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TiUCHlHH-KINHJlIiniil -HOAN THIEN KHUNG KHO PHAP LUAT DOI VQFI HOAT DONG TfN DUNG DEN
Tin dung den Id logi hinh hogt dgng bdt hap phdp co quy mo rpng khap trong todn xd hgi tU thdnh thi din nong thon, dd vd dang gdy lo Idng, bite xdc trong dulugn vd bat on vian ninh trgt tu-xd hgi. Ben cgnh do, trong boi canh cdng nghe 4.0 phdt trien mgnh me dd mang Igi nhieu phtfcfng tien giup cho hogt dpng tin dung den ngdy cdng phdt trien khdng chi vingUdi cho vay, ngddi vay ng md con dan den nhieu te ngn xd hpi nghiem trgng. Bdy Id dgng hogt dpng tin dung ddnsU khong qua he thong ngdn hdng hay to chdc tin dung khong cd ddng ky kinh doanh. Bdi viet ddnh gid thi/c trgng hogt dgng cua tin dung den vd dexudt mpt so gidi phdp nham hgn che hogt dgng tin dung den len 161 vdo ddi song xd hpi.
Tdkhda: Tin dung den. phdp ludt, cho vay ngng ldi
PERFEGTHE LEGAL FRAMEWORK AGAINST BLACK CREDIT Cao Thi Hoa
Black credit is an illegal activity that has a large scale throughout the society, and has been causing anxiety and annoyance in public opinion, instability in social and security.
In the context of the strong development of technology 4 0, it has opened many means to help the growing black credit activities not only about lenders and borrowers but also lead to many serious social evils. The article assesses the current status of black credit activities and proposes some solutions to limit black credit activities from entering social life Keywords: Black credit, law, usury
Ngay nhdn bai: 24/4/2020 Ngdy hodn thien bien tap: 6/5/2020 Ngay duyet ddng: 12/5/2020
Dat van d e
Tin d u n g den khong chi lam eho ngubi vay tien lam vao tinh eanh khanh kigt ve tai chinh, ma ebn true tiep Iam gia tang tj' lg cac vu an n h u cubng doat tai san, giet n g u b i . . Nhiing n a m gan day, Iai suat d u g e tinh tiTing binh tic 146%/nam den 547,5%/nam, ea biet
cb vu lai suat d u g c tinh tbi 1095%/nam, cao gap nhieu Ian miie lai suat toi da 20%/nam theo quy dinh a i a Bb luat Dan su. Day la hoat d b n g bat b g p p h a p va tgo ra nhtrng h e luy n g u y hie'm cho xa hbi, c'an cb nhiing bien p h a p n g a n chan kip thbi ttong thbi gian tbi.
Quy dinh cua p h a p luat v e hoat d o n g tin dung den
De kiem soat van de lien q u a n den viee cho vay n a n g lai, tgi Dieu 468 Bb lugt Dan s u 2015 da quy dinh eu the ve miic tran eiia lai suat cho vay. Lai suat vay do cac b e n thoa thuan, eu the, t r u b n g h g p cac ben cb thba t h u a n v'e lai suat thi lai suat theo thoa thuan khbng d u p e v u p t qua 20%/nam ciia khoan ti'en vay, trir t r u b n g h g p luat khac cb lien q u a n quy dinh khae. Can eii tinh hinh thue te va theo d'g xuat a i a Chinh p h u , Uy ban t h u b n g vu Quoc hgi quyet dinh di'eu chinh miie lai suat noi tren va bao cao Qubc hgi tai ky hgp gan nhat. T r u b n g h o p lai suat theo thba thuan v u g t qua Iai suat gibi h a n d u o e quy d i n h tai khoan nay thi miic lai suat v u a t qua k h o n g cb hieu lue. Trubng h p p eac ben cb thba t h u a n v'g viec tta Iai, n h u n g khbng xac dinh ro Iai suat va cb tranh chap ve lai suat thi lai suat d u p c xac dinh b a n g 50% miic lai suat gibi b a n q u y dinh tgi khoan 1 Dieu nay tai thbi diem tra ng.
Tin d u n g cho vay n a n g lai cb n g u o n gbc sau xa til' choi h u i hg, vi vay, q u y d i n h cua p h a p luat v'g nghiem cam boat d p n g cho vay n a n g lai t h u b n g gan vbi boat d o n g h u i ho. Tai Dieu 471 Bg luat Dan s u 2015, hp, hui, bieu, p h u a n g d u g c quy dinb n h u sau' La hinh thiie giao dich ve tai san theo tap q u a n tren
t c o sb thoa mugn cua mpi luiuin iig5i?sw3H
l J 3 a i : G H f N H ^^^^mim.:
CO sb thoa thuan a i a mpt n h b m n g u b i tap h o p nhau lgi cimg dinh ra so ngubi, thbi gian, so ti'en hoac tai san khac, the thiic gbp, linh hg va quyen, nghia v u cua eac thanh vign. Vigc tb chiic h p n h a m m u c dich tuong tig ttong n h a n d a n d u g e t h u c hign theo q u y dinh ciia phap lugt. Trubng h p p viec to chiic h p cb lai thi miic lai suat phai tuan theo quy d i n h cua Bp luat nay. Nghiem cam vigc to ehiie h p d u b i hinh thiic cho vay ngng lai.
Phap luat quy dinh, neu h a n h vi eho vay n a n g lai tai dign nhieu !an se bi truy a i u trach nhiem h i n h s u tgi Bp luat Hmh su n a m 2015, sira doi n a m 2017. Dieu 201 quy dinh eu the v'g tgi chg vay ngng lai ttong giao dich dan sg, ngubi nao ttong giao dieh d a n s u ma cho vay vbi lai suat gap 5 Ian miie Iai suat cao n h a t q u y dinh tiong Bp luat Dan su, thu lpi bat ehinh tit 30 trigu dbng den dubi 100 trieu dong... bi p h a t tien 50-200 trieu dong, hoae phat cai tao khbng giam giii d e n 3 nam. Dong thbi, cb the bi xir tu tir 6 thang den 3 nam, hoac bi cam hanh n g h i , cam d a m nhigm chiic v g tir 1 nam den 5 nam tiiy theo miie dp va tinh chat vi p h a m . Nhu vay, neu vay 60 trigu dbng, lai suat 20%/thang tia 3 thang ca goc va Iai 96 trieu d o n g van ehua dii can cit de xir ly hinh sg, trong khi chua cb quy d i n h xir ly hanh ehinh ve hanh vi nay.
Dii vbi miie phat n h u vay n h u n g tinh trang "tin dung den" van dang lan tran m a n h me. Do do, nhieu chuyen gia kiiih tg, ngan h a n g bay tb h y vgng p h a p luat se sbm eb them dieu khoan ehe tai doi vbi h a n h vi cho vay ngng lai (vi cii' mgt ngay ma ehua eb nhiing quy dinh va nhiing bign p h a p chat ehe thi ngay db Iai cang nhieu thigt hgi h o n eho n g u a i d a n va cae tb chiie kinh te).
Theo Khoan 3, Dieu 2; Dieu 4; K h o a n 1, K h o a n 2, Khoan 3 Dieu 6, Luat N g a n h a n g N h a n u b e n a m 2010, Ngan h a n g N h a n u b e Vigt N a m chi cb chiic nang quan ly nha n u b e doi vbi hogt d b n g n g a n h a n g ciia to chiic tin d u n g , chi n h a n h n g a n h a n g n u b e ngoai; ngogi hoi, bao g o m ca cbng tac cap p h e p , thanh tia, giam sat hogt d b n g n g a n h a n g , ngoai hoi cua to chiie tin d g n g , ehi n h a n h n g a n h a n g n u o c ngoai. Ngan h a n g N h a n u o c k h b n g cb chitc n a n g , nhigm vu, tham quyen trong vigc q u a n ly, thanh tra, kiem tia ti'n d u n g den...
Thtfc trang va h a u q u ^ cua h o a t d p n g tin d u n g d e n
Tin dung den b Vigt Nam da hinh thanh tir rat lau, hoat dbng dubi hinh thiie ngam. Tuy nhign, thbi gian gan day, boat d p n g tin d u n g den ngay eang p h b truong, khong ebn an niip n h u t r u o c day cho thay
s u Ibn m a n h cua boat dong nay la khong the kiem soat d u p c . N h i i n g vu do bg; dbi ng tiieo kieu xa hoi den, h e luy ciia n o khong ehi la lam meo mo, hiiy hoai n e n k m h te, ma cbn lign q u a n den ca siic khbe va tinh m a n g con ngubi.
Tin d u n g d e n dang co chieu h u b n g d i l n bien ngay eang phiic tap, n b khbng ehi phat trien b nhieu dianh phb, thi xa, thi ttan trong ea n u o c ma ebn len Ibi den nhieu ngo ngach den eae vimg n b n g thbn. Ngoai ra, b o a t d g n g tin d g n g den con d u p c ehia se tren cac t r a n g m a n g xa hpi n h u Facebook, zalo, eae trang Credy, vaytieudimg, doetordong, SHA, robocash.vn, gifi tin n h a n qua dign thoai hoae goi dign thoai trgc dep de t u van.... H a p d a n hem niia, eb trang web cbn d u a ra dii "chigu" cho vay voi lai suat 0%/nam tiong 10 ngay d a u tien, phi t u van 0%, phi dich vu 0%; thii tue vay sigu nhanh, sieu d a n gian va vbi g'an 100%
d o n xin vay von d u g c chap nhgn.
Thue te, khong phai ai d i n g co the tiep can dugc voi n g u b n tin d u n g ngan hang, vi nguon tin d u n g hgp p h a p n a y dbi hbi nhirng dieu kien rat chat ehe, dbi hbi phai cb thu n h a p bn dinh, co co quan bao lanh, hoac cb tai san thug'chap. Theo quy d m h a i a cac ngan hang hign n a y thi vigc vay von cua ngubi dan tbn nhieu ehi phi b a n d'au n h u bat bugc chii the vay ti'en ehi m u a bao hiem tien giri va bao hiem n h a n thg, mat lihieu thbi gian ehb, p h a i tham dinh tai san, eb trubng h g p tiiy vao n g u b l tham d i n b ciia n g a n hang eho gia tai san cao hay thap va lam khb de trong qua trinh vay.
Trong khi db, n g u b i di vay tien la ngubi thieu hut ve tai ehinh trong sinh hogt hogc khb khan ttong lam an n e n viec chi them khoan tien n h u vay la mat mat doi vbi hg va vi thbi gian nen h p tim den vay "tin d u n g d e n " vbi Iai suat cao. Tuy nhien, thii tuc thuc hien d o n gian, n h a n h n h u n g hg luy phia sau n o la khong the kiem soat d u g e .
Cac doi t u g n g cho vay "tin d u n g den", dbi n p thug eho eac to ehiie tin d u n g den hoat d b n g chuyen n g h i g p va p h u c tap, n u p d u b i d a n h nghia eac cbng ty, cira h a n g cam d o lam gia tang ty le ve cac v u an n h u c u b n g dogt tai san, lira d a o ehiem doat tai san, bat ebe, giet n g u b i .. gay h o a n g m a n g d u Iuan, m a t trat tu, an toan xa hbi. N g n n h a n ciia "tin d u n g d e n " da p h a n la n h i i n g n g u b i Iao d b n g p h o thbng, k h b n g cb viee Iam on dinh, h a m me cb bac, r u g u ehe, s b de, l u b i Iao d b n g , n g u b i b u b n b a n n h o le k h b n g cb dieu kien tiep can cac n g u b n von chinh thbng, k h b n g cb tai san t h u e chap hoae nhiing chu cira h a n g Ion, d e n n g u b i "eimg q u a boa quan", eb n h u cau cap b a c h ve chi tieu sSn sang chap n h a n
«
m g i d i e u kien va t h u b n g k h b n g n h g n thiic d u g c moi n g u y hiem tir "tin d u n g den".
Mat khac cbn mpt so v u b n g mac ttong qua trinh ap d u n g va t h u c thi p h a p luat dbi vbi logi hinh hoat d b n g nay. Theo quy dinh oia Bp Luat H i n h s u 2015, day chi la tgi p h a m it nghiem ttpng; n h a n thiic ciia eae cg quan tien h a n h to tung tgi dia p h u o n g ehua thong nhat ve so ti'en "Thu loi bat chinh" nen vigc a p d u n g bign p h a p ngan chan ciing gap nhieu khb k h a n lam anh h u b n g den cbng tac m b rpng dieu tra xac minh cac tinh tiet ttong v u an. Thuc tien vigc xir Iy hinh s g dbi vbi logi tgi nay chua nhi'eu, do d o qua trinh dieu tia xir ly ciing con Iiing tiing, ehua cbii dbng. Ben eanh do, tiang thiet bi phuc vu cho vigc dieu tta v a n con thieii va chua dong bp, ehuyen nghigp.
Gidi phap han ch£ hoat dong tin dung den
Dii tiibi gian qua nhieu bang nhom, to ehiie boat d o n g tin d u n g d e n lien Hep bi tiigt pha n h u n g v a n cbn khbng it ke h b tbi p h a m lgi d u n g can kip thai cb bign p h a p n g a n chan de bao dam tiat t u an toan cho xa hpi.
Thif nhai, cac eo quan chiic n a n g can chii d g n g tuyen truyen, eanh tinh ngubi dan bie't ve nhiing nguy hai a i a tin d u n g den n h a m n a n g cao nhan thiic p h a p luat cho n g u b i dan, nhat la cac quy dinh ve giao dich, vay m u p n sir d u n g von an toan, cac thii doan lien q u a n de'n cho vay nang lai, dbi n g thug; nhan m a n h den vai tib a i a chinh quyen co so va cac nganh lien q u a n tiong q u a n ly cap phep kinh doanh cho cae loai hinh dich vu ma "tin d u n g den" n u p bong De ngubi dan tianh xa cac dieh vu eho vay nong eiia tin d u n g den. Ben canh db, Nha nuoc c'an thbng tin rbng rai ve eac hoat dgng vay von u u dai eiia Nha nube; v a n d p n g n g u o i dan tham gia phbng ngira, to giac tgi p h a m nbi ehung, tpi p h a m lien quan den "tin d u n g d e n " nbi rieng; kig'm soat chat che va co quy dinh eu the dbi vbi boat dgng a i a cac co sb c'am do, kinh doanh tai diinh, dich vu dbi ng thue va cae co sb co bieu hien cho vay n a n g lai...
Thif hai, Dieu 201 Bg luat Hinh su hign b a n h quy dinh v e tgi eho vay lai ngng ttong giao dich d a n su, tuy nhien quy dinh nay van chua dit m a n h de ran de doi vbi h a n h vi vi p h a m phap luat a i a eac n h b m doi t u g n g cho vay tin d g n g den. Xet ve cac hg luy, day la tpi phgm het siic nghiem ttpng, gay nguy hai Ibn cho xa hgi. Vi vgy, de n g a n chan h a n h vi bat hpp p h a p nay can cb su can thigp manh tay eiia cac co quan eb tham quy'gn ttong xir ly hinh su, dbng thbi ap d u n g bien p h a p xir ly h a n h chrnh.
Thii- ba, ra soat lgi hg tiiong van ban q u y p h g m p h a p luat eb lien quan, nhat la vigc sira dbi Luat N g a n hang, Lugt Cae to ehiic tin dung, nhSm timg b u b e hoan thien cac CO sb p h a p ly cho viec quan Iy, n g a n chgn va xir ly cac h e qua nguy hiem a i a tin d g n g den, n g a n khbng eho xam nhap, thao tiing khu vyc tai chinh chinh thiic d i n g n h u tao h a n h lang p h a p Iy cho cbng tae phong, ehbng toi p h a m tiong Iinh vgc n g a n hang.
Th if tu, d e b a n d i e tin d g n g d e n c'an t h u b n g xuyen va kip thbi day m a n h phat trien cac loai h i n h tin d u n g chinh thiic, tang n g u o n c u n g ti'n d g n g , t h g c hign cac chinh sach u u dai, n b i Ibng eac dieu kien cho vay, m b rgng m g n g lubi hogt d p n g tir t h a n h thi d e n n b n g thbn, tir d o n g b a n g d e n mien mil va vimg sau, viing xa. N g a n h a n g N h a n u b e tang c u o n g chi dao cac n g a n hang t h u o n g mai, n g a n h a n g chinh sach xa hbi va eac to d u i c tin d u n g tap trung p h a t trien m g n h me, da d a n g thi ttubng tai chinh - tin d g n g ehinh thiic, ca ve san p h a m , q u y mb, t h u tgc h u y d b n g von, cho vay va chat l u g n g san p h a m tin d g n g , giam b b t phi dich vu ttong viec vay tien, d a p iing cac n h u cau tin d u n g chinh dang a i a ngubi d a n va d o a n h nghigp.
Thif ndm, mpt tiong nhiing yeu to q u a n ttgng de phong ngira, day liii "tin d g n g d e n " la y thiic a i a moi n g u b i trube s u cam d b ciia "tin d u n g d e n " . Nhieu t r u b n g h g p tea thanh n a n n h a n o i a "tfn d u n g den"
Cling bbi su xuong cap v e dao due, s g tham lam, thieu kie'n thiie, nhe da ca tin... dan d e n n h i i n g h a n h vi vi p h g m p h a p luat n h u bai bac, lb de, ca d o b o n g da, lira dao... Vi vay, d e hgn ehe va day liii tin d u n g den, bgn eanh eac giai p h a p tieh cue va kip thbi a i a co quan chiic nang, ea n h a n mbi n g u b i can giO gin p h a m chat dgo diie, nghiem chinh chap h a n h eae q u y dinh ciia phap luat, trang bi cho b a n than n h i i n g kig'n thiie can thiet d e khbng bi sa chan vao n h u n g chiec bay eiia
"tin d u n g den". ^
T A I L I I U THAM KHAO:
/ Quoc hoi, Bg ludt Ddn su 2015;
2. Oudc hpi. Bp ludt Hinh Slf 2015;
3. Qudc hpi, Luat Ngdn hdng 2010;
4 Qudchpi, Ludt cdc tdchdc tin dung 2017;
5. Chinh phu (2019), Nghi dinh so 19/2019/tW-CP ban hdnh ngdy 19/02/2019;
6. littps://wwwnhandan.com.vn/hangthang/tieu-diem/item/4l479002-
%F2%80%9Ccon-bao%F2%80%9D-tin-dung-den.html.
Thong tin tac gi^:
ThS. Cao Thi Hoa - Trifdng Dai hoc An Giang, Bai hgc Quoc gia TR Ho Chi Minh
Email: [email protected]
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