Von van hoa trong phat tri§n kinh te thi trirong cua ngu*oi Dao: Mot tiep can ly thuyet nhan hoc
Bill Minh HaoC
Tom tat: Trong nhieu nam qua. nghiin cuu phdt trien mien ndi chu yiu tap trung vdo viec dien gidi qud trinh chuyin ddi tic kinh ti truyin thong sang kinh te thi truang ciia cdc cong dong. Mot dieu ro rang Id, suphdt trien kinh ti thi truang a miin ndi co vai tro quan trgng trong vdn hoa cong dong. Qua nghien cuu suphdt trien kinh ti thi trudng cua cong dong nguoi Dao a huyen Sa Pa (tinh Ldo Cai). bdi viit co gang lam ro thim vai tro cua van hoa trong qud trinh phdt trien qua khdi niem von vdn hoa. Co thi coi day Id mgt phdn tich mang tinh ly thuyet vephdt trien mien nui. Id mgt khia cgnh gop phdn thdo ludn them ve viec phdn tich cdc yiu to quan trgng mang tinh quyet dinh doi voi qud trinh phdt trien kinh ti thi truang a mien nui.
Tir khoa: Vdn van hda, Ly thuyit nhan hge, Kinh t§ thi trudng, Ngudi Dao, NhSn hgc phat trien
Abstract: For several years, research on development issues in mountainous areas has basically focused on interpreting the transition from the traditional economy to the market economy. It is crystal clear that the development of market economy plays an important role in the mountainous community culture. Doing a case study on the development of the market economy of Dao ethnic minority people in Sapa district (Lao Cai Province), this article attempts to explicate the role of cultural capital in determining the development process. It can be considered as a theoretical analysis which makes a partial contribution on further analyzing the significantly decisive factors to the market economy development process in mountainous areas.
Key words: Cultural Capital, Anthropological Theory, Market Economy, Dao people.
Development Anthropology
'*' NCS. Khoa Nhan hgc, Tnicmg Dai hpc Khoa hpc xa hpi va nhan van, Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Ngi; Email:
buihao261 @gmail.coni
L Sir phat triln kinh te thi truong ciia nguoi Dao d huyen Sa Pa, rinh Lao Cai
Ngudi Dao d Sa Pa cd 15.326 ngudi (2015), chi^m 2 5 % dan so toan huyen, chu y6u thugc nganh Dao Dd (Mihn Xi), la mgt bg phan quan trgng ciia ngudi Dao d Viet Nam. Trong xa hdi truySn thong, ngudi Dao chii y6u sinh song bing ndng nghiep.
Cac nganh thu cdng nghiep tuong doi phat triln, hudng vao san xuat cae do dung thiet y6u eho cugc song sinh hoat va san xuat.
Trong ban hai thap nien qua, kinh te ciia ngudi Dao d Sa Pa thay ddi nhanh chong.
Kinh ti thi trudng ngay cang phat triSn manh me. Khdng chi tham gia cac boat ddng kinh te thi trudng tai dia phuong, mgt sd ngudi Dao cdn hgp tac vdi cac dai ly phan phoi san pham d thanh phd Lao Cai, d Ha Ndi va tham chi qua Lao, Thai Lan.
Su phat triSn kinh te thi trudng ciia ngudi Dao d Sa Pa the hien tren hau het eac linh vuc. Trong ndng nghiep, ngudi Dao dang chuyen ddi tir tu cung tu cap sang nen nong nghiep phuc vu thi trudng. Hg trdng cac cay dugc Heu nhu atiso, thuoe tam de ban cho cae doanh nghiep; trdng cay thao qua Cling dem lai nguon thu quan trgng, la nguon tien de tich liiy ciia cai hay de lam nhiing viec Idn. Ngudi Dao cung bat dau lam quen vdi viec nudi ca hdi, nudi ga ddi va trdng cac loai rau sach de ban eho cac nha hang d thi tran Sa Pa. Trong thu cdng nghiep, thd cam trd thanh mgt loai hang hda quan trgng cua ngudi Dao. Cau lac bd thd cam Ta Phin ed luc tap hgp dugc gan 300 phu nu trong vimg. San pham tho cam khong chi de ban eho khach du lich tai dia phuong ma cdn cung cap cho cac dai ly buon ban hang thii cdng d thi tran Sa Pa, thanh phd Lao Cai, Ha Ndi va sang ea Lao, Thai Lan. Thuoc tam ngucd Dao Do ciing trd thanh mgt thuong hieu ndi tieng ma Ta
Phin la cai ndi san xuat. Hang nam Cdng ty thudc t i m Ta Phin thu vk 4-5 ty ddng.
Thuong nghiep va dich vu trudc day khdng thanh mgt nganh thi hien nay da hinh thanh va phat trien kha manh. Ngoai eac dac san, ngudi dan b i t dku biet kinh doanh them cac mat hang khac. Hoat ddng sdi dgng nhit chinh la dich vu du lich tai nha. Rieng thdn Sa Xeng nam 2007 cd 6 hg kinh doanh du lich tai nha, nam 2015 cd dSn 21 gia dinh va dau nam 2018 la 26 gia dinh. Khdng chi phue vu du khach an nghi, hg edn chao ban them nhiSu mat hang khac, hinh thiic t6 chiic san xuSt ciing thay ddi. Ben canh san xuit, kinh doanh theo gia dinh truyin thdng cdn xu4t hien cac hinh thiic td chirc san xukt mdi nhu cau lae bg, hgp tac xa kieu mdi, cdng ty cd phan... Dac bi?t, tu duy cua ngudi dan dang thay ddi nhanh chdng dudi tac ddng cua kinh te thi trudng. Neu trudc day, ngudi dan b i n nhiing san pham cua minh ngay sau khi thu hoach dugc thi nay hg bilt lua chgn thdi diem va doi tugng de ban dugc vdi gia eao nhat. Hg cUng biet sir dung sd tien kiem duge de dau tu tai san xuat hieu qua. Nhieu ngudi Dao da biet chu ddng lien he vdi cac cdng ty Iii hanh, cac dai ly ban hang thii cdng nghiep nham tao lap mang ludi xa hdi de kinh doanh.
2. Tiep can von van hda trong nghien ciru sy phat trien kinh te thi triromg cua nguoi Dao tir goc do ly thuyet
a. Nghiin cicu phdt trien miin niii tu goc dp ly thuyit nhdn hgc trong thai gian gan ddy
Da timg cd cugc tranh luan ve ngudi ndng dan chau A giiia J. Scott va S. Popkin cudi nhiing nam 1970 khi J. Scott eho rang ngudi ndng dan d chau A ludn tranh riii ro, lua chgn an toan la tren het trong viec dau tu cugc song, dSu tu kinh te (J. Scott, 1976);
cdn S. Popkin lap luan ngudi ndng dan chau
31
A la ngudi ndng dan duy ly, ludn cd nhung tinh toan trong viec dau tu de thu lgi ich, lgi nhuan cao nhit (S. Popkin, 1979).
Cudc tranh luan nay chSm ngdi cho mgt cdng euge da dang hda quan diem trong nghien eiiu nhan hgc d chau A (va Viet Nam). F. Ellis (1993) da md rgng quan diem kinh t6 dao dire cua J. Scott khi phan tich cac hanh vi trong lira chgn su phat trien cua ngudi ndng dan ma dng nghien cim. Tiep theo dd, Jennifer Sowerwine (2008), tir mgt nghien ciiu cu the hon ve ngudi Dao d viing niii Ba Vi (Ha Ndi), cimg cd quan diem kinh te duy tinh ma J. Scott dat ra khi nhSn manh su an toan trong lua chgn phat trien kinh te cua ngudi dan ban dia. Trong khi dd, tiSp can tir khia canh lich su cua phat triln kinh t6 viing, Oscar Salemink (2008) lai dat ra v4n.
de quan he kinh te giua cac vimg lanh thd, qua dd ngudi dan tu giai quySt cac v4n de phat trien quan trgng ciia minh.
Ben canh dd, nhieu hgc gia lai chii trgng nghien ciiu ve nhiing nhan td anh hudng den qua trinh chuyen ddi kinh te ciia cac toe ngudi d mien niii. Jean Michaud (2010) tir tiep can lich su kinh te khi nghien ciiu ve ngudi Hmdng d Lao Cai da nit ra lap luan:
kinh te hang hda da xuat hien kha sdm d cdng ddng dan cu nay qua nhung trao ddi dac san cua hg vdi cac cdng ddng viing thap hon, dae biet la viee san xuat va kinh doanh eay thudc phien. Tir dd, Jean Michaud dua ra quan diem, kinh te hgp tae xa da ban che kinh te hang hda cua ngudi dan ban dia. Su chuyen ddi trong kinh te hien nay chi la quay lai vdi sir phat trien kinh te ma ngudi Hmdng da thuc hien tir trudc. Tir nghien ciiu thuc dia, Jean Michaud ciing dua ra nhung gia dinh ve ly thuyet mang tinh phe phan trong nghien ciiu qua trinh hien dai hda cua ngudi Hmdng d mien
niii Viet Nam: "Ddi vdi nhieu tae gia ciia phong trao hien dai hda, sdm hay muon thi nhiing ngudi dan vimg cao nay cGng bat d4u hudng thu thanh qua ciia qua trinh phat trifin kinh t6, hoac, tir mgt gdc do phe phan hon, ciing trai nghiem "su tinh ngg cua the gidi", cai lam hao mdn dac diem van hda, lam Slit me eac ban sac, va trong trudng hgp ehiing ta quan tam, la nd da dan loai bd cac boat ddng kinh te truyen thdng ra khdi cau hinh van hda cua hg" (Jean Michaud, 2010: 52). Tuy nhien, eai nhin mang nang tinh dia ly cua hg cung cd nhiing ban ehe nhat dinh khi su khac biet ve dia ly dang dan md nhat. Ben canh dd, tinh dac trung van hda ciia eac tdc ngudi khac ciing c6 anh hudng Idn trong qua trinh hien dai hoa va thi trudng hda d mien niii hien nay.
b. Ly thuyit von vdn hoa vd tiep can von vdn hoa trong nghiin cicu phdt triin
"Vdn van hoa" (Cultural Capital) la mgt trong sd nhiing khai niem "vdn" dugc nha xa hgi hgc Phap Pierre Bourdieu xay dung va van dung trong xa hgi hgc, ben canh cac khai niem khac nhu vdn kinh te, vdn xa hdi va vdn bieu tugng. Nam 1986, P. Bourdieu da trinh bay cd he thdng hon ve hai khai niem Vdn van hda va Vdn xa hdi.
Theo dd, vdn van hda ton tai dudi ba trang thai chu yeu:
1- Trgng thdi the hien (Embodied state) la cac yeu to van hda duge the hien qua chu the ciia nd, tiic la con ngudi, la nhung yeu td ton tai hien huu va lau dai trong tam tri va CO the cua eon ngudi chu thi van hda.
Ndi each khac, vdn van hda d trang thai the hien chinh la tiem luc ve van hda ciia con ngudi va nang luc van dung cac ylu t6 van hda de tao ra gia tri trong qua trinh phat trien. Vdn van hda d trang thai bieu hien la he thSng ylu td van hda bieu hien qua ylu td con ngudi.
2- Trgng thdi khdch quan (Objectified state) la he thdng cac yeu td van hda d dang tdn tai hien hiiu khach quan ngoai con ngudi, la nhung hinh thiic vat chat cua vdn van hda nhu sach vd, cdng cu, nha cira, trang thiet hi, may mdc... Ca nhung san pham tri tue, tinh than nhu cac dau tich (trace), viec thue hanh cac ly thuyet (realization of theories) hay phe binh cac ly thuyet (critiques of theories)... ciing la vdn van hda d trang thai khach quan. Vdn van hda d trang thai khach quan cd the la san pham cua ca nhan hay cdng ddng dugc hien huu va cd the su dung de trao doi, luan chuyen nham tao ra gia tri.
3- Trgng thdi thi chi (InstitutionaHzed state) la nhiing yeu td van hda dugc td ehiic thanh cac khuon mau, dinh hinh cho sir tdn tai va boat dgng cua cac yeu td van hda dya tren nhung khudn m§u dd (P.
Bourdieu, 1986).
Trong ba trang thai nay, Bourdieu nhan manh vai trd cua vdn van boa d trang thai the hien, tuy nhien, dng ciing xac dinh ro:
"Hau het cac thudc tinh ciia vdn van hda cd thi dugc nit ra tir thyc t l , d trang thai CO ban ciia nd, nd duge lien k i t vdi chii thi van hda va phdng doan hien than" (P.
Bourdieu, 1986: 244).
Sau P. Bourdieu, khai niem vdn van hda dugc nhieu nha nghien eiiu van dung hoac phe phan, bd sung them. David Throsby (1999) phan tich khai niem cua P Bourdieu tren phuong dien kinh t l hge.
Trong khi dd, John H. Goldthorpe (2007) lai lap luan: von van hda la khai niem cdt loi nhat cua P. Bourdieu, va nd ddng vai trd quan trgng trong cac du an Idn ma P.
Bourdieu theo dudi. Nd tich hgp va ly giai ve sy bat binh d5ng giai cSp d trinh do hgc v4n vao mgt ly thuyit rgng hon ve sinh san xa hdi. Nhung ciing chinh John
H. Goldthorpe da dat ra nhiing hoai nghi ve vai trd ciia khai niem vdn van hda trong nghien ciiu giao due. Quan diem cua John H. Goldthorpe da dugc Michael Tzanakis (2011) chimg minh trong mgt nghien ciiu thyc nghiem Idn hon va di den lap luan rang, khai niem vdn van hda va ly thuyit san sinh xa hgi cua P. Bourdieu khdng hgp ly khi nghien ciiu giao due d quy md Idn trong xa hdi da van hda.
Du cdn nhieu tranh luan nhimg khong the phii nhan rang tir khi xuat hien, khai niem vdn van hda da tao ra nhiing anh hudng Idn trong nghien ciiu xa hgi hgc. Tieu bieu co the diem qua la nhiing nghien ciiu cua P.
Dimaggio (1982); P. Dunaggio va J. Mohr (1985); J. Katsillis va R. Rubinson (1990);
M. Kalmijn va G. Kraaykamp (1996); G.
W. J. M. Driessen (2001); A. Sullivan (2001 va 2007); A. Lareau va E. B. Weininger (2003); Gordon Fyfe (2004)...«.
''> Xem them: A. Sullivan (2001), "Cultural Capital and Educational Attainment", Sociology 35, 4, 893- 912; A. Sullivan (2007), "Cultural Capital, Cultural Knowledge and Ability", Sociological Research Online 12, 6, 1; M. Kalmijn and G. Kraaykamp (1996), "Race, Cultural Capital and Schooling: An Analysis of Trends in the United States", Sociology and Education 69, 1, 22-34; A. Lareau and E. B.
Weininger (2003), "Cultural Capital in Educational Research: A Critical Assessment", Theory and Society 32, 5-6, 567-606; Gordon Fyfe (2004),
"Reproductions, cultural capital and museums, aspects of the culture of copies", Museum and Society, Mar 2004. 2 (1) 47-67; G. W. J. M.
Driessen (2001), "Ethnicity, Forms of Capital and Educational Achievement", International Review of Education 47, 6, 513-538; P. Dimaggio (1982),
"Cultural Capital and School Success: The hnpact of Status Culture Participation on the Grades of US High School Students", American Sociological Review 47, 2, 189-201; P. Dimaggio and J. Mohr (1985), "Cultural Capital, Educational Attainment and Marital Selection", American Journal of Sociology 90, 6, 1231-1261.
33
6 Viet Nam, tii dau nhiing nam 2000, nhieu nha nghien ciiu da quan tam va van dung eac khai niem ve vdn cua P. Bourdieu, chu yeu tap trung vao vdn xa hdi. De tai nay thu hiit nhieu nha nghien ciiu nhu Tran Huu Diing, Phan Dinh Dieu, Dang ICim Son, Le Dang Doanh, Nguyen Quan, Tran Nggc Tho, Tran Hiiu Quang, Bui Van Nam Son,.. .'•', Nguyin Vu Hoang (2008), Hoang Ba Thinh (2008 va 2009), Le Minh Tien (2014),... Trong khi dd, khai niem vdn van hda, mgt khai niem khac duge P. Bourdieu xay dyng va rat coi trgng lai it dugc thao luan. Chi mgt sd it nha nghien eiiu quan tam de cap. Tran Dinh Hugu (1996) da quan tam den von van hda. Tuy nhien, khai niem vdn van hda theo each hieu cua dng khac vdi khai niem ma P. Bourdieu dua ra, nhung van cd nhiing diem chung quan trgng. Dd la sy the hien cua van hda trong qua trinh phat hien, la vai trd eua van hda ddi vdi su phat hien. Tran Hiiu Diing (2002), khi phan tich cac khia canh eiia vdn van hoa trong qua trinh phat trien, dii cd de cap den khai niem von van hda ciia P. Bourdieu nhung Tran Hiiu Diing lai lya chgn each phan tich don gian va de hieu ban. Ong phan ehia vdn van hda thanh vdn van boa vat the va vdn van hda phi vat the; xem vdn van hda la dieu kien, ket qua eiia cac hoat dgng cua con ngudi san sinh ra va nd anh hudng lai qua trinh phat trien. Khi trinh bay ve khai niem vdn van hda, Tran Hoai Son (2008) lai nhan manh den viee nhieu nha nghien ciru trong ITnh vyc nghien eiiu my thuat va giai tri van dung ma chua de cap den nhiing gia tri ban dau trong nghien eiiu giao due hgc, hay trong nghien ciiu phat trien sau nay.
'•' Xem them: Ky yeu Hpi thao khoa hoc "Von xa hpi trong phat trien" do Tap chi Tia Sdng - B9 Khoa hgc va Cong ngh? t6 chiic ngay 24/6/2006.
Cd the ndi, vdn van hda la mgt khai niem tniu tugng, nhieu ngudi cdn gan ghep nd vao cae khai niem khac nhau. Trong bai viet nay, vdn van hda dugc hieu la cac yeu td van hda cdng ddng cd kha nang luan chuyin va tao ra cac gia tri kinh te trong qua trinh tham gia thi trudng eua chii the van hda. Theo do, vdn van hda duge phan tich theo ba trang thai ma P. Bourdieu da trinh bay, nhung ciing cd mdi lien he vdi each thiic ma Tran Hiiu Diing va cac tac gia khac da de cap den.
c. Tiip can von van hoa trong nghien cicu su phdt triin kinh te thi truong cua nguoi Dao tic goc do ly thuyet
Khi nghien cuu ve sy phat trien cua kinh te thi trudng d mien niii noi chung va cua ngudi Dao d Sa Pa ndi rieng, co mgt van de dat ra la: Tai sao trong mgt mdi trudng kha tuong ddng nhung cac cdng ddng lai c6 nhiing each tiep can vdi kinh te thi trucmg khac nhau? Dieu gi tao ra tinh trang dd? Hay ndi each khac la yeu td gi dang quyet dinh den cac dae diem cua cac toe ngudi khi budc chan vao kinh te thi trudng? Mgt gia dinh ly thuyet rang, phai chang chinh su khac biet ve van hda da anh hudng quyet dinh den qua trinh tiep can kinh te thi tnrdng cita cac cdng ddng. Dd la su khac biet ve vdn van hda. Vay, vdn van hda cua ngudi Dao d Sa Pa the hien nhu the nao trong qua trinh hg tiep can kinh te thi trudng?
O trang thai khach quan, vdn van hda ciia ngudi Dao tdn tai dudi dang vat the va phi vat the. Von van hoa vat the la nhung gia tri van hda dugc the hien bang vat chat, nhin thay dugc, cam nam dugc va cd vai trd gan vdi qua trinh phat trien kinh te eiia ngudi Dao. Vdn van hda vat the bao gom nhieu the loai khac nhau. Trudc hit la cae ngdi nha san (va mgt sd nha set) de phuc vu phat trien du lich tai nha. Nha ngudi
34
Dao tuong ddi rgng rai, hien nay dugc bd tri kha sach se nhung vSn giii dugc nhieu net truyin thdng. Nd khac vdi cac ngdi nha ciia nhdm ngudi Hmdng ben canh khi hg sd hiiu nhung ngdi nha be, hep va khdng sach b^ng nha ciia ngudi Dao. Chinh nha san rgng rai la diem manh de ngudi Dao phat triln dich vu du lich tai nha. Bdi khi phat h i l n du lich tai nha thi can phai ngan chia ngoi nha thanh nhieu d de phue vu cac du khach khae nhau. Thii hai la san pham thd cSm eiia ngudi Dao. Thd cam eua ngudi Dao dep mat, dugc san xuSt cdng phu va ciing de su dung, khdng qua cau ky nhu mgt sd dan toe khae. Thii ba la he thdng cac loai tbulc, dac biet la thuoc tam ngudi Dao ndi tieng dugc chiet xuat theo cac bai thudc dan gian. Cimg vdi do, ngudi Dao cung cd nhieu san pham ndng nghiep cd gia tri de dua ra thi trudng nhu thao qua, cay dac san... Cac mon an eua ngudi Dao eiing de sii dung, cd dac trung rieng nhung ciing phu hgp vdi nhieu doi tugng khae nhau. Toan bg nhimg vdn van hda vat chat nay dugc P. Bourdieu xep vao the trang khach quan ciia vdn van hoa, edn Tran Huu Diing lai ggi la vdn van hoa vat the. Nhiing vdn van hda vat the nay la CO sd quan trgng cho ngudi Dao tiep can kinh te thi trudng. Dgngphi vdt the, vdn vdn hoa la nhiing gia tri van hoa mang tinh tinh than, chi nhin thay dugc khi nd thi hien qua cac vat chat khac nhau. Tat nhien, sy phan chia thanh von van hda vat thi va phi vat thi chi la tuong ddi, chii yeu v l mat nhan thiic luan, cdn thuc te thi cd nhilu cai la vat thi nhung dugc san sinh ra tir gia tri van hda phi vat the. Vdn van hda phi vat thi ciia ngudi Dao kha da dang. Quan trgng nh4t cd thi k l den la tri thiic ve y hge co truyin. iMhilu mat hang lien quan den cac loai thudc ma n l i bat nhat la thudc tim chinh la sy thi hien cua he thdng tri thiic y hgc cd truyin eiia ngudi
Dao. Chinh nhiing tri thiic dan gian nay khi dugc thuong mai hda da trd thanh nhiing san phdm hang hda doc dao va ngay cang da dang. Tiep theo la nhung kinh nghiem, tri thiic ve thu cdng nghiep, ndi bat la nghe san xuit thd cam truyen thdng. Thd cam dang trd thanh hang hda kha duge gia nen nhilu ngudi quay lai hgc each lam va bo sung nhiing tri thiic, ky nang, kinh nghiem v l nghe det then lam cho nghe thu cdng nay trdi day. Ben canh dd, nhiing phong hie tap quan, nhung tri thiic van hda truyen thong nhu miia, hat, hay cae nghi le truyen thong cua ngudi Dao ciing la mgt loai vdn co vai trd thu hiit du khach den vdi hg.
Trang thai the hien cua vdn van hoa la tilm lyc van hda va nang lyc van dung cac yeu td van hda vao qua trinh phat trien cua con ngudi. Con ngudi la nhung chu the bieu hien va sir dung eac loai vdn van hda khi tiep can thi trudng. Mgt van bang, chiing chi, chirc danh hay ca tam, sinh ly, vj the, hinh the... khi dugc con ngudi chu the van dung vao qua trinh phat trien thi deu la vdn van hda d trang thai the hien. Theo do, ngudi Dao la cdng ddng cd tam ly tuong ddi hudng ngoai. Hg sdng linh dgng, de hoa nhap hon so vdi mgt sd cdng dong khac. Hg thich tiep xuc va chia se vdi cac cdng ddng khac, cdi md hon ve mat van hda nen de gan giii vdi cac cdng ddng la, nhit la khach du lich. Tuy nhien, trong ciing mgt eong ddng ngudi Dao, thi vdn van hda the hien ciia moi ngudi ciing khac nhau nen khdng phai tat ea deu tiep can dugc thi trudng. Ben canh dd, tam ly viing vang va sy giao luu, md rgng quan he se la nIn tang d l hg phat trien kinh te thi trudng ciia minh. Nhu vay, de phat trien dugc kinh te thi trudng, ngoai cac dieu kien ve vdn van hda vat the nhu da noi, cdn phai cd nhieu tri thiic ve van hda truyen thdng, tri thiie ve y hgc hay ve cac nghe thu
Von van noa.. 35
cdng va sir dung nhiing cai do lam co sd tao lap mdi quan he xa hgi, mang ludi xa hgi d l gia nhap thi trudng. Dd la su luan chuyin tir vdn van hda sang vdn xa hdi ma chinh P.
Bourdieu (1986) eiing nhSn manh trong qua trinh nghien eiiu.
O trang thai the che, vdn van hda la he thong cac quy tac, quy dinh, luat le lien quan den cugc sdng xa hdi va quy dinh cac hanh vi ca nhan ciing nhu cdng dong trong cugc sdng cua hg. Neu md rgng hon niia thi von van hda the che edn la he thdng chinh sach cua Nha nude lien quan d i n qua trinh phat trien cua hg. Tuy nhien, trong nghien ciiu nay chiing tdi tam gac cac chinh sach nha nude qua mgt ben khi nd tac dgng chung cho ca nude hay ca vimg chir khdng chi cho mgt cdng ddng tdc ngudi rieng biet. Q day chiing toi muon ndi den vdn van hda thi che cua ngudi Dao, dd la he thdng phong tuc tap quan, luat le, quy tac quy dinh hanh vi ling xir eiia ngudi Dao ma cd the trd thanh ngudn lyc trong phat trien kinh te thi trudng. La xa hdi theo ehe do phu he nhung quan he giiia dan dng vdi phu nii d ngudi Dao kha binh dang. Phan Idn nhiing ngudi tham gia vao dich vu du lich tai nha, budn ban thudc tam, thd cam la phu nu. Nhiing ngudi dan dng tham gia lam eac viec trong gia dinh nhieu hon de vg, con cd nhieu thdi gian tham gia vao hoat ddng thi trudng. Khi cd khach du lich den an d tai nha, ngudi phu nil van la ngudi giao tiep chii yeu, cac giao dich vdi khach hang deu do ngudi phu nu thue hien. Cang ngay nhiing phong tuc tap quan, luat le eiia hg ciing cang cd nhieu thay ddi, ngoai nhiing the che quan trgng de duy tri nen tang xa hgi truyen thong vdi cac thiet che gia dinh, ddng hg, lang ban thi phan Idn nhung the che phiic tap dugc hg don gian hda hoac phd bien hon cho khach du lich cd the tham quan.
3. Ket luan
Noi tdm lai, nhirng dac tnmg ve vdn van hda da gdp phan quy dinh nhiing dac diem quan trgng trong ho^t ddng kinh te thi trudng cita ngudi Dao d Sa Pa. Tuy nhien, dilu dd lieu cd du siic thuyet phuc rang, chinh vi sd huu ngudn vdn van hda nhu vay ma hoat ddng kinh te thi trucmg cua ngudi Dao cd nhieu khae biet so vdi eac cong dong khac hay khdng? Cd le chua dii. Cd the ndi rang, vdn van hoa cua ngudi Dao da anh hudng rat Idn den qua trinh tiep can thi trudng cita hg. Nhimg de chiing minh dieu do thi can phai cd nhiing nghien ciiu so sanh vdi cae cdng ddng tdc ngudi khac.
Viec phan tieh vdn van hoa cung la mgt each tiep can, mgt lang kinh cd the giiip chiing ta tim hieu, giai thich cac dac trung trong su phat trien kinh te thi trudng ciia ngudi Dao.
Tiep can von van hoa trong nghien ciiu phat trien van cdn la mgt phuong phap tiep can kha la lam d Viet Nam. La bdi it dugc quan tam, it cdng trinh nghien ciiu da cong bd de cap den. Vay nen tinh hgp ly ciia phuong phap nay ciing can phai thao luan them. Ben canh thao luan ve ban than khai niem thi eiing phai cd nhiing van dung vao cac trudng hgp cu the de tiep tuc gop phan thao luan ve tinh kha thi khi van dung.
Nhung phan tich d tren mdi dang nhan manh tir goe do ly thuyet. Va cka phai cd nhiing nghien cim trudng hgp cu the vdi khung phan tieh chi tiet hon d l danh gia lai phuong phap tiep can nay Q
Tai li|u tham khao
1. R Bourdieu (1986), "The Forms of Capital", In: J. G. Richardson (ed.) Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, New York, Greenwood Press., pp. 241-258.
36
2. David Throsby (1999), "Culmral Capital", Journal of Cultural
£co«omrc5, 23, 3-12, 1999.
3. Tr4n Hihi Diing (2002), "Vdn van hoa". Tap chi Tia Sdng, Sd Xuan 2002, http://www.viet-studies.info/THDung/
VonVanHoa.htm
4. Frank Ellis (1993), Peasants Economics: Farm Households and Agrarian Devolopment, 2"'' Edition, Cambridge University Press.
5. J. H. Goldthorpe (2007), "Cultural Capital": Some Critical Observations", Acta Sociologica, 50, 3, 211-229.
6. Nguyin Vii Hoang (2008), "Vdn xa hdi trong dd thi: mgt nghien ciiu nhan hgc v l hanh ddng tap the d mgt dy an phat trien dd thi tai Ha Ndi", Tap chi Ddn tgc hgc, sd 5, tr. 11-26.
7. T r k Dinh Hugu (1996), "Mgt sd mat cua vdn van hda truyen thdng", Trong:
Bin hien dgi tic truyin thong, Nxb. Van hda. Ha Ndi.
8. Michael Tzanakis (2011), "Bourdieu's Social Reproduction Thesis and The Role of Cultural Capital", Educational Attainment: A Critical Review of Key Empirical Studies. Educate, Vol. 11, No. 1,2011, pp. 76-90.
9. Oscar Salemink (2008), "Mgt gdc nhin tir vimg eao: phan lich su quan trgng v l
mdi quan he giua ddng bang va mien niii d Viet Nam", Trong: Thoi ky ma cua: Nhung chuyin doi kinh te - xa hgi a viing cao Viet Nam, Nxb. Khoa hgc ky thuat. Ha Ndi, hr. 11-36.
10. James C. Scott (1976), The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia, Yale Univ. Pr., USA.
11. Samuel L. Popkin (1979), The rational Peasant, The political Economy of rural Society in Vietnam, University of Califomia Press, Ltd. USA.
12. Tran Hoai Son (2008), "Vdn van hoa", Trong: 30 thugt ngir nghien cuu vdn hoa, Nxb. Khoa hgc xa hdi, Ha Ngi, tr.
519-528.
13. Jean Michaud (2010), "Nghien ciiu ve kinh te va ban sac cua ngudi H'mong d Viet Nam", Trong: Hien dgi vd dgng thdi cua truyen thong a Viet Nam: Nhimg cdch tiip can nhdn hgc, Nxb. Dai hgc Qudc gia Tp. Hd Chi Minh, tr. 42-70.
14. Jennifer Sowerwine (2008), "Nha nude bien ddi va cac quy luat thi trudng: bien ddi rugng dat va nen kinh te thi trudng duy tinh d vung nui Ba Vi, Viet Nam", Trong: Thai ky mo cua: Nhung chuyen doi kinh ti - xd hgi o viing cao Viet Nam, Nxb. Khoa hgc ky thuat. Ha Ngi, tr. 37-64.
