ghi nhan su kien vua Minh Mang - dai dien cho hieu Nguyen, mot trieu dai phuc hdi Nho giao kha triet di - da danh gia cao chi tiet Thity Kieu tu tic nhung khdng ch8t d lau xanh ciia Tii Ba {Dung dao nhgn sat than/
Long trinh nil- giii' minh tiet Ion), hay viec nang khuyen Tir Hai d^u hang (Khuyen do gdm qui thuan, bac trugngphu vi nuac long ngay). Ngay ddi vdi nhiing su viec tiep khach d thanh lau vdn dugc cac nha nho dimg lam can cii de Ien an nang thi vua Minh Mang lai benh vuc {Muoi idm nam buam
'Emad: thin tiikv23 6@gmail. ct
^ 62(4) 4.2020
'^'^oa hgc Xa hpi va Nhan V
The issue of international integration through The Tale
of Kieu's criticism history
Nho Thin Tran"
University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University. Hanoi Received ] 8 November 2019; accepted 27 Febmary 2020 Abstract:
The history of research and criticism of the Tale of Kicu from the beginning of the twentieth century, when the Vietnamese actively participated in international integration, shows many important and interesting issues in terms of both theory and research methods. Studying the Tale of Kieu in Vietnam over the last hundred years has been accompanied by different social fields, developed under the influence and different impacts of hterary theories. The paper focused on an overview of these theories according to the critical theory history of the Tale of Kieu in more than a century.
Keywords: international integration, researchers and critics, the Tale of Kieu.
Classification number; 5.10
Igi ongqua, khong timg diy/Nghin mudn dam mua don gio dap, vdn giU vimg long) [2].
Sang thd ky XX, nhiing tieng ndi cdng kich va benh vuc Thiiy KiSu van tiep tuc xuat hien. Tan Da lam tho vinh cac nhan vat trong Truyin Kiiu da cd nhiing can kha gay gat vdi nu nhan vat chinb cua tac pham, nhu Bon be anh hiing con dai gdi/Thgp thanh con di mdc muu gian. Mdt sd nha nho ciing goi thSng Thiiy Kieu la "di dung dau", "phudng trang gid"... Ngudi dgc van nhd den viec nha tha Luu Trgng Lu da "chieu tuySt" cho Thuy Kieu trudc nhiing Idi phe phan gay g^t cua Huynh Thiic Khang: "Vi nliu Kieu cd hu hot diat ma Kim Trong cdn cd long dai xa thay, thi anh va tdi la ke bang quan sao lai lay lam dieu? Vi nhu Kieu la gai lang cha that, ma ngudi tinh nhan la Kim Trong cdn khdng ghen thay thi mSc md chi anh va tdi lai di ghen hg cho chang...
Va nki nhu d ddi ciing can cd liic phai ghet, phai khinh de ma sdng, thi Vuong Thuy Kieu, tdi dam quyit la hang ngudi ma ta khdng nen khinh nen ghet hon hdt" [1].
Tren day la nhirng tranh luan chu yeu lien quan den danh gia dao dii'c ciia nhan vat. Trong thS ky XX, cdn cd nhung V kiin trai chidu ve dac diem giai cap ciia nhan vat. Trudng hop danh gia Hoan Thu cho mdt vi du sinh ddng ve phuang
dien nay. Cac y kidn trai chiSu dSn d tren phan anh cac each dgc khac nhau, tir nhirng didm nhin khac nhau cua cac kidu ngudi dpc, theo each dgc truydn thdng. Chua cd vSn dl vi viec v|n dung cac phuang phap hay ly luan van hgc phuang Tay de doc Truyen Kiiu. Trong nhiing Idi ciia cac tri thuc Tay hgc nhu Lim Trgng Lu benh vuc Thuy Kiiu trudc su cdng kich dii ddi cua mot sd nha nho hoac Pham Quynh de cao Truyin Kiiu, chiing ta nhan th4y thdp thoang hdng dang cua van hoc phuang Tay da din manh dit Viet Nam, song van chua thay y thiic tiep nhan ly luan van hoc tir thi gidi do',
van dung cac i» thuyet van hue tii phan tich Truyen Kieu va Sanh gia, ly giai nhan vdt
Phe binh van hoc the ky XX chiu anh hudng cua cac ly thuyet den tCr chau Au (trong dd cd Lien Xd) va phuong Tay.
Qua trinh hien dai hda van hgc Viet Nam dien ra trong ca linh vuc sang tac va nghien cuu, pbe binb. Kiet tac Truyen Kieu, hoan toan khdng ngau nhien, dugc nhieu nha nghien ciru chgn nhu mdt "thao trudng" de thao dien cac ly luan van hoc khac nhau, va khdng hen ma nen, hau het cac ly thuyet phucmg Tay ay deu "cham" den van de ve ngudn gdc mau thuan ciia cac y kien trai chieu ve nhan vat trong Truyen Kieu.
Ly thuyet phan tich tam ly
Nam 1942, Nguyen Bach Khoa^ cho xuat ban cudn Nguyin Du vd Truyen Kieu, trong do ly luan phan tich tam ly psychology (thudng dugc gidi nghien ciiu dich \kphdn tdm hgc) dugc van dung de cat nghia tac pham. Cac khai niem cita khoa phan tich tam ly nhu hiiu thirc, tiem thiic xuat hien trong cudn sach vdi tinh chat cita nhimg khai mem cdng cu giiip tim hieu Truyen Kieu. Theo ly thuyet phan tich tam ly ma Nguyen Bach Khoa tim hieu, phan hiiu thiic lit phan ndi tren be mat, cdn tiSm thiic lit phan chim cua tam ly con ngudi. Cac dii' dinh, ke hoach hanh ddng ciia con ngudi mang tinh chat huu thicc; nhung khi thuc thi ke hoach dd, cd the cd mdt sire manh vd hinh nao do (tiem thuc) da thiic day con ngudi hanh ddng trai ngugc lai vdi du dinh, ke hoach da vach ra. Nguyen Bach Khoa dua vao can cii nay de tnen khai pile binh Truyen Kieu.
Xet tir gdc do hiru thirc, theo Nguyin Bach Khoa, Nguyen Du thudng phai dua theo cac chuan muc cua dao
'Luu Trgng Lu co n h k &kn Noi buon ciia chang Wherthcr (cua nha thtj Got) va Romeo Juliet cua W. Shakespeare (nha van Anh) khi tranli luan vS anh hucmg cua Tniyen Kifiu d6i vdi thanh nien Viet Nam, Pham Quynh mugn ^ ciia van hao Phap Anaiole France trong tniy?n ngin Bu6i hoc cu6i ciing de noi vg vai
" I ngon ngu dSi vdi mpt dan tpc (Truyen Ki§u con Ihi lifing ta con, tifing nihil con).
'Lii but danh cua Truong Tim
i^iS^NGHE Viet nam
44Khoa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan van i
diic Nho giao khi xay dimg nhan vat (dng phai tinh den ap luc ciia mdi trudng van hda, xa hdi - TrAn Nho Thin). Va do dd, dung tren quan didm phan tich tam ly hien dai, Nguyin Bach Khoa nhan thdy, Nguyin Du thudng xay dung nhan vat mdt each gd ep d^ thda man ddi hdi ciia giao due dao due phong kidn, tire Nguyin Du ne tranh sir thuc tam ly ciia nhan vat Thuy Kidu nh§m td dam y djnh giao huan luan ly. "Sudt trong cude ddi Ki6u, d canh ngd nao, Nguyin Du ciing cd gan cho nang cai lucmg tam gia tra kia, chi cot de thien ha khen nang la hidu nghTa trung trinh. 0 thdi ky qudc gia thdng nhat, tbien ha can cd nhiing tam guong dao dice ay d^ ran day nhau, d8 diic khudn nhau vao cai mSu ngudi hien lanh biet ngoan ngoan phuc tdng trat tu luan ly cua mot xa hdi dang them yen dn, vung chai" [3].
Nhung ve mat tiem thiic, theo Nguyen Bach Khoa, Nguyin Du vifit Truyen Kieu la de thuc hien minli trong cac vai trd: "Bao nhieu nang luc tiem phuc ddu dugc phat trien, dugc sinh hoat nhd cdng cuoc sang tao. Bdi le nay ma van pham nao tir xua den nay ciing la phan anh cua toan the ca tinh, toan the udc vgng, toan the nang luc nha van da sang tac ra nd. 6 tk ca nliiing nhan vat trong truyen, d t4t ca cac canh ngd trong truyen, ngudi dgc dku cd the nhan thay dugc mdt khia canh con ngudi cita nha van, va hdi ca lai thi thay ca nha van" [3], Khi dd, nlian vat dugc sang tao mang logic hien thuc, sinh dgng.
Nhilu nha nghien ciiu da phe phan each ly giai cua Nguyin Bach Khoa khi dng suy dien qua xa, thieu can cti vl tam ly sang tac cua Nguyen Du va tam ly cac nhan vat trong Truyen Kieu (vi du, dng xem Nguyin Du dai dien cho mdt dang cap dm, Thiiy Kieu mac benh uy hoang...). O day, chung tdi khdng di sau vao nhijng bat cap ciia sir van dung phan tich tam ly ma Nguyin Bach Khoa da tridn khai trong cudn Nguyin Du vd Truyen Kiiu ma chi nhan manh den triln vgng cua each tiep can phan tich tam ly den tir ly luan phuong Tay trong viec giai thich tinh chat dudng nhu mau thuan cua Truyin Kieu - dieu da dan din mau thuan trong cac each dgc, binh luan mau thuan nhau. Neu trien khai mdt each hgp ly ban, chiing ta se thay cai hihi thirc se dua den sir tan thudng, ca nggi cac nhan vat cita ngudi doc theo quan diem Nho giao chinh thdng, cdn cai vd thiic sang tao vugt ra khdi chuan muc dao dire Nho giao lai khien cho nhieu nha dao diic Nho giao bat binh nhung nhan dugc sir tan thudng cua ngudi dgc diing tren lap trudng chii nghia nhan dao.
Ly thuyet dien hinh hda tu- Lien Xd
Nhirng nam 1960 den nhirng nam 1970 cluing kien anh hudng kha sau dam cua ly luan van hgc Nga - Xd Viet ddi vdi ly luan van hgc d mien Bac. Cac nha nghien ciru, phe binh thdi ky nay tich cue van dung ly luan dien hinh hda cua Lien Xd de danh gia Truyin Kieu. Nha nghien ciiu Nguyen Lgc viet: "Thuc su trong Truyin Kiiu, nhijng nhan
vat chinh dien nhu Tir Hai va Kim Trgng, dugc xay dung theo Idi ly tudng hda; nhiing nhan vat phan dien nhu Tu Bit, Ma Giam Sinh, Sd Khanh, Hd Tdn Hien, dac biet la cap vg chdng Hoan Thu - Thiic Sinh, tren can ban dugc xay dung theo loi dien hinh hda cua chu nghia hien thuc, Cdn trudng hgp nhan vat Thiiy Kieu, mot nhan vat chinh dien trung tam cua tac pham, mdt nhan vat chira dung ly tudng chu quan cua nha tha, ddng thdi chica dung nhiing van de xa hdi ciia tac pham thi phuang thiic dien hinh hda cua nd khdng thudc mdt trong hai loai tren, ma cd tinh chat qua do, bien chiing trong qua trinh bien chuyen tir Idi dien hinh hda truyen thdng theo ly tudng hda den ldl dien hinh hda ciia chii nghia hien thuc" [4],
Ly thuyet diln hmh hda cua Lien Xd trudc day chit y nhiing net tieu bieu cho mdt kieu loai trong nhan vat van hgc. "Viec sang tao cac ca nhan dien hinh - mdt qua trinh sang tao phicc tap thudng dugc ggi la dien hinh hda. Trong thuc td, ca nhan ludn mang trong minh nhung net "khdng diln hinh", nglu nhien. Ddng thdi trong tac pham nghe thuat hien thuc, nhii'ng ca nhan dien hinh dugc sang tao ma mdi bilu hien quan trgng cita chiing mang "tinh quy luat" dgc dao, vdi kha nang cao bat ngudn tir nhung hoan canh ddc dao. Diln hinh hda thudng dugc bieu nhu la su thdng nhat sang tao, su tdng hgp trong mdt hinh higng ngudi nhung net tieu bieu ma nha nghe sT bat gap d nhung con ngudi hien thuc khac nhau" [5]. Ly thuyet dien hinh hda tuy de cap din cac kilu loai ngudi, song loai ngudi thudc ve mdt giai cip xac dinh vIn dugc chii y hon ca. Mot diem quan trgng cua ly luan dien hinh hda la quan tam den mdi tucmg quan giiia hoanh canh, mdi trudng va tinh each nhan vat. Vi the, Nguyin Lgc ciing nhu nhieu nha nghien cuu khac ndi den ban chat giai cap: ddi vdi nhung nhan vat ly tudng hda, ban chat giai cap khdng rd net, cdn vdi cac nhan vat hien thuc, ban chat giai c4p la rd net. Cai ghen cua Hoan Tbu dien hinh cho cai ghen ciia phu nii quy tdc. Phan tich nhan vat Thuy Kieu, cac nha nghien cuu, phe binb van hgc theo ly luan dien binh hda thudng di tim ban chat giai cap. Nhung theo Nguyin Lgc, "Nguyen Du khdng nham xay dung Thuy Kilu thanh dien hinh cho mdt tang ldp hay mot giai cap nao, ma Thiiy Kilu cd tinh each tugng tnmg cho tat ca nhiing gi la tinh tuy, tinh hoa ciia con ngudi theo quan niem ciia nha tha" [4], Diem dang chii y theo Nguyen Lgc la Thuy Kieu cang di sau vao cuoc sdng, chiu su tac dgng cua cuoc sdng, tinh chat ly tudng hda cua nhan vat bi pha vd de dan dan chuyen sang quy dao cua dien hinh hda theo loi hien thuc chu nghia. Vi nhan vat chiu tac ddng cua hoan canh nen nd phat trien theo logic khach quan chii khdng tiiy thudc y mudn chu quan ciia tac gia. "Nguyen Du khdng chay theo ly tudng ma bd quen hien thirc. Tinh the huge Thiiy Kieu phai lam di, tilp khach Nguyen Du cd the bdc Id ndi cam phan chua xdt cua minh trudc canh ngd ay chic khdng the can
HOAHOC
bNGWGHEVl ^ 62(4) 4.2020 45
I Khoa hgc Xa hpi va Nhan i
thi?p vao canh ngd Sy" [4]. Truyen ndm ndi chung khdng chap nhin tac ddng ciia hoan canh din hien thuc than phan iam ^ ciia Thuy Kilu. Cach giai thich cua nha nghien ciiu Nguyen Lgc cho tbSy ly do vi sao cac nha nho cd nhung each tiep nhan mlu thuin nhau ddi vdi nhan vat Thiiy Kilu.
Ngudi ta phe phan Thiiy Kilu vi nhan vat nay da hanh ddng theo logic ciia cude sdng hien thuc ddi hdi chu khdng theo mong mudn chu quan cua nha nho vl mdt man ngudi ly tudng. Hudng giai thich Truyen Kiiu theo dien hinh hda cho thay, chirng nao nhan vat dugc xay dung theo mau ly tudng thi se dugc ngudi dgc theo chuan muc dao dice Nho giao tan thudng, cdn chirag nao nhan vat xuat hien theo logic cua cuoc sdng hien thuc khach quan, khi dd, ngudi dgc tren lap trudng nhan dao, nhan ban chit ngbia se ca ngai.
Ly thuyet tu- str hoc
Van dung ly thuyet tu sir hgc, nba nghien ciiu Phan Nggc da tim each giai thich nhan vat trong Truyen Kiiu theo mdt hudng khac, td gdc nhin cua kieu ke chuyen mdi ma Nguyen Du da thuc hien. Theo dng, cac nhSn vat Truyin Kieu dugc ke va ta theo mdt kieu nghe thuat tu su mdi, chinh nghe thuat ke chuyen mdi cua Nguyen Du da xay dung hg thanh nhijng "con ngudi cd ddc". Phan Nggc nhan xet: "Hg thudc mdt pham tni nhan vat mdi ma tieu thuyet truyen thdng khdng he biet den, bdi vi con ngudi trong van hgc cii la con ngudi cua mdt cuong vi xa hdi va sdng trong mdt tap thi: mot be tdi, mdt hda thugng, mdt ngudi dan cdng xa. Con ngudi trong Truyen Kieu cd don ngay ca kbi hg ddi dien vdi ngudi khac. Kieu, Kim Trgng, Tu Hai, Thuc Sinh, Hoan Thu deu cd mdt diem gidng nhau, khdng cd d cac nhan vat trong tieu thuyet cii. Ho deu sdng vdi ndi tam cita minh, cho nen khi giao tiep vdi mgi ngudi nhieu khi hg van tu tacb minh ra, theo dudi nhiing y nghi rieng ma ngudi khac khdng chap nhan dugc. Hg la nhiing con ngudi cua due vgng, due vgng hudng thii cuoc sdng nhu d Thiic Sinh, due vgng quyen luc nhu d Hoan Thu, due vgng bieu Id khi phach anh hiing nhu d Tir Hai, due vong gap ngudi ma udc nhu d Kim Trgng, due vgng khang dinh gia tri cua minh nhu d Thiiy Kieu. Cho nen de cho cuoc sdng binh thudng cd thd tilp tuc, nhieu khi hg phai nin nhin, tranh ne, ddng kich.
Mdi ngudi nhu the vira la hg, vOra khdng phai la hg. Hg chi la ho trong cai hoan canh hg tu thuc hien dugc minh, Cdn ngoai ra, tinh each ciia hg van la mdt sir chap ndi gugng ep giua sir thich nghi bat huge vdi thuc te va ddi sdng rieng tu ciia ndi tam" [6].
Con ngudi cd dgc ddng thdi thoat khdi kieu "con ngudi nh^t philn", va tic day, con ngudi tu tach minh ra lam hai, phan than, "Ket qua la con ngudi d day vira bien ddi da dang, khd nam bat, nam ngoai suy luan cua ta, nhung iai vira la thdng nhat hiju co, ky ao, song van la hien thuc" [6].
Cach phan tich nhan vat Truyin Kieu tit gdc nhin cua
nghe thuat kl chuyen lai gdp phSn giai thich cac y kiln mau thuin, da chilu cua. gioi nghien cuu trong danh gia nhan vat cita tac pham, kl ca nhan vat Thuy Kilu. Suy luan theo hudng tilp can hinh thiic cita Phan Nggc, chinb nghe thuat ke chuyen da tao nen dac dilm con ngudi phan than d cac nhan vat Truyen Kiiu, va din lugt minh, tinh ch4t phan than khien cho nhan vat da dien, phiic tap va lam cho ngudi dgc phan hda y kien.
Tiep can thi phdp hpc
Nha nghien cuu Tran Dinh Sit da thanh cdng va kha nhuan nhuyen dua thi phap cua gidi nghien ciju Xd Viet ung dung vito nghien cuu, phe binh van hgc Viet Nam. 6ng da trinh lang an tugng hai cdng trinh Thi phdp tha To Him va Thi phdp Truyen Kieu. Ddi vdi nhan vat trong Truyen Kiiu, dng de nghi tiep can tir gdc do quan niem nghe thuat cua Nguyen Du ve con ngudi: "Truyin Kieu khdng chi cd chii tdi dm tdm ma cdn cd chu thdn''. Diem mdi nay cita hudng tiep can thi phap ddi vdi nhaii vat Truyin Kieu se giiip chiing ta ly giai cac y kien cd tinh xung dot nhau ve nhan vat Truyen Kieu. Tran Dinh Sii viet: "Tdm la phan
"hinh nhi thugng", la ddi sdng tinh than, la luong tam, nghTa vu, trach nhiem, dao ly. Thdn la "hinh nhi ha", la cai phan vat chat duy nhat cua con ngudi, ia phan hiiu han, be nhd de hu nat va dau ddn nhat cua bat cii ai. Thdn ciing la phan ciia vd thiic, cua ban nang con ngudi. Than la phan rieng tu nhat ma ngudi ta cd the lieu, cd the giet, cd the cho. Than la phan quy gia nhat, cd than mdi cd ngudi, cd vui sudng, cd phiic phan... Y thiic vl than chinh la y thiic ve cai phan ca nhan rieng tu nhat, thuc tai nhat cua con ngudi" [7]. Cach tiep can Truyin Kiiu nay dat tdm ngang bang vdi phan hiiu thiic va thdn ngang hang vdi phan vd thiic, tiem thicc cua phan tich tam ly, lai cap cho chiing ta mdt diem nhin mdi ddi vdi su da dien, phong phu, phuc tap cua con ngudi trong Truyen Kieu - dieu dan den nhirng xung dot giiia cac y kien dgc va hieu nhan vat Truyen Kieu.
Tran Dinh Sii cung phan tich thi phap ke chuyen ciia Nguyen Du: "Dieu sang tao mdi me cua Nguyen Du la bien nhan vat chinh tit con ngudi dtjo ly thanh con ngudi tdm ly... nhung do sir rang budc ciia y thirc phong kien cdn nang ne, y thiic ca nhan mdi chi dugc bieu hien d khia canh "xdt than, dau Idng". Yeu td dao ly, nghTa ly van cdn nguyen, nhung trgng tam da chuyen sang mat tam ly: Nguyen Du mudn cho thSy con ngudi dao ly ay da khd dau nhu the nao.
Chinh dilu nay da lam Nguyen Du doi thay diem nhin trdn thuat: khdng phai ke chuyen tir ben ngoai, ma ke theo cai nhm cua nhan vat, tir tam trang nhan vat ma nhin ra" [7], Con ngudi dao ly dugc nhiing ngudi nhu Minh Mang ca nggi song cung vIn cd nhirng khiem khuyet khiSn nhilu nha nho nhu Tan Da, Huynh Thuc Khang Ien an. Con ngudi tam ly bdc Id chan thuc chilu sau ndi tam khien nhilu nha nho chia se, ddng cam, tan thanh.
K I N G NGHE Viet Nam'
46Khoa hgc Xa hpi va Nhan van i
Tiep can tu- ly thuyit gidi c&u trdc
Chu nghTa c4u tnic (structuralism) vdn hinh thanh tir ngdn ngii hgc cSu tnic, nhin t h i gidi phan ddi tbeo nguyen ly nhi nguyen luan, vi du cac cap pham tru ndi dung/hinh thuc, bd phan/toan the, cai b i l u dat/cai dugc bieu dat, thien/
ac... theo d o , t h u d n g cd mdt mat giii dia vj ap dao vdi mat kia: vi du, ngi dung quyet dinh hinh thirc, thien thang a c . . . Nhiem vu cua giai can tnic (deconstruction) ia phan tich cau true do, chi ra su can bang giua hai thanh td ddi lap, la p h a n tich tinh chinh the cua ddi tugng vdn bi phan ddi do. Trong ngi dung cd h a m chiia hinh thiic, trong hinh thicc cd tmh ndi dung, trong cai thien cd the cd ac (xau), trong cai ac cd the cd hat gidng thien.
Quan m e m truyen thdng Viet N a m ve con ngudi the hien trong truyen cd tich va nhieu truyen tho N d m t h u d n g dua tren su phan tuyen nhan vat thanh hai loai ddi lap: thien/ac, chinh/ta, dd la bieu hien de nhan thay ctia tu duy cau true.
Hai loai nhan vat nay ddi khang vit loai trie nhau. Sir ddi khang giija chiing d u g c bao dam bang he thdng thi phap mieu ta nghiem nhat. Vi du, ve ngoai hinh, nhan vat chinh dien thudng dep (ve dep nay ciing cd khi an kin va chi bdc Id khi can thiet n h u chang Sg Diia trong truyen cimg ten), trong khi dd, nhan vat phan dien thudng cd ngoai hinh xau.
Ve tam ly, dao diic, nhan vat chinh dien tdt dep h o n nhan vat phan dien.
Mac du nhiing nha van Idn cd the khdng he biet the nao la cau tnic hay giai cau tnic, song sang tac cita hg deu the hien tinh than giai cau tnic ma nha nghien ciiu, phe binh phai nhin thay. N a m Cao nhin thay d nhiing con ngudi bi xa hdi nem ra ben le n h u Chi Pheo, Thi N d nhiing hat gidng litm ngudi luong thien. Va dng khdng triet de ky thi B a Kien nhu mdt sd ngudi dgc hien dai van nghi: dng luu y chinh Ba Kien da cap cho Chi Pheo manh vudn, nhd dd ma Chi cd chd sinh sdng; dii ngdi nha cita Chi chac chi n h u tiip leu...
song chac cban n h d do m a Chi Ph^o khac han Thach Sanh thud nito ngay di kiem cui, dem ve ngii tai mieu son than.
Nguyen Du la mdt nha van Idn, Truyen Kiiu ciia dng mang tinh than giai cau tnic my hgc Nho giao truyen thdng kha manh me. Thiiy Kieu khdng phai lit bac thanh, ngudi con gai nay thdng minh, sac sao, tai hoa nhung ciing cd lite bj mac lira; cd cd lite cam dao tii tic de bao toitn pham tiet song khi khdng chet tbi sau dd, lai chap nhan cude sdng mudn van cay dang; cd dugc giao diic ve le nghTa nen cd luc m t re e le trudc Kim Trgng, song lai cd liic manh m e , tao b^o xdm xam bang loi vu&n khuya mot minh den vdi ngudi yeu. Ngudi anh himg Tir Hai nhung ciing lang man, da tinh... N h a n vat Hoan Thu vdn bi khdng it ngudi dgc
bay td thai do gay gat song nhin cho ky, ndi nhu Thich Nhat Hanh, day la nhan vat tieu bieu cho thuyet nhan qua, tuy Hoan Thu danh ghen, hanh ba Thiiy Kieu song nhd biet diem dimg, biet tran trgng tai tinh cua Thuy Kieu nen da dugc Thity Kieu tha hdng tai phien fda cdng ly. Nguyen Du cd cai nhin mdi, dng dua con ngudi vdn dugc the hien theo binh mau thanh nhan - quan tic v e mat dat, ve pham tni con ngudi ddi thudng, con ngudi phong phit, phirc tap, khdng de gi phan tuyen. Mgi each dgc theo nguyen ly cau tnic ap dung vao nhieu nhan vat Truyen Kieu khd thich hgp.
Vai Inii k^t
Nghien ci^rii van hgc trung dai ndi chung, Truyen Kiiu ndi rieng d Viet N a m hon mdt tram nam qua dien ra trong bdi canh hdi nhap qudc te ngay cang sau rdng. Ddng hanh cung cac ITnh vuc xa hdi khac nhau, nghien ciru van hgc va nghien cuu Truyen Kiiu deu phat trien dudi anh hudng, tac dgng khac nhau cua cac ly thuyet van hgc, triet hgc khac nhau ma mot sd ly thuyet d u g c chung tdi dan ra d tren chi la vi du. CJ day, chung tdi khdng cd y dinh xep hang ly thuyet nao cao hon, ly thuyet nao thap hon. Khdng hen ma gap, nhieu ly thuyet nhung deu gdp phan ly giai, tuy sir ly giai rat khac nhau, cac y kien trai chieu, mau thuan nhau ve cac nhan vat trong Truyin Kieu, giiip cac the he ddc gia ngay cang hieu sau sac h o n kiet tac van hgc nay. Tin tudng rang, qua trinh hdi nhap niiy se dugc cac the he nha nghien ciiu, phe binh van hgc tiep tuc duy tri va phat huy. Viec lam rd hem cac he thdng ly thuyet tren trong nghien cuu van hgc nude nha, dac biet la nhiing kiet tac van hgc da lam dugc gi, can lam gi them se dugc nghien cim d mdt sd cdng trinh tiep tbeo.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[1] Le Xuan Lit (bien soan) (2007), Hai tram nam nghien cim - bdn luan Truyen Kiiu, NXB Giao due, tr396-l688.
[2] Pham Dan QuS (bien soan) (2002), Binh Kiiu, vinh Kieu, boi Kiiu, NXB Thanh nien, tr.53.
[3] Tnrong Tmi (2007), Nguyin Du vd Truyen Kiiu, in lai trong Tuyin lap nghien cuu, phe binh, NXB Lao dpng va Trung tam Ngon ngir van boa Dong Tay, tr.260-288.
[4] Nguyen Loc (1999), Vdn hoc Viet Nam (mca cuoi the k}' XVIII din hit thi ky XIX), NXB Giao due, tr.396-415.
[5] CoBeTCKafl 3HUHKJioneflH», MocKBa (1987), JIumepamypHbiu jHifiiKJionedu'iecKUu cuoeapb {Bach khoa thu van hoc), muc tir THniiHecKoe (Cai di6n hinh), tr.440.
[6] Phan Ngpc (2001), Tim hieu phong each Nguyen Du trong Truyen Kieu, NXB Thanh men, tr.ll9
[7] TrSn Dinh Sil, Nhijng thi gioi nghe thuat tha. dSn theo Nguyen
KHOAHOC
I CONG NGHE