TIING ANH vn OUVIN LUC M I M cun Nirdc (\m
TftONG TH€ Gidl Dl/ONG Dm
Chu Thanh Van*
Tom tit: TiSng Anh din nay dd thuc su trd thanh moi ngon ngu todn cdu - ngon ngu- dugc sic dung nhiiu nhdt trong gdn nhu mgi ITnh vuc tir kinh le, chinh tri den gido due vd van hoa, xa hoi. Sir dung tdt tiing Anh ciing dong nghTa v&i viec ndm duac mot cong cu hdu hieu di thuc thi quyin luc mim trong ngogi giao Bdi viet ndy long lugc thuc trgng su dung timg Anh tren ihi gi&i ngdy nay, qud Irinh phdt trien cua ngon ngd ndy qua cdc thai ky vd vai trd cua tiing Anh trong vice giup nuac Anh dgt duac cdc vi the the kinh le chinh tri ddng ne lit the ky XV tra lgi day.
Tir khoa: Tieng Anh, quyen luc mem, ngogi giao vdn hoa
Abstract: English has truly become a global language - the language most used in almost every field from economics, politics to education and culture, society. Being well- versed in English means gaining an effective tool for exercising soft power in diplomacy This article summarizes the current siluation of the use of English in ihe world, ihe development of this language over time and the role of English in helping England achieve its political and economic positions from the XV century until now.
Key words: English, soft power, cultural diplomacy
1. T h u c trang su dung tieng Anh tren the gioi
Khong ai c6 the phii nhan tam quan trpng eiia tieng Anh trong thoi dilm hien tai.
Ro rang, trong qua trinh hgi nhap toan ciu
* TS, Dai hoc Ngoai ngu, Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Noi
Nhdn bdi ngay 18/7/2018 Phdn bien xong 23/10/2018 Chdp nhgn ddng 5/12/2018
hoa, viee sir dung ngon ngii quoc te la tieng Anh dong vai tro vo cimg quan trgng va thiet ylu. Ben canh do, voi nhirng lgi ich to Ian trong giao tiip va cong viec ma ngon ngir chung nay dem den cho chiing ta, tieng Anh da va dang tro thanh ngoai ngii dugc sir dung nhiiu nhit tren the giai.
Theo Ethnologue xuat ban nam 2017 boi SIL Quoc tl, tiing Anh la ngon ngii dugc
Q^ieng. c/hih. oJk. qiii^t U/a niltn...
noi nhieu nhat tren the giai voi khoang 1,12 ti nguoi. Trong do, so nguai su dung tiing Anh voi vai tro ngon ngii chinh thiic la 378,2 trieu nguai. S6 nguoi noi tiing Anh nhu ngon ngu thii hai la 743,5 trieu nguoi'.
Chinh vi sy pho bien va tir nhung nhu cau ve ngon ngii chung, day va hpc tieng Anh dang tro thanh mpt xu huong ciia rat nhieu nguai tren toan the giai. Cpng dong noi tieng Anh ben ngoai cac quoc gia noi ngon ngii nay la tieng me de tham chi dang cang ngay cang sir dung tieng Anh nhieu hem, vugt xa miic sii dung cua tong so nguai ban xii. Vi vay, nhiing nguoi ung hg sir dung tieng Anh nhu la "lingua franca" (viet tat la FLF, thuat ngii thuong thay trong day va hpc ngoai ngii, chi ngon ngii chinh thirc thii hai dugc quoc gia cong nhan sir dung ngoai tiing me de nay). Khi sy eong nhan trong cpng ddng qu6c te lan rpng, nhu cau can khing dinh tieng Anh la thii ngon ngO ehung cho nhimg nguai noi cac ngon ngir (ehinh thiic) khae nhau^. Khac voi nhiing nguai nhu du hoc sinh mu6n din Anh de hoa minh vao
nen van hoa va tro nen giong voi nguai ban xtir nhat co the, vai rihiing nguoi sir dung ELF, uu tien truoc het la ngon ngir trao doi tra nen dl hieu v6i nhirng nguoi ma hp dang giao tiip. Dieu nay dong nghia voi viec khong cin hoan toan huong den su dung ngon ngii giong nhu nguai ban xu.
Khong chi dimg lai of giao tiep hay sit dung noi thong thuong, tieng Anh con chiem uu the hon ca: hon 2/3 nhiing nha khoa hpc tren the gioi nghien cuu bang tieng Anh;
80% thong tin dugc luu trii dien tir diing tieng Anh^; dimg dau ve so lugng nguoi sir dung ngon ngij tren Internet. Thong ke a bang duoi ciing cho thay tren toan the giai, ton tai song song voi tieng Anh la nhieu ngon ngii khac co egng dong nguoi sir dung rat dong dao. Tuy nhien, dua vao nhiing thong ke tren nhieu ITnh vyc, tieng Anh van dang giii mpt vi the quan trpng bac nhat nhu la ngon ngii co mire dp sir dung eao va co tam anh huong Ion. Chinh thyc te nay da giiip dua tieng Anh len vai tro nhu mgt ngon ngir toan cau.
' SIL International (2017), Ethnologue (20lh edition), Katy Simpson Davies, Laura Patsko (2013), How lo http://www.ethnologue.com/, hTiy cSp liic 8:16 ngiy teach English as a lingua franca (ELF), 12/07/2018. https://www.britishcouncil.org/voices-magazine/how-
^ David Graddol (2006), English Next. British teach-english-lingua-iranca-elf, truy cap luc 10:04
14 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°12(219|.2018
Muoi ngon ngir hang dau tren Internet T12/2017 tmh theo trieu nguoi sir dung
All the rest fc,^^.^'
100 200 300 400 500 GOO 700 SOD 900 1000 1100 12DD trieu ngucfi sii dvne
Ve theo nguon:
Source: Internet World Stats • www internet«oildstats.com/stats7.htm Estimated total internet users are 4,156,932.140 in December 31.2017 Copyright S) 2018. Miniwatts Marketing Group
2. Nguon goc va su* phat trien cua tieng Anh qua cac thoi ky
Ngon ngir Anh thupc ve nhanh mien Tay ciia nhom ngon ngii German trong ngii he An-Au. Nhiing ngon ngii ciing nhom co lien he mat thiet nhat vol tieng Anh la tieng Scots va tieng Frisian. Lich sir cua tieng Anh CO the dugc ehia thanh 4 thai ky chinh: tieng Anh CO, tieng Anh trung dai, tieng Anh can dai va tieng Anh hien dai. Qua moi thai ky, tieng Anh chiu nhiing anh huong tir nhieu ngon ngii khac nhau tren the gioi.
Tieng Anh co
Ti8ng Anh dugc cho la bat nguon vao thS ky thic V, ba tgc nguai German la Saxon, Angle va Jute (thuong dugc ggi chung la nguoi Anglo - Saxon) tir Dan Mach va viing Tay Bac nuoc Due di cu sang quan dao Anh.
Ba tpc nguoi nay tro thanh s6 dong, su xam chien cua hp khien cho ngon ngii Celtic ciia nguoi Ceh ban xii tren dao di den tinh trang gkn nhu mai mot a Anh, Scotland, xii Wales va Cornwall. Qua nhieu nam, tgc nguai Saxon, Angle va Jute d6ng nhat sy khac biet giiia th6 ngii ciia hp, tao thanh mot thir ngon
^ieitg. <Aiih tm qtitjMit Uta ntuii... 15
ngii ma cac nha ngon ngir hpe ggi la tiing Anh c6 hay tiSng Anglo-Saxon".
Ngay ea nhimg nguai Anh ban dia hien nay ciing kho co the hieu dugc tiing Anh c6.
Tuy nhien khoang hon mgt nira nhiing tir tieng Anh thong dung ngay nay lai bSt nguon tir tieng Anh c6. Nhung tir ma chiing ta gap thuong xuyen nhu be, strong hay water diu dugc phat hien la co nguon goc trong Tiing Anh CO. Hai tir England va English xudt phat tir ten gpi "Angle".^
Tieng Anh trung dai
Vao nam 1066, eupe xam lugc nuoc Anh cua cong tuoc William ciia Normandy (mpt phan ciia nuoc Phap hien nay) dugc xem la mo dau cho thai ky tieng Anh trung dai. Nhiing ke xam lugc moi nay da dem den mpt thu ngon ngii mai - tieng Norman, va no da tro thanh ngon ngii dugc sir dung boi nhiing tang lop quyen luc nhat nhu Hoang gia, quy tgc va quan chuc cap cao .
Vi tiing Norman dugc noi chit yeu boi quy tgc va tang lop cao ciia xa hgi, trong khi thuong dan tiip tuc noi tieng Anglo-Saxon, nen anh huong cua tieng Norman la them vao mgt lugng Ion tir ngii lien quan den chinh tri, luat phap va su thong tri. Den the ky 12, tiing Anh trung dai phat trien hoan
toan, dung hgp vao minh ca anh huong ciia tiing Anh co va tieng Norman.
Trong thS ky XIV, tieng Phap van la thii tiing dugc noi bai tang lop quyen luc. Tuy nhien, tieng Anh da dugc diing de viet nen tac pham noi tieng ciia Chaucer (1387-1400) The Canterbury Tales .
Tiing Anh can dgi
Tiing Anh can dai (1500-1700) dac tnmg voi cupc Great Vowel Shift (1350- 1700) , tiep tuc don gian hoa bien to va chuan hoa ngon ngii. Tir the ky XVI, nguoi Anh da quan he, tiep xiic voi nhieu dan tpc tren khap the giai. Chinh cac dpng thai nay, ket hgp vai nhirng xu huong cpng tac, mo rgng va hpc hoi van hoa khac dang pho bien trong thai ky Phuc Hung o chau Au, da tao nen nhieu tir moi hoac cac nhom tir mai eho ngon ngii nay.
Nam 1476, William Caxton gioi thieu may in ep toi nuoc Anh va bat dau xuat ban nhiing quyen sach dau tien, khien anh huong cua ngon ngii nay cang lan rpng. Viec phat minh may in ciing cho thay rang tieng Anh tro nen pho bien tren cae tai lieu in. Sach tro
Melvyn Bragg (2003), The Adventure of English.
Arcade Publishing.
^ Bosworth and Toller (1921), An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. Oxford; Clarendon Press.
^British Library (2018),
http://www bl.uk/leaming/timeline/iteml26535.html,
'British Library (2018),
http://www.bl.uk/leaming/timeline/iteml26565.html, tmy cap luc 7:25 ngay 13/07/2018
Oai Bien doi Nguyen am la mot sir thay d6i quan trpng va cSch phat am tiSng Anh diln ra tai nirac Anh trong khoang thiri gian 1350-1700.
Duoc Johann Gutenberg a Mainz, nircrc Dire phat minh ra dira tren vi^c ep ban khSc kim loai len giSy;
c6ng n g h | nay dugc William Caxton mang va Anh vao khoang mia cu6i tha ky thii XV. Xem them https ://www.bl.uk/med ieva 1-
literature/articles/wiiliam-caxton-and-the-
16 NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°12(219).2018
nen re hon va mgi nguoi co the hpc tap qua sach vo. Nganh in an cung gop phan tao ra mpt ngon ngii tieng Anh tieu chuan, hoan hao hon. Chinh ta va ngii phap tra nen hoan chinh, va hinh thai ngon ngii a London, la noi CO nhiiu nha xudt ban, tro thanh thong dung. Nam 1582, sach huong dan hpc ciia Richard Mulcaster "Elementarie" gom 8.000 tir tiing Anh dugc xuat ban. Tuy khong duge phan loai nhu la mpt cuon tir dien thyc sy, tac pham duge coi la sy eo gang to chirc tiing Anh, khien ngon ngii Anh dugc de cao va de tiep can hon
Tieng Anh hien dgi
Toi cuoi the ky XVIII, De quoc Anh da lan rpng tieng Anh len hau khap cac thupc dja va viing thong tri. Tieng Anh ciing tro thanh ngon ngii giao tiep toan cau. Do nuoc Anh lap nen nhieu thupc dia, nhiing thupc dia nay lai gianh dpc lap va phat trien each noi va viet tieng Anh rieng. Tieng Anh hien dien a Bac My, An Dp, mpt ph4n chau Phi, chau Uc va nhieu vimg khac.
Trong thi ky XX, sy phat triin va tim anh huong van hoa, chinh tri ciia Hoa Ky nhu mgt sieu cuong sau Thi ehiln thu Hai da tang toe viec lan rgng ngon ngii nay ra toan cau. Tieng Anh dugc coi la ngon ngG toan cau"
'"British Library (2018),
http://www.bl.uk/leaming/timeline/iteml26632.html, truy cap luc 7:34 ng^y 13/07/2018,
" David Crystal (2003), English as a global :. Cambridge University Press.
3. Vai tro cua tieng Anh trong toan cau hoa
Su quan trgng ciia tieng Anh la khong the choi cai tir lich sir phat trien cua no din giai doan hien dai. Dac biet hon, trong giai doan hpi nhap va toan cau hoa hien nay, vai sy gia tang trong giao tiep va eac hoat dpng lien quoc gia, tieng Anh - thu ngon ngit toan cau cang dong mgt vai tro quan trpng.
Vai tro dau tien va ciing la thiet ylu nhit ciia tieng Anh chinh la trong giao tiip. Phan Ion hoat dpng giiia eon nguoi voi nhau diu yeu cau ngon ngii'va dac biet la ngon ngir chung huong toi sy hieu biet lan nhau. Trong khi eac hoat dgng, dy an quoc te dugc thuc hi§n, con nguoi den tir nhiing nen van hoa voi ngon ngfi chinh thiic khac nhau can mot thu: ngon ngii chiic nang mang tinh trung gian de ket noi. That vay, tieng Anh voi nhiing con so thong ke thuyet phuc da tra thanh cau noi - mpt phan khong the thieu trong hpi nhap toan cau.
Doi voi ITnh vyc kinh te, tieng Anh la phuong tien giup gia tang su thuan Igi trong kinh doanh va thuong mai. Nhirng eong ty muon mo rpng quy mo ra nuoc ngoai se khong the ton tai neu thieu tieng Anh. Trong mpt cupc khao sat cua Co quan Tinh bao Kinh tl (Economic Intelligence Unit) voi 572 giam dde diiu hanh tir eac cong ty da qu6c gia tren toan the giai, mpt nua trong so do thira nhan rSng nhiing hieu Iam trong giao tiip da can tro nhieu thuang vu kinh doanh qudc tl quan trpng, gay ra nhiing ton that
Q^iijig. c4nh t»a qtiyAih U/a mutt... 17
nang ne cho doanh nghiep. Doi voi ITnh vuc van hoa, tieng Anh eiing giiip lan rpng mgt nen van hoa vol nhirng dac tnmg rieng, dac biet 6 cac quoc gia da timg la thupc dia cita nuoc Anh. Tai Bac My, tieng Anh dugc sir dung chinh thuc tai hai quoc gia lan nhdt khu vyc nay la My va Canada, cang gop phdn lan toa cac gia tri co ban ciia nguoi Anh, dang chii y nhat la tinh thdn tu luc ty cuong va dan chii. Sau nay, cimg vai anh huang ngay cang tang ciia My tren chinh truong the gioi, van hoa dac tnmg ciia Anh da bi xoa nhoa dan di khi tucmg tae vai cac nen van hoa khac tren ddt My. Tuy nhien, nhiing gia tri nhan van, nhan ban cot loi ma nhirng nguoi Anh dau tien di cu sang My mang toi van con den ngay nay. Sy mo rgng quyen lyc cua khoi cac quoc gia noi tieng Anh mgt lan niia lai dua tieng Anh den mpt dinh cao moi - tro thanh ngon ngii quan trpng va thiet yeu nhat thi gioi. Sy t6n tai nhirng noi lo ve viec nen van hoa cung nhu ngon ngii ciia nhung quoc gia khong phat trien va quyen luc nhu cac cuang qu6c bi phai nhat khi tiep xiic voi tiing Anh hay noi rpng hon la van hoa Anh la khong the tranh khoi. Tuy nhien, nhin tir chieu huong ngugc lai, neu mgt ddn tgc voi tiing me de la ngon ngii khap khong phai tiing Anh, nhung phan Ion dan chiing sir dung t6t tieng Anh, trong boi canh mdi cua toan cdu hoa, dan tpc va ddt nuoc do co the tan dung ngon ngii nay de truyen ba tot han nin van hoa ciia minh. Noi each khac, neu
biit tan dyng dung each, xu hudng sir dung tiing Anh vai tu each la FLF se phan nao giiip bao ve ban sac dan tpc cua cac quoc gia.
Dii vai ITnh vye chinh tri, vai tro cua tieng Anh quan trpng nhdt nam a su thau hiiu Idn nhau. Su bat dong hoac hieu lam co the gdy ra nhirng hau qua nghiem trpng, vl the ngon ngii chung la mpt giai phap cung nhu bien phap giam thieu kha nang nay.
Tieng Anh dong vai tro la ngon ngii chung va dac biet can thiet doi voi nhimg chinh sach chinh tri
Doi voi giao due va khoa hpc, qua thong ke ngon ngii sir dung cua cac nha khoa hpc, tieng Anh dang la phuong tien luu trir va truyen tai mpt phan rat Ion kien thiic khoa hgc . Nhihig nghien ciiu, du an giao due xuyen quoc gia thuang yeu cau kien thiic tieng Arih ehuyen nganh nen tang, do tieng Anh da xam nhdp va tro nen thiet yeu trong nhiing ITnh vyc tri thirc nay. Nhiing nguon nhdn luc, tri thiic chat lugng cao muon trao doi va hieu biet them 6 ben ngoai dat nuac minh rat can tieng Anh de chuyen sau hon.
Vi vay, doi voi viec tao them tri thiic va cai moi, tieng Anh nhu mpt dieu kien can ban vai nhiing nguai muon tien xa hon trong ITnli vuc cua minh.
open.ac.uk. The attraction of Language- Language, Soft Power and Ihe Narrative Fallacy, truy cap liic 15:04 ng^y 15/7/2018.
http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/diasporas/site s/www.open.ac.uk.researchprojects.diasporas/fiJes/Th e%20 Language%20Attracti on. pd f.
'^Nt.
18 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°12(219).2018
Ngon ngii la mpt cong cu giao tiep quan trpng nhdt, va gia day tieng Anh da thong tri rit nhiiu nhirng khia canh ve giao tiep. Hau nhu tdt ca cac thilt bi dien tir diu sii dung tiing Anh. S6 lugng nguoi su dung tiing Anh nhu mpt phucmg tien giang day va dimg tiing Anh nhu ngon ngii thii hai da tra nen rdt Ion, len din 1,5 ti nguoi tren toan cdu, 6 67/195 quoc gia (theo so lieu uoc tinh nam 2015)''' Tiing Anh la mot "lingua franca"
toan cdu duge the gioi sir dung nhieu nhat.
Ngoai ra, tieng ArJi da tro thanh mgt ngon ngu pho quat dugc sii dung trong the gioi cong nghe, giao due, kinh doanh, thuang mai... Do la ly do tai sao ngucri ta can lam chii tieng Anh de eo the canh tranh va doi mat vai thai dai toan cau hoa hien nay.
4. Vai tro cua tieng Anh doi vdi viec tang cirong quyen luc mem trong thi gioi hien dai cua niro'c Anh
Ciing nhu nhieu nha nuoc khac trong Hch sir, ngay tir the ky XV, nuac Anh da bit dau tim each ma rpng anh huong cua minh len phdn con lai ciia the giai. Bat dau bang cac phat kien dia ly va cae cupc ehinh phuc nhiing miln dat moi, din thi ky thii XVIII, nuac Anh la quoc gia dau tien ciia thi gioi buoc vao each mang cong nghiep dl gia tang san xudt hang hoa phuc vu nhu ciu thuong mai ngay cang tang giiia chinh qudc va thupc dja. Chinh phii Anh cho din nay van khong ngimg gia tang kha nang ciing c6 va mo rpng cac anh huong cua hp 6 nuoc ngoai, tir kinh
tl, chinh tri dSn qudn sy va lanh th6'^. Trong qua khii, nuac Anh timg ty hao vi "mat trai khong bao gio lan tren ddt nuac Anh", con ngay nay, nuac Anh luon gop mat trong nhom 10 cuong quoc Ian nhat thi gioi (dii ddn so va dien tich chi tuong duong 2/3 dan so va dien tich Viet Nam). Lien tuc trong nhieu the ky, quoc dao nay da chiing minh dugc sire song va siic manh ciia minh truoc mpt the gioi canh tranh khong ngimg. DI lam dugc dieu do, nuoc Anh da dya vao mpi tai san minh co, gom con nguoi voi y thirc va no luc vuon len manh me, tiem lyc kinh tl- qu6c phong Ion, thi truong chiing khoan London lau doi, cac moi quan he voi cac quoc gia va vimg lanh th6 khac, nhdt la vai My va EU, ciing nhu cac quyen lue mem cua minh, trong do co ngoai giao va ngon ngir tiing Anh'^.
Quyen lyc mem, theo dinh nghTa ciia Joseph S.Nye'^, khong phai la "quyen lyc gia re" (cheap power). Do la dang quyen luc dat dugc khong thong qua su cuong ep vii luc, ma thong qua sy phoi hgp hgp nhuan nhuyen cac tac nhan hanh dpng khac nhau. De thuyet phuc cac tac nhan khac nhau hanh dpng hpp tac voi nhau, vai tro ciia ngon ngii rdt quan trpng. Noi each khac, voi Nye, quyen luc mem la "nhieu hon su thuyet phuc hoac kha nang lam thiic tinh mpi nguoi bang tranh
'''hnp://www.stgeorges.co.uk/bIog/leam-eng!ish/how- many-people-in-the-world-speak-english
"open.ac.uk. The attraction of Language: Language, Soft Power and the Narrative Fallacy, tldd.
'^ open.ac.uk. The attraction of Language: Language, Soft Power and the Narrative Fallacy, tldd.
' ' Nye, Joseph S. Public Diplomacy and Soft Power, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 61f ~"" ^'-^^'> _
^iMttq. cAjnh. tm. qMy.itt U^ ntem... 19
luan... No ciing la kha nang thu hiit va sy thu hut thuang ddn den dong thuan. Noi don gian theo thuat ngu hanh vi, quyin luc mIm la quyin luc thu hiit". Ciing theo quan dilm ciia Nye, sy nam bat va lam chii quyin luc mem dugc the hien nhieu trong ngoai giao.
Ngoai giao van hoa (con gpi la ngoai giao cong chiing theo each gpi ciia Nye) thyc chat la su the hien quyen lyc mem theo phuong each thu hiit nhat co the. Keu gpi dong thuan bang each khoi ggi nhiing dilm chung vl tinh nguai, nguon goc hay moi lien kit ddn tgc, tinh chinh dang cua viec bao ve cac gia tri con nguai nhu dan chu, quyen song, quyen mim cau hanh phuc... thuang la nhiing each don gian nhung hieu qua nhdt trong viec thuyet phuc ngay ca cac quoc gia thu dich cimg bat tay nhau xay dung nen hoa binh ehung. Trong toan bp cac qua trinh do, khong the khong ke den sire manh ciia tieng Anh d6i voi viec duy tri va ma rgng anh huang cua nuac Anh.
Mgt trong nhiing vi du kinh dien ve sir dung quyin lyc mem thong qua ngoai giao ciia nuoc Anh chinh la chinh sach giai thyc dan ciia nuac Anh doi voi phan Ion cac thupc dia ciia hp sau The chiSn thii Hai.
Khong giSng mpt thyc dan khac la nuoc Phap thuang thi hien thai dp chiim hiru, c6 niu keo quyin luc thong trj ciia minh doi vai thupc dia bdng nhiing cupc chien xdm lugc va dan ap da man phong trao yeu nuoc cua nhan dan thupc dia, nuac Anh som da nhan ra tinh tdt yeu va chinh nghTa cua phong trap giai phong dan t6c nen it bi sa da vao cac
cupc chien ton kem chflng lai nhdn ddn a cac nuoc phu thupc. Sy trao tra dpc lap em a a mgt loat cac nuoc tir 1945 den 1972 6 ca chau A, Phi va My la mgt minh chirng'^.
Diln hinh phai ke den nen dpc lap "khong tieng sting" o An Dp'^
Vi du thii hai la bai hiing bien noi tieng
"Biie man sat" ciia cyu Thu tuang Wiston Churchill cua Anh tai My nam 1945^°. Chi voi bai dien van nay, Churchill da thuyet phuc ca nuoc My voi Tong thong Harry S.Truman chi tien cho ke hoach tai thiet chau Au, con gpi la Ke hoach Marshall, tri gia 13 ti USD vao nam 1948, tuong duong 110 ti USD nam 2016^'. Ciing tir day, nhiing buoc tien va thanh tyu ddu tien ve kirih te cho cac nuac chau Au dugc dam bao, ma duong cho su phat trien thinh vugng cua Lien minh Chau Au, trong do c6 Anh, sau nay.
Vi du thir ba ve quyen lyc mem ciia ngoai giao van hoa thong qua ngon ngii phai ke den su vuon len chiem lay anh huang va su sir dung rgng nhat ciia tieng Anh trong Lien minh Chau Au. Dang chii y la trong so 6 nuoc sang lap Cong dong Than Thep Chau '" http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a510241.pdf, truy cSp Itic 15:47 ngay 17/7/2018
'^ Daniel Yergin & Joshep Stanislaw (2012), NhUng dinh cao chi huy - Cuoc chien vi nen kinh le the gidi, NXB Tri Thuc.
^° history.com (2001), Churchill delivers Iron Curtain speech, truy cap luc 16:27 tai https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/churchill- delivers-iron-curtain-speech ngiy 17/7/2018.
^' history.state.gov. Marshall Plan, 1948, truy cap luc 17:53 ngay 17/7/2018 ' tai https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-
1952/marshall-plan.
20 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°12|219).2018
Au nam 1952 (tiin thdn cua Cong dong Chau Au va nay la Lien minh Chdu Au) khong co Anh. Vi Phap va Diic la nhung qu6c gia co tilm luc kinh tl va quan sy manh nhdt trong nhom nuac sang lap nen thai ky dau, tieng Phap va tiing Diic duge sir dung nhieu nhat tai kh6i nay. Tuy nhien, sau khi Anh ehinh thirc gia nhdp nam 1973, tiing Anh ddn dugc sir dung chii yeu. Din nay, mac dii ket qua trung cdu dan y tai Anh ve viec di hay o lai Lien minh ngay 23/6/2016 da chinh thiic tao ra cu soc Brexit va nuoc Anh se thyc su rai khoi Lien minh ngay 29/3/2019 sip tai, vai tro ciia tiing Anh trong khoi nay da la khong the dao ngugc dugc
Tom lai, ciing voi cac phat kien dia ly va sy phat trien cua thuong mai the giai, ciing vai qua trinh ddu tranh vi hoa binh, hgp tac, on dinh va phat trien ciia cac dan tgc tren the gicri, tieng Anh da dan vuon len vi tri la ngon ngii dugc sir dung rpng rai nhat tren the gioi. Thong qua cong cu ngon ngii nay, nuoc Anh ciing nam bat va lam chii dugc quyen lue mem la ngoai giao van hoa cua minh, gop phan dua ddt nuac phat triin bin viing qua nhieu the ky; va den nay Anh van la mpt trong nhung nen kinh te c6 anh hucmg nhdt the gioi.
Tran Thi Khanh Ha (2017), "Brexit v& vi tri ngon ngii chfnh thiic cua tiang Anh d EU", Ky y6u hoi thao quoc te Brexit vd mot so tdc dong tdi khu vuc vd Viet Nam, Vian Ham Iam Khoa hoc xa hoi Viat Nam -
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hup://www.open.ae.uk/researchprojects/dias poras/sites/www.open.ac.uk.researchprojects .diasporas/files/The%20Language%20Attrac tion.pdf, tmy cap liic 15:04 ngay 15/7/2018.
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