^ NGHltN COfU-PHATTRlfaiy LUAN
GIA TRj COT LOI CUA MO HINH CHU NGHJA XA HOI d VlfT NAM TRONG TU Tl/dNG HO CHI MINH
• PGS, TS DOAN THI CHIN Hoc vien Bdo chi vd Tuyen tuyen
• Torn tdt: Bdi viet trinh bdy nhdng sdng tgo ly ludn vd thtic tiin cua Ho Chi Minh vecon dttdng xdy dttng xdhgi mdi d Viet Nam. Ho Chi Minh dd lita chgn muc tiiu CNXH - mgt md hinh "cdch mgng den ndi" vd xdc lap ditdc nhiing gid tri cot loi trong md hinh CNXH Viet Nam. Bdy Id cd sd vUng chac de ddu tranh vdi nhiing ludn diem sai trdi cua cdc the liic thu dich phu nhdn con diidng di len CNXH d ntidc ta hiin nay.
m Tdkhda: Ho Chi Minh, gid tri cdt ldi, md hinh, chu nghia xd hgi, Viet Nam.
I. Lya ch^n muc tieu chii nghia xa hoi - sy khang dinh gia tri cot loi ciia mo hinh "each mang den noi"
Vg su lira chpn con duong each mang Viet Nam, van kien Dai hpi VII cua Dang ta cM ro:
day la "su lua chgn cua chinh lich su"'"; gin life voi tu duy sang tao, hop 16 gic va nhat quan cua Nguyen Ai Qudc - Ho Clii Minh. Thuc tife da minh chiing, chu nghia xa hoi la con duong duy nhat giai phong dan tpc Viet Nam, la su khang dinh trong hien thirc gia tri cua mpt mo hinh
"each mang den noi".
Lam thg nao d&. "tu do cho dong hao, dpc lap eho T6 qude", ai ciing cd com an ao mac. ai eung dupe hpc hanh. Do la mong mudn, la muc dich va la dpng Ivic de Nguyen Ai Qudc • Hd Chi Minh bdnbakhip noi ttenthe gidl timkiSm con dudng thuc hien mitc tieu dd. Sau gan 10 nam di nhieu nudc, dpc nhiSu ly luan, hpc thuyft. hpc hdi
nhieu kinh nghiem, tiep xuc vdi nhife hang ngudi, ehung kien true tigp van minh phuong Tay, ddng thdi hoa minh vdi cupc sdng ciia ngudi lao dpng trongxahdituban, Ngudi nhan ra rang, each mang giai phdngcuaVietNamphaihpctap nhieu dieu dcachmang My (1776)vacach mang Phap (1789), nhat la d tinh t h ^ each mang cua hp. Nhung each mang Viet Nam cd di theo con dudng eua each mang My va each mang Phap khdng? Ho Chl Minh khing dinh diit khoat: con dudng dd khdng phii hpp vol each mang Viet Nam. Bdi dd la nhiing cude each mang chi dem lai quyen Ipi chp ngudi giau, la cupc each mang
"khdng den noi". Theo Ngudi: "Chung ta da hy smh lam each menh, thi nen lam eho den noi, nghia la lam sao each menh roi thi quyen giao cho dan chung sd nhieu, chd de trong tay mdt bpn it ngudi. The mdi khdi hy sinh nhieu 1 Jn, the dan Chung mdi dupt hanh phuc"-'.
LV LUAN CHINHTRjSo 9/2020
ia
Trdn con dudng khio cuu thd gidi, die biet la nhung nim thing hogt dOng trong Dang Xi hgi Phip d Pari di dua Nguydn Ai Qude - Hd Chi Minh den voi chii nghia Mie - Lenin, den vdi chien luge, sach luge eua each mang vd san. Lugn cuong vd vin dd din tOc va thugc dia cua V.I.Lenin da lam sing to trong Ngudi tat ci nhijng dieu dang trin trd vd con dudng giai phdng dan tOc, nhan dan. Nam 1923, Nguydn Ai Qudc den nude Nga Xd viet. Tinh hinh nude Nga khien Ngudi nhgn thue siu sac sulac hgu cua chd do phong kien vi su tan bao cua chd do tu san. Va su xuit hien mOt chd do xi hdi mdi, trong do nhan din lao dOng thuc su dupe giai phdng khdi ip hue bit cdng la mgt thue tidn ma Ngudi mo uoc thiet lap d Viet Nam; li md hinh "eich mang ddn noi" ma Ngudi dang khat khao kiem tim. Chinh tii diy, Ngudi di ddn kdt lugn: "Mudn ctiu niroc va giai phdng dan tgc, khdng cd con dudng nio khic con duang cich mang vd san"^^\ "ehi ed chu nghia xa hdi, chu nghia cdng san mdi giii phdng duoc cic dan tOc hi ip bdc va nhimg ngudi lao dOng tten the gidl khoi ich nd le""'. Theo dd, con dudng each mgng Viet Nam ciing nhu nhieu nude chau A la phai giinh dgc lgp hoin toan va tidn Ien CNXH. CNXH la bude phit tridn tat yeu cua dOc lap dan tOe; eich mgng giii phdng dan tOc phai trd thanh cich mang XHCN thi nen dOc lap din tOc mdi dugc cung cd vimg chic, each mang mdi gianh thing lgi hoin toin.
Nhu v^y, su lua chgn muc tieu CNXH suy eho ciing li quydt dinh khach quan cua lich sii.
Va trong sd nhimg khdi dc ttan ttd tim tdi eon dudng cuu nudc, lieh su di lua chgn Nguyfin Ai Qudc - Hd Chi Minh - ngudi duy nhat lue do nim duge co hOi lich sii d^ thay ddi van menh dit nudc, thay ddi thin phin con ngudi bing khat vpng manh liet cua din tOc vi eiia ehinh
Ngudi, thdng qua su nung nau, ttan trd vi mai sic tu duy theo thdi gian ciia Nguydn Ai Qudc - Hd Chl Minh chti khdng phii li sir cbii quan, nhat thdi hoae ngau nhien, hay do vin may lich su.
2. Giai phoQg con ngirM, nhSn dan lao dong Iam chu xa hoi la gia tri cot ldi cua mo hinh chu nghia xa hoi 6* Viet Nam
Ddc lap din tOc gin lien vdi CNXH la mOt trong nhung nOi dung ttgng tim ciia tu tudng Hd Chi Mmh; ttong do. nhiing luin giai cua Ngudi vd CNXH vi con dudng di len CNXH a Viet Nam la bidu trung miu muc vd su tham nhuan nguyen ly ctia ehu nghla Mie - Lenin, vd tmh thin sing tgo, phit trien chu nghTa Mic - Lenin vio hoin eanh cae nude thudc dia. Diy li nhung lugn diem dat tien de quan trgng vi li kim chi nam eho cho hanh trinh tdi tuong lai tuoi sang cua dan tdc; la nen tang viing chic cho viec tidp tuc phat trien he thdng quan didm ly luin vd CNXH va con dudng di len CNXH 6'Viet Nam ttong dieu kien mdi.
Trong di sin ly lugn cua minh, C.Mie va Ph Ang ghen di dua ra nhiing du doin ve xa hgi tuong lai - xi hOi cOng sin chu nghla. Hai dng da cd cdng bidn CNXH vdn li hpc thuyet khdng tudng thinh hge thuydt cd eo sd khoa hpc. Tuy vgy, do didu kien lich su, cic nha sing lap ra chii nghla xi hpi khoa hgc chi cd the du doan nhiing net ehii yeu, chii khdng the neu len mdt cich chi tidt nhiing quan niem ciia minh v^ xi hgi tuong lai. Hon niia, nhung du doan ay dugc hinh thinh chu yeu tten eo sd nghien eiiu hien thuc xa hOi TBCN phit tiien tuong ddi eao d mOt sd nuoc Tay Au. Van de dat ra la: che do cOng san CO thd ip dung dugc d ehiu A ndi chung vi Ddng Duong ndi rieng khdng? Cd the cd mOt mo hinh CNXH chung eho mpi qude gia, dan tpc khdng?
LY LUAN CHINHTRj-So 9/2020
^ 1 NGHieN Ctfu - PHATTRliN LV L U A N
Vi van di thii nhit, ngay tu nam 1921, Nguydn Ai Qude - Hd Chi Minh cho ring can xem xet tinh hinh cu the d luc dia chau A ve mat lieh su va dja ly. Bang nhan quan ehinh tri sic sao va suhieu biet siu rdng, tren cosa nghien ciiu, xem xet cic nudc chiu A mOt cich toin dien ca ve lich sii, xi hOi - vin hoa, kinh td, ehinh tri... Ngudi di den ket lugn: "Bay gid hay xet nhung ly do lieh sii eho phep ehii nghla eOng san thim nhap vao chau A dS dang hon la d chiu Au"'^'. Boi a chiu A, tu tuong ve cdng ddng xi hOi, binh ding, giio due va d^ cao gii tri nhan van; tu tudng phai dau tranh cho hgnh phue eua con ngudi, de cao nhan dan... di phat trien som, tra thanh CO sd thuin Igi dd tiep nhin tu tuong ciia chu nghia eOng sin. Cudi thd k^ XX. mdt su that lich su la trong khi mgt md hinh CNXH tan ra a cic nude XHCN chiu Au, thi chd dO XHCN lgi dugc cung cd va phit trien d cic nudc chiu A nhu Viet Nam, Trung Qudc... Thuc te do di chiing minh nhgn dinh thien tii cua Nguygn Ai Qudc- Hd Chi Minh.
Ve van de thuhai. Cic nha kinh dien cua chii nghia Mic - Lenin da ed nhung du doin ve xi hOi tuong Iai, song eae dng khdng cho ring, ttong tuong lai CNXH se chi ed mOt md hmh duy nhit. CNXH ve bin chat vi muc tieu li thdng nhit, nhung ed nhieu md hinh khic nhau, the hiOn su da dgng, phong phu ttong vi6c lya chgn con dudng di len CNXH. Md hinh CNXH d mdi qude gia bao gid ciing mang ttong nd nhiing net die thu ve lich sii, van hda, din tgc ciia qudc gia do.
Hd Chi Minh tiep can CNXH tir nhieu phuang didn khic nhau: tir ehu nghla yeu nuoe va khat vpng giii phdng din ldc, tii phuong di^n dgo diie, lii gdc dp vin hoi... Tren cac phuang di?n, Ngudi ddu thiy ring, ve bin
chat. CNXH li mdt che do mdi khic biet. mOt chd do thuc su uu viet. day tinh nhan vin cao ca. "Chi cd chu nghia cdng sin mdi cihi nhin loai, dem lai eho mgi ngudi khdng phan biet chiing tgc vi ngudn gdc su tu do, binh ding, bae ii, doin ket. am no tten qua dat, viec lim eho mgi ngudi vi vi mgi ngudi, niem vui, hda binh, hanh phuc..."'®. Ddi vdi Vi$t Nam, CNXH la con dudng phat tridn tat yeu eua cuOc cich mang dan tde dan chu nhan dan do Dang Cdng sin Viet Nam lanh dgo. Sau nay, ttong ly luin nhgn thiic ve CNXH, Nguoi khing dinh them nhieu luan diem quan ttgng: "Khdng ed che dO nao tdn trgng eon ngudi, ehu y xem xet nhirng Igi ieh ci nhin diing din va bao dam eho nd dugc thoa min bing chd do xi hOi chii nghla va cOng sin chu nghia"'^'; CNXH li "nhim lam cho nhan din lao ddng thoit nan bin ciing, lam cho mgi ngudi cd edng in viec lam, dugc am no va sdng mOt ddi hanh phuc"'^'...
Gia tti xuyen sudt va die sic ttong tu tudng Hd Chi Minh ve md hinh CNXH gin lidn vdi khat vpng chiy bong cua Ngirdi; dd la xa hgi giii phdng that su con ngudi, xa hdi do nhin din lao ddng lam chu dudi sulanh dao cua Ding Cgng sin.
Theo Hd Chi Minh, xay dung chd dO chinh tri - xi hOi uu viet la nhim giai phdng con ngudi ve mat ehinh di. Khi dd, eon ngudi mdi thue su li mue tieu theo y nghia chan chinh cua nd.
Mat khic, giai phdng eon ngudi khdi ip birc bde lot va nd dich ttong xi hgi cd giai cip ddi khing la dOng lire manh me, li cdng cu chu yeu dd khai thac va phit huy mpi kha ning vat chat va tinh thin cua con ngudi vao su phit trien xi hOi. Xi hOi XHCN, tiieo Hd Chi Minh quan niem, la mpt xa hOi ttong do con nguoi duoc tu do, binh ding, hgnh phiie, phit tiien toin dien vi diic, tri, thd, my.
LYLUAN CHlNH TRI-So 9/2020
JI
Ngay sau khi Cieh mgng Thing Tim nim 1945 thanh edng, Hd Chi Mmh da neu nhiing nhiem vu cap bich ciia Chinh phii Viet Nam Dan ehii Cdng hda. Ci sau vin dd ngudi dua ra deu lien quan den con ngudi va giii phdng con ngudi. Dd la:
Nhan din dang ddi, lam gi de thoit khdi ngn ddi.
Nhan dan dang ddt, lim gi de thoat khoi ddt.
Nhan dan ehua dupe huong dan ehu, lim gi de nhan dan duge hudng tu do.
Nhan dan hi dau dOc bing rupu va thude phien, phai lim gi de thoit khoi ngn niy.
Nhan dan phai chiu nhidu thu thud, phai b6 ngay eac thii thud do cho din.
Nhan dan bi thuc dan chia re, phai lim gi dd doan ket nhan dan lai.
Trong sudt qua trinh lanh dao eong cugc xay dimg CNXH, Ngudi thudng xuyen nhic nhd Dang va Chinh phil phai ludn cham lo cho dan: viec gi eo lgi eho dan thi het siie lam, vide gi cd hai eho dan thi het siie trinh. Trudc Mc di xa, Nguoi can dan: "Dang can phai co ki hoach that tdt de phat trien kmh te va vin hda, nhim khdng ngimg nang cao ddi sdng cua nhin din"'^\ Nhu viy, yeu thuong nhirng con ngudi lao dpng, dau tranh giai phdng con ngudi khdi ich ip biic bde lOt, bat edng, khoi si^ ngheo ddi, ddt nit li didm xuat phat trong cieh tiep can md hinh CNXH ciia Chu tich Hd Chi Minh.
Dat con ngudi vao vi tri trung tam cua su phit tridn, CNXH li xi hdi duy nhat mi quyen con ngudi ttd thinh hidn thuc vi cd kha ning phat huy cao nhit mpi tidm nang con ngudi (ci nhan, tgp tiie, cOng ddng). Vdi Hd Chi Mmh, con nguoi la chii thd ti'ch cue cua lich sii, nhin dan li gii tri quy bau nhit, cao nhit; ciia dan, tai dan, siie dan li ngudn luc quan trpng nhat cua phit trien.
Khdng cd dan ung hd giiip dd thi cich mgng khdng cd siic mgnh, khdng the thinh cdng.
Khdng ed dan thi Ding khdng co luc lupng. Co din, dugc dan tin, din yeu, dan phuc, lgi cd dudng ldi dung de dan dit dan ttanh diu thi viec khd may cung giai quyet dupe.
Ndi den quy^n con ngudi trong CNXH khdng the khdng ndi den tu tuong din chii.
Dan chil XHCN chinh li su the hien quyen con ngudi eua ci nhan vi eOng ddng 6 mirc eao nhat. Ddi vdi Chii tieh Hd Chi Minh, neu trong bau trdi khdng cd gi quy bing nhan din thi din chii la ciia quy bau nhit tren ddi ciia nhan dan;
dan ehii nghla la: dan la chii vi din lim chu.
Quan niem do the hien su gin bd mat thidt giiia tinh nhan vin vi tinh phip ly ciia din ehii, dugc thd hien thdng nhit trong ndi him din chii xa hdi chu nghia.
Cich mgng la su nghiep cua nhin din vi vi nhan dan. Nhung de nhan dan thuc hien duac vai trd cich mang cua minh, dem lgi hgnh phuc cho chinh minh, cin phai cd sulinh dao eiia Dang. Chii tich Hd Chi Minh die biet ehii trpng tdi cdng viee thuc te de xay dung nen din ehii tidn bd thue su eiia din, do dan, vi dan.
Ngudi ludn quan tim xay dimg Dang tten ea ba phuang dien: tu tuong, ly luan; duong ldi chinh tri; td chiie ein bO- Ngudi ddi hoi Dang phii thue sir la dao diic, li vin minh, ein bO ding vien phai "chinh tim", "nghiem phip"; tuyet ddi trung thanh vdi Ipi ich eiia giai cip, eua nhan dan, ngoai ra khdng cdn Igi ich nio khac.
Dang va nha nude khdng phai la "ciiu tinh" eiia nhan dan ma cd ttich nhiem phung su nhan din, la diy td eiia nhan din. De phat huy quydn lam ehu cua nhin dan, Dang phai quan tam tdi ddi sdng vat chat, tinh than cua nhan dan; chu trpng nang cao dan tti; dat dan sinh, dan tri, dan chii ttong quan he thdng nhat.
L Y L U A N C H I N H T R I S O 9/2020
^ NGHigN C t f u - PHATTRIEN LV L U A N
Khi xie lap nhiing die tnmg ca ban cua CNXH, cie nhi kinh didn eua chii nghia Mae - Lenin ciing nhin mgnh, CNXH khdng phai la mOt Iy tuong ma hien thuc phai tuan theo, khdng phai la nhiing sic lenh tir tren xudng, ma no la mgt phong trio hlen thue, la su nghiep sing tao cua ban than quan chung nhan din. Vi thd, mpi su gd ep, bat chap hien thuc, cdng thiie hda nhirng tu tuong ly luan ttdn thuc te deu phai tta gii. CNXH hien thuc ludn phit trien, do do quan niem vd nd eung phai duge phat ttien.
CNXH vi eich mang XHCN d Viet Nam thudc phgm tni eich mgng vo san nhung duoc di^n ra d mOt xii thuOc dia khdng hoan toin gidng mdt cuOc each mgng do giai cip vd sin lanh dgo d phuong Tiy nhu eie nhi kinh dien Mic - Ldnin di chi ra. Vi vay, tinh each mgng, khoa hge ciia ehu nghia Mac - Lenin ddi hoi su van dung cin phai "Xem xet lai chii nghia Mic ve ca sd lich su ciia nd, cung cd nd bing din tge hge phuong Ddng"'"". Ddng thdi, nd phai duac cu Xhi hda, phit trien va hoan thien ttong qui ttinh cich mang. Hon mia, CNXH vi con dudng di len CNXH ed nhieu nOi dung, moi nOi dung ed quy luit phat trien rieng va luon mang tinh khi bidn, gin vdi didn trinh lich su ttong mdi giai doan, moi thdi ky each mgng. Bdi vay, de cich mang thing lgi, ddi hoi trong nghien Cliu, hogeh dinh dudng ldi va ehi dao thuc tiln phai CO quan diem lich sir cu the va phit trien;
phai thay rd, phan tich va giai quyet tdt cie mdi lien he, cd budc di phu hgp va nhiing dieu kien ca bin bao dam cho con dudng each mang dugc hign thuc hda. Chu tich Hd Chi Minh khdng chi tim ra con dudng cich mang Viet Nam mi di khdng ngimg phat trien hoin thien nd qua cac thdi kj' lich sii vdi nhimg quan diem dung din, sang tgo.
Tinh each mgng khoa hgc, diing din. sang tao cua tu tudng Hd Chi Minh ttong xac dinh con dudng cieh mgng Viet Nam di dugc lich sii kidm chung. Sau chien thing Dien Bien Phii, mien Bic di len CNXH, sau chien thing 30-4-1975 ca nuoc di Ien CNXH. Su phit tiien khdng ngimg cua dat nudc trude nhung cam go, thu thich vi bien dgng thing tiim ciia lich sii, nhiing thanh qui to ldn ciia eich mgng Vidt Nam ttong gin the ky qua cang chiing minh gii tti vi sue sdng manh liet cua tu tudng Hd Chi Minh. Su van ddng ciia thuc tidn each mang ddi hoi ly lugn ve mo hinh CNXH phii cd budc phit ttidn mdi. Viec xie dinh nhimg die trung CO ban trong Cuong hnh xay dung dat nudc trong thdi ky qui do ldn CNXH va tam die tnmg dugc xie dinh trong Cuong Hnh bd sung, phat tridn nim 2011 da phin anh tdng quit, toin dien quan niem ve CNXH eiia Dang ta, la su tidp ndi kien dinh, hien thue hda tu tudng cua Chu tich Hd Chi Minh ve CNXH ttong diiu kien mdi ciia dat nude 3
(1) DCSVN: V^ kien Dai hgi dai biiu toin qudc lan thu VII, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, Hi Ngi, 1991, tt.l09.
(2) Hd Chi Minh: Toan tap, t.2, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, HaNpi, 2011, tt.292.
(3). (4), (8) Ho Chi Minh: Toan tap. t.l2, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha Ngi. 2011, tt.30,563,415.
(5). (6), (10) H6 Chi Minh: Toin tap, t.l, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia, Ha NOi, 2011. tt.47, 496.. 510 (7) Ho Chi Minh: Toan f^p, t.11, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia. Ha Npi. 2011, tt.610.
(9) Hd Chi Minh: Toan tip, L15. Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia.HaNpi,2011,tt.612.
L V L U A N C H I N H T R J - S O 9/2020