-•saw/
_DieN_DAN
Vl sao giao due vo vi loi can thiet
Khi nen giao due l<hai phong dang lam nguy, nhu'ng vien kien cho mot nen dan chu lanh manh ma giao due khai phong dem lai bi che khuat bdi nhiing muc tieu kinh te trU6c mat, chung ta co the lam gi de cadng chdng lai sU banh trirdng cua giao due vj loi?
/j^ffV
Doan Anh Duong
Nha triet hoc Martha C. Nussbaum (1947) hien lagiaosUluatvadaodii'c&DH Chicago.
T
rong Lai bgi cudn sach nbieu suy tu ve giao due cua minh: Vo vi lgi: Vi sao nen ddn chu cdn cdc mdn hgc nhdn van', GS Martha C.Nussbaum, cd kfi vfi nhiing chuyfin thuyet trinh ciia ba ve trifit ly giao dye khai phdng va nhan VMI sau khi cudn sach duoc xuit bin lan dau tien tai My vao mua xuan nam 2010. 6 nhiing nai ba den, trong va ngoai nudc My, tbuc tfi giao due khap nai khien ndi lo ve sy suy giim, lep vfi cua md hinh giao dye khai phdng (giao due vi din chii) so vdi md hinh giao due hudng tdi su phat trifin kinh tfi (giio dye vi lgi ich) nhu li mdt dinh hudng sai lam cua nen dan cbu, khien cho nbung tac ddng va su ddn nhin sau rdng cudn sich d nhieu noi, khdng khda lap dugc nhiing hin trd, ban khoan cho tuong lai cua nfin (giio due vi) din chu,
Trong cudn sach cd tinh chat keu ggi hinh ddng nay, Nussbaum da trinh bay mdt each xuit sic cic vin dfi cua giao due khai phdng. Biy chuong sach la biy ciu chuyen khac nhau, quy ty nhiing suy tu ve nfin giao due khai phdng va gii tri nhin van cua nd. Nfiu nhu d cau chuyen md diu, bi mdi chi de xuit dat de vfi
"cupc khung hoang thim ling"
nhung cd "quy md to ldn va vdi tam
he trpng toan ciu" ciia nen giio dye, mi tuang lai rit cd thi vl liu dii, nhu each bi so sinh vdi can benh ung thu,
"giy thifit bai nang nfi cho tuong lai ciia nfin ty tn dan chu"; thi cau chuyfin trd nen nang ne, u am hon khi "nen giao dye dan chii dang lyn bai".
Tai sao vay? Chuang hai cua cudn sach bay ra nguyen nhin cua thuc trang iy. C) day, Nussbaum tudng trinh vfi sy khac bifit giiia giao due vi lgi ich va giao due vi dan chu. Khung hoang kinh te toan can va sy qua chii trgng vao cac bifiu qui kinh tfi di khien nhifiu qudc gia lya chgn md hinh giao dye thli nhat, nham tao ra cac cong dan cd tiinh do tdt nhat ve ky thuit va cdng nghe phuc vy cho nfin kinh tfi, va bd lai phia sau, cat giim cic mdn hpc nhan van va nghe thuit d md binh giao due thu hai, vdn thudng chi tao ra cac ca nhan tu chu, cd hach nhiem vi tmh thin pbin bien xa bdi, thii dem Iai
"sue khde" lau dai cbii ididng phai lgi nhuan tmdc mat cho nen dan chii.
Nhtmg vi sao giao due vi dan chii vin that su cin thiet (trong khi giao due vi lgi nhuan khdng phai liic nao ciing li sy trifit tifiu gia tn nhin van vi tinh than khai phdng, chi la khdng danh gia diing mile vi tri cin thilt ciia gia tri vi tinh thin ay ma thdi)? Do khdng chi dan thuan la cau chuyen, nhu mdt vi dy cua ba, cii tri se bd phieu cho ai, ngudi hiia dem din thanh tich kinh tl rd rang nhu "tdi da 4 8 l[H'^ni9
DIENDAN
I
tao ra n cdng viec cho tilu bang S"
vi ngudi hiia dem den nhirng thinh tich hiiu tugng hon nhu "tdi da dit nln tang cho sue khde lau dii ciia nln dan chit". Thien vi mdt md hmh giio dye hudng din tbanh tich kmh te ngin han da khdng thuyfit phuc dugc myc tieu dao tao con ngudi dich thuc. Chuang ba cua cudn sach cho chiing ta biet li do vi sao ta phii chii trgng hon din vific dao tao con ngudi dich thyc, noi ma y thiic vfi "nhiing tinh cim dao diic (va phan dao dire)" nhu li suy tu thirdng xuyen cua nen giio due.
Khi trinh bay phuang phip vi
Dac trung cua giao due khai phong khong phai de tao ra nhUng con nguoi co y thilc cao do v^ siic manh cua minh, ma la de danh thirc nhan thiic ve su bay yeu, belt toan cua con nguoi, ti^ do ma khoi day su ket noi, cam thong.
muc tieu cua giao due khai phdng d chuang bdn va chuang nam, Nussbaum da lugc thuit cho chiing ta dien tien cua md binh giao dye nay, khdi di tii tmyen thdng su pham Socrates, sy ket hgp gifta y thirc vfi tim quan trgng cua tranh luan de thilt tao ly tinh logic va tim quan trgng cua tudng tugng nghe thuat dfi gay dyng tinh cam thong.
Ba Cling danh nbieu ldi nggi ca cho nhiing ddng gdp, sy gap gd trong quan difim giao due ciia Tagore va Dewey, nhiing ngudi giy dung nfin tang cho giio dye khai phdng hien dai. V i theo ba, kfit tip tii tmyen thdng ay, til diem nhin toan ciu hda, giao due khai phdng hien nay phai hudng tdi viec dinh hinh
Sti 2 1 . N G A Y 05.11.2015
"nhftng cdng dan the gidi". Dd la muc tieu quan hgng ma chi giao dye vi lgi ich thdi la chua du cho mdt thfi giai dang da dung ve van hda.
Chuong sau dinh sy quan tim dang ke cho van hgc va nghe thuat, cac mdn bgc "vun dap tri tudng tugng". Ve vin de nay, Nussbaum quan niem, "cac cdng din khdng thfi lifin he tdt vdi the gidi phiic tap xung quanh hg chi vdi kifin thiic thyc hfin vi tinh logic. Khi nang thli ba ciia ngudi cdng dan, lien he chat che vdi hai khi nang tren, Ii cii ma chiing ta cd thfi ggi la hi tudng tugng ty su [literary imagination]".
Danh gia cao vai trd cua van hgc ddi vdi y thiic ve cdng iy hong vific phit trifin hoan thien con ngudi d diy gin bd mat thiet vdi triet ly giao dye khai phdng mi Nussbaum theo dudi. Dac tnmg ciia giao dye khai phdng, nhu ba da chi ra d chuang ba, khdng phai de tao ra nhiing con ngudi cd y thilc cao do ve siic manh ctia minh, mi Ii dfi danh thiic nhin thiic ve sy biy yeu, bat toan cua con ngudi, tir do ma khai day sy ket ndi, cim thdng. Khi ngudi ta hifiu rang mdi ca the Ii ban che, ngudi ta can sy chia se nhieu ban, bdt di y thiic vfi quyfin uy ci nhin, va kifim chfi viec tao ra nhiing ip lyc ngang hang trong cic ilng xu xa hgi. Van hgc nghfi thuit, theo do, la khdng gian tuyet vdl cho cac kha thfi trai nghiem khac nhau ma mdi ca nhan khdng cd. Sdng trai vdi nhttng kinh nghifim khic, cua ngudi khac, con ngudi trd nen nhan ai hon, de cam thdng ban, va cudc sdng vi the mi hda binh ban, nhan ai hon, thay vi sy chinh phyc, kifim soit vi tilm chilm.
Khi cho ring nfin giio due khai phdng dang lim nguy, Nussbaum hifiu ring nhiing myc tieu kinh tfi tmdc mit ciia chiing ta hien nay da
che khuat nhung vifin kifin cho mdt nen dan chii linh manh ma giio due khai phdng dem lai. Dfi cudng chdng Iai sy banh tradng ciia giao dye vi lgi, theo Nussbaum, chiing ta cin hudng dfin nhftng "suy tu toan ciu, hanh ddng dia phuang".
Giio dye v6 vi lgi khdng tdn tai hong mgt mdi tmdng chan khdng, hay bifiu hifin nhu mdt gia tri phd bifin, mi dinh vi trong khdng thdi gian vi nhttng dia difim nhat dinh.
Ngudi ta phai suy tu vl giao dye vd vi Igi tir viec hifiu bifit siu sac nhirng nen tang van hda da dang lam chin de cho viec thyc thi cac hinh ddng giio dye, vi vific nhan thiic ve su da dang niy ddng thdi ciing Cling cd ldng cam thdng dya trfin y tudng vfi sy can thifit ciia gia tri nhin van vi tinh thin khai phdng.
Dpc Vd vi lgi, chiing ta khdng chi thay dugc mdt de xuat cd y nghia chifin lugc, mdt tinh thin din than triet de vi tuong Iai ciia nen dan chil, ma rit nhifiu nhung nhin dinh khac tiong tic phim, nhd sy hieu biet rpng md va can bin triet bgc thim siu cua tic gia, thudng xuyen mdi ggi nhiing hdi img tri thuc ding ke. Tao nfin dugc khdng khi thio luin, tdn trgng y kifin khic va sy tranh luan, nhu cau phan tu, ban thin cudn sich ciing li mdt bifiu hifin ciia mgt tic pham tham dam tinh than nhan van va khai phdng. Kfit ndi thudng true tit c i cac van dfi dugc thao luan vdi y tbiic ve cdng Iy, cudn sach thyc sy la mgt chit vin ximg ding dugc tudng thudng va phd bifin rpng rai, hong nen dan chii va ben ngoai nd nfta.n
' Martha C, Nussbaum: Vo vi len. Vi sao nen ddn chu cdn cdc mon bgc nhdn vdn. (Bui Thanh Chau dich) Ban Tu thir Dai hoc Hoa Sen & NXB Hdng Diic, 2015,224 trang
www.tiasang.com.vn liaSOTtg 4 9