VSL^ thi cua dan tpc Ba Na nhom Rd Ngao tinh Kon Tum: Thu'c trang va giai phap
VU TRUNG*
Bin THl/C(NG**
LE HOANG***
1. D i n I u | i n
Theo cdng trinh Cpng dong qudc gia ddn tdc Viit Nam^^^ va theo he thd'ng vdn ban chinh thfle cua Tong cue thong ke ndm 1997, Ba Na Id tdn ggi thd'ng n h i t eua t i t cd cdc nhdm dia phUdng khdc nhau nhu To Ll, Gdlar, Kon Tum, Rd Ngao, Gid Long (Y Ldng), Krem. Ngodi ra, dan tdc nay cdn t u ggi minh hodc mdt sd' dan tdc k h i c gpi hp Id: Ma Da, Mpi, Ala Cdng, Kpang Cdng, Con Kde, Bonim, Roi. D i n tbc Ba Na thupc dbng ngdn ngfl Nam - A, nhdm ngdn ngfl Mdn - Khd me, la mdt trong nhuhg cd d i n bdn dia d vung b i n dao Dbng Dddng, luc dia Ddng Nam A. Theo TS. Baumann (Dai hgc Indian, Hoa Ky) cd 6 tieu chi d l xdc dinh mbt t i c pham Id sfl thi: (1) Mang tinh truyen thdng, (2) Tinh truyen ke, (3) Kg't ci'u t h i thfle tho (cd do ddi tddng ddi), (4) Diln xUdng trong cdng chung, (5) Cd ngUdi diln xUdng chuydn mdn, (6) Ke lai su kien quan trgng thdi qud khfl. O \^gt Nam, tdc phim dugc ggi Id sd thi dUgc phan biet bdi 4 tieu chf: (1) Tinh truyin thd'ng ciia tpc ngudi, cdng dong (chufc ndng t h i loai), (2) Tinh (Hin xUdng cgng d i n g (Nghe nhdn
d i l n trfldc cdng chung), (3) Dl tdi, ndi dung cd tinh rdng ldn ke ve sU kien trgng dai cua qud khd, (4) Hinh thdc truygn k l tU sU trUdng thien xen vdn van (ye'u td' thi phap)'^'. Nhu vay, diem ddc biet eua sfl thi Vidt Nam hay suf thi Tdy Nguygn dd la tinh sdng dpng trong ddi song tdc ngudi.
Nhu vay, su" thi Id thuat ngfl chi v l mdt t h i loai vdn hgc theo the tfl sU, Id nhiing cdu ehuyen ke cd nbi dung hdm chda bflc tranh xd hdi rdng ldn, khd hoan chinh ve ddi sdng (hien thuc vd tinh than) eua cac dan tde luU gifi nd. Nhan vat trung tam cua sd thi la nhflng ngfldi anh hung, diing si dai cHen cho the gidi hien thfle vd sieu thdc phan dnh mot giai doan lich sd nhat dinh cua cbng dong tdc ngfldi trong qud khd. Sd thi tdn tai dfldi dang truyen mieng vd vdn ban. Nhu vdy, sd thi Id dang vdn hda phi vat the, sdng tao, lifu truyen thdng qua truyin mieng, tiem an trong tri nhd cua ngddi dan, chi khi ndo nd dugc nghe nhdn hdt ke, lue db sfl thi mdi hien hflu. Sd thi g i n vdi nghe nhan, gdn vdi sinh boat gia dinh vd cgng ddng. Mdt khdc, cdc tac pham sd thi ma chdng ta suu tam dugc phu thudc
* TS, Vii Trung, Vi6n Vdn hba Nghe thuat Vi?t Nam
** Biii Thuong, Sd Van h(5a, The thao vd Du lich Kon Tum
*** L6 Hodng, ViSn Vfin hba Ngh? thuat Vi?t Nam
72 Nghien cAu Ddng Nam A 8/2014 rat nhilu vdo kha ndng nhd, ^ nang hat
ke va v i n dung s i n g tao ngdn tfl ciia cic nghe n h i n , nhOng ngUdi cd nang ldc dac biet. Hinh thdc hat k l sd thi dugc ngudi Ba Na Rd ngao ggi la Hmon. Ten ggi nay cung p h i big'n d cdc nhdm ddng tdc khdc.
DUa vdo ndi dung cua hon 100 suf thi da dupc suu tam, suf thi Ba Na dflgc xep vao loai sd thi ddn gian mang mdu sdc anh hdng ca. Loai hinh suf thi ndy ra ddi t r e n cd sd cdc suf thi than thoai ke ve nhiing bac thuy to - nhfing anh hung vdn hda, ve eac tich truygn dung si vd xa xfla hdn nfia Id cdc truyin thuyet lich suf. The loai sd thi ndy nay sinh vdo thdi dai tan rd eua chd do cdng xd nguygn thiiy vd phat t r i l n trong xa hdi c6 dai, phong kie'n, do vay nd bao lifu tifng phan quan he gia tnfdng, mieu ta ve cdc quan hg xa hbi nhU quan he dbng mdu, tong tdc vd luat tue. O dang co xUa n h i t , sd thi dan gian cdn the hien trong vd bgc than thoai. Qua suf thi, chung ta thay dUdc nhan sinh quan, the' gidi quan ciia edng dong tdc ngUdi: con ngUdi, than Hnh, hon ma cung ehung sb'ng trong mbt cbng dong (Lang/plei). N h i n v i t trong sfl thi thfldng Id cdc dung si kidm thu linh hodc cdc chie'n binh dai dien dan tdc.
Ngodi ra, sd thi cdn the hien sU tfldng quan gifia yg'u td' ed nhan anh hung vd ye'u td' tap t h i (cbng dong) rat rd ret, du d l bdc Id tinh tich cue cd nhan, da trd thdnh cbng cu dae luc cho su bieu hien yg'u td' cdng ddng. Cdc trUdng ca, sd thi thudng xoay quanh chie'n cdng cua nhiing ngfldi anh hung ed cdng bao ve vd gifl gin sU yen vui eua bubn lang, chdng lai the lUc den td'i, ehb'ng lai sU khat khe, vb ly trong luat tuc lac hdu ciia cdng dong. Ddc biet, trong sd thi cua dan tdc Ba Na, Gidng la nhdn vat xuygn sud't trong t a t ca cde tdc pham. Gidng - hien than cua ngfldi dm an gidi, dng xfl chan hda trong cdng dong, ed ndng lUc sign phdm chig'n
t h i n g mgi ke thii... - la ngUtri anh hung mang nhung p h a m c h i t ly tfldng cua cupc sdng va p h a n dnh hidn thuc cua ngudi Ba Na trong mdt giai doan lich suf n h i t dinh.
2. Thtfc t r a n g sijf t h i ciia d S n tpc Ba N a n h o m Rd N g a o t i n h K o n Turn
Dan tdc Ba Na nhdm Rd Ngao cU tni d nhieu xd thugc t h a n h phd' Kon Tum, huyen Kon Riy, huyen Dak Ha, huygn Sa Thiy vd huyen Dak Td. Theo kd't qua Idem ke thdng 10 n a m 2013, nghd n h i n biet h i t k l sd thi cua ddn tdc Ba Na Rd Ngao t i p trung chu ye'u d huygn Ddk Hd, Dak Td, Kon Riy, Sa Thay va t h a n h phd Kon Tum. Trong db, huyen Dak Ha cd 5 nghe nhan, huygn Dik Td ed 3 nghe nhan, huygn Kon R i y cb 5 nghe nhan, huyen Sa Thay cd 2 nghe nhdn va t h a n h phd Kon Tum cd 5 nghe nhdn.
Nhfl vay, tong so' nghe n h a n biet hdt k l sii thi cua d i n tdc Ba N a Rd Ngao cd 20 ngUdi trgn tong so 5 huyen, t h a n h phd' cua tanh Kon Tum. Trong dd, cd 5 nghd nhan hdt kl dflgc trgn 20 t i e pham, 3 nghe n h i n dugc Hgi Vdn nghe dan gian Viet Nam phong tdng danh hieu Nghg n h a n dan gian (1 ngfldi da mat). Dae biet, clu edn duy nhat nghe n h i n A LflU thude hcfn 100 tdc phim nhung dd trgn 80 tuoi.
TrUdc day, trong mdi lang ciia ngUdi Ba Na Rd Ngao d Kon Tum deu cd nhiing nghe n h a n bie't hdt ke suf thi, hg cd tri nhd dac biet, cd t h e thudc h a n g nghin cdu thd, CO gigng ke hay. Vdo nhiing dip ddn ldng t i p trung, nhCftig dip Id tg't, hdi he, ddm ma... ngudi t a thfldng to chdc h a t k l sijf thi tfl dem tdi sang vd eo khi d i l n ra Hdn tuc trong nhieu dem. Mgi ngudi trong ldng, tif gid tdi tre t i p trung 6 nhd rdng say mS ngoi nghe, doi theo tiihg ldi, thUdng thdc nghe thuat h a t ke cda nghe n h i n . Khi nghe n h i n b i t dau d i l n xudng t h i ngUiri
Vd Trung, Biii Thuang, Le Hodng - Sut thi ciia ddn tgc Barm nhom RaNgao... 73
ngdi nghe d i u t|ip trung cao dd de theo doi ciu chuygn, tinh cich ciia cdc n h i n vat qua nghe t h u i t dien t a cua nghg nhdn.
Nhung d l suf thi t i n t a i cho den ngay hdm nay, nd lai phu thudc vao nhu cau thudng thdc ciia cdng dong cU dan. Chinh nhu ciu thudng thdc vd hudng thu da khich Id cde nghg nhan s i n g tao, luu truydn sfl thi qua nhieu thd ky. Vi the', cdng ddng thfldng thdc Id mgt bg p h i n m i t thie't cua sU ton tai cua sii thi.
Tnfdc diy, mdi ldng cd nhieu ngudi biet hdt stjf thi, hg thudng h a t ke cho nhuftig ngfldi ddn dng hay ngu tap trung t r e n nhd rong, h i t k l trdn n h a ray trong luc nghi ngoi vd hat cho nhfing ngfldi trong gia dinh nghe bgn bg'p lufa. Ddc bigt, theo phong tuc cua ngfldi Ba Na Rd Ngao, khi nhd cd ngudi chet, sau khi dUa ma, chii nhd thudng mdi nghg nhdn hat k l suf thi dg'n nhd tfl 1 dg'n 2 thdng de hat cho mgi ngUdi qugn di noi dau m i t ngUdi than. Hien nay, vipe h i t sii thi trong cdng dong nhu hat trgn n h i rdng, nhd rdy va h a t sau dam ma khbng cdn dflgc thuc hdnh mbt each thudng xuygn. Cdc nghe n h a n chi hat cho nhiing ngudi than trong gia dinh nghe vdo bull td'i khi quiy quan ben bep lfla.
Theo cdc tdi Hgu lieh sfl, sfl thi cua ngudi Ba Na da dflgc big't de'n tfl thdi Phdp thupc, diu nhflng n a m 20 cua the' XX.
Nhflhg g i n diy, chung ta mdi bat tay vao suu tam ghi chdp lai va dich thdnh sdch vdi quy md ldn. Tfl ndm 2001 2008, Chinh phii giao cho Vien khoa hgc xd hdi Vigt Nam phd'i hgp vdi ede tinh Tdy Nguygn trien khai thdc iiien Dfl dn cap Nhd nudc "Diiu tra, bdo qudn, biin dich ud xudt bdn kho tdng sd thi Tdy Nguyen". Dd i n da sdU t i m dugc hg thdng sfl thi lign hodn r i t cd g i i tri cua d i n tdc Ba Na Rd Ngao vd d i n tdc Xd Ddng Sd Drd tai tinh
Kon Tum (2002 - 2004) va xuat ban ndm 2006. Qua cdng trtnh nay, chung ta thay r i n g , cdc tdc pham sii thi Ba Na cb t h i xe'p vao loai hang dau the gidi ve dp ddi vdi dung lugng ldn deh hdng trdm tde pham.
Qua kg't qua dieu tra, nghien cihi thdng 11 ndm 2013, sd thi eua ddn tdc Ba Na chdc chin khdng chi ddng lai d cdn so hdn 100 tdc p h i m nhu nhfing dieu tra sUu t i m trddc d i y md hang trdm tde pham sd thi nfla vdn edn luu gitt trong dan gian ma chung ta chua kiem kg hg't. Ddy Id kho tdng di san van hod hg't sdc quy bdu ma chung ta can tig'p tue khai thdc, bao ve, phdt huy trong thdi gian tdi.
TrUde day, nghe nhan hdt k l sd thi Id ngfldi ddgc kfnh trgng do ed kha ndng dac biet la nhd va van dung ngdn td vdo hdt ke nhttng cau chuyen huyen sd cua ddn tbc.
Ngudi nghe nhdn td hat cho cbng ddng nghe hode ddgc mdi ve nhd hdt vd hg cd nhiJng thu nhap nhd't dinh. Hien nay, tuy khdng gian dign xUdng vdn ebn (nhd rdng, nhd rdy...) nhuhg nhu cau giai tri cua con ngUdi da bie'n doi. Hp khbng chi mudn nghe bang tai ma ebn mudn xem bdng mat. Chinh vi vay, dieu kien de thuc hdnh diln xUdng da gidm hdn, gidm din mdc bdo dpng, tham chf ede nghe nhan hdt k l sfl thi dang rdi vdo tinh trang bi ldng quen.
Mat khae, do ddi sdng cua ngudi dong bdo cae dan tbc thieu sd ndi ehung vd ddn tbc Ba Na nhdm Rd Ngao ndi rieng ebn nhieu khd khan nen ngfldi ddn xao lang vdi viec to chdc sinh hoat vdn hda cbng ddng. Dong thdi, sU thay doi tfn ngudng eung anh hfldng nghiem trpng den ban sde vdn hba cua dan tdc d Tdy Nguyen ndi chung va Kom Tum nbi rieng. Bdi, bau he't cdc sinh hoat van hda, vdn nghe dan gian deu dign ra xung quanh cdc le hdi, nhflng ngdy nay, bau het cdc bubn/ldng/plei
74 Nghiin ciht Ddng Nam A 8/2014 khdng t l chufc l l hdi truyen thdng ma dugc
thay bang nhuhg Ih nghi tdn gido mdi. Bdn canh dd, thg' hg tre it quan t a m den g i i tri van hda truyen thdng cua dan tdc, khdng duge truyen day va eung khdng mudn hgc nghg t h u i t h i t k l si!f thi. Cdc nghg n h a n thi dd gid yg'u, nhieu ngUdi da m a t vd mang theo "kho bdu" ve t h d gidi bgn kia md chfla kip truyen day lai eho thg he sau.
D i y cung Id mdt trong nhflhg nguyen n h a n chinh ddn den nguy cd h a t ke suf thi dang d i n bi mat di vinh v i l n tai cdc budn lang.
Hien nay, cdc cap chinh quyen, cac n h a nghien eflU, cdc nha quan ly van hda tuy da dfla ra mbt sd cde hinh thfle bao ton di san nhung lai thie'u nhfing cdng trinh nghign cdu mang tinh thUe tien cho viec phat huy cde gid tri van hda truyen thdng cua d i n tbc. Ddng thdi nguon Iflc, phdcfng tien va con ngddi dau tU cho linh vUc van hda cdn thig'u vd yg'u. Cac cap uy Dang, chinh quyen dia phuong d co sd chUa chu trgng vd chfla ed bign phap tich cUe, hfiu higu cho viec bao tdn vd phdt huy van hda truyen thb'ng. Viec tuygn truyin gido due va van ddng quan chung tham gia gifi gin ban sac van hda ddn tdc chfla dddc tie'n hanh thudng xuygn, sau rdng dg'n cdc thdn, lang vd cae tang ldp n h i n din. Trddc thUe trang nay, vigc ^ e u tra, nghign cdu vd lap ho sd khoa hgc d l edng nhdn sfl thi Tdy Nguygn la di s i n van hda phi vat the Qud'c gia la viec ldm cap bdch nhdm gdp phan vdo viec bao t i n gid tri vdn hda cua cac dan tbc Tdy Nguygn ndi chung vd dan tdc Ba Na Rcf Ngao tren dia ban tinh Kon Tum ndi rieng.
3. G i a t r i s i i t h i c u a d S n t g c B a N a n h o m RoT N g a o t i n h K o n T u r n
Gid tri Hch sd: Suf thi dan tdc Ba Na Rd Ngao Id mpt kho tang do so, bien nien suf v l qua trtnh hinh t h a n h phdt trien kinh te',
xa hdi, tin ngUdng cua tdc ngUdi. Sii thi phan a n h mdt p h a n hidn thUc lich svt, Id bufc t r a n h t o i n canh cua mdt thdi dai trong q u i khu", trong dd cd sU ly giai nhiihg hien tugng t u nhien va xa hgi nhU: sU hinh thdnh trdi d i t va con ngUdi, tdi hien lai nhiing aide chien t r a n h , md t a lai nhfitig phong tuc t | p quan cua tdc ngUcd... Ddc bigt, qua ndi dung vd sif the hien ciia tifng n h a n vat trong sd thi, ngUcfi nghe (ngiiri dan Ba Na - Rd Ngao) hgc dugc each iJftig xu' gifla con ngfldi vdi thidn nhidn, gifla con ngudi vdi con ngUdi qua tifng thdi ky lich sif cua dan tpc nunh. Day la mdt trong nhfing gia tri lieh suf se trUdng tdn vdi thdi gian.
Gid tri v a n hda - nghe t h u i t : Khi nbi de'n gia tri vdn hda - nghg thuat cua sijf thi dan tgc Ba Na - Rd Ngao tnfdc hg't chiing ta phai k h a n g dinh sd t h i l i dang vdn hba phi vat t h i : "Nghe t h u a t trtnh diln ddn gian" va "Ngtt van ddn gian", dfldc cac nghe n h a n sang tao vd lUU truyin thdng qua hinh thfle t r u y i n midng. Thdng qua su' thi, ehung ta cd t h i n h i n bie't dugc nhdn sinh quan, the' gidi quan, h i l u dfldc phong tuc tap quan, nhiing net van hoa ban sic cua dan tdc Ba N a nhdm Rd Ngao.
Nghe thuat h a t ke suf thi phu thupc vdo ndng luc cua ngfldi h i t . Cach h i t ndi, hdt n g i m , each d i l n t a tuy theo tinh cich ciia tCmg n h a n vat. Ngfldi h a t dung gigi^ hdt ciia minh de md t a sU kign, canh v i t khien ngudi nghe hinh dung r a dUdc t a t ca sd viec. Do ddc diem ngon ngd cda ngUdi Ba Na Ra Ngao la da dm tUt nin cd nhdng dogn dugc hdt, co dogn vdn vdn hodc ng&m tu do md chung ta nhdn thdy nhU co vdn, CO giai dieu. Ddy la mgt trong nhflhg die diem kha quan trgng trong nghg thu^t hdt k l sd thi.
Ban than ndi dimg cua nhuftig tdc phim sii thi da cd mdt vai trd r i t ldn trong dW
va Trung. Bdi Thuang, Li Hodng - Sd thi cua ddn tgc Bana nhom RaNgao.. 75
sdng cdng ddng. Thdng qua ldi hat k l , chiing ta thay dUdc sijf thi gido due con ngfldi tfl ldi an, tig'ng ndi ddn nhuhg khudn mdu flng xijf trong gia cimh, ddng hg, budn ldng. Nghe n h i n hdt ke suf thi thudng Id nhflng ngifdi cd nang life dac bigt (kha nang ghi nhd, va sang tao trong (Hgn xfldng) va ciing la ngiOA cd uy tin trong lang. Bdi viy, khi nhiihg ldi h a t ke c i t Ign t a t ca mgi ngfldi xung quanh diu im lang, lang nghe vd diy chinh la each ma ngudi Ba Na Ro Ngao rdn luygn cho con ngUdi tfnh ky ludt, sU tudn thd ludt le vd quy dinh cua budn ldng. Dong thdi, khdng bie't tfl luc nao, sd thi da an sau vao t i l m thfle cua ngddi Ba Na, gido due hg ludn nhd ve cdi nguIn, nhd ve manh d i t ndi hg sinh ra va ldn len, ddc bigt Id n i i m tfl hao, tfl tdn dan toe.
4. Mgt s5' g i a i p h a p d e svf t h i s o n g t r o n g c $ n g d 6 n g
D l bao ve va phdt huy di san van hda sd thi dan tde Ba Na Ra Ngao tinh Kon Tum nbi ridng va suf thi ciia cdc ddn tdc vung Tdy Nguygn ndi chung tnfdc nguy cd ddng bdo ddng nhU hien nay, chung tdi cb mdt sd' de x u i t ve quan d i l m bao ve vd bipn phdp cu t h i :
Quan d i l m bao ve di san: Khi nhu ciu hudng thu van hda cua ngUdi ddn thay doi thi di san vdn hda mud'n ton tai ddgc cung phdi thay doi de phu hgp vdi thi hieu tigu dung san p h i m van hda. Chinh vi thg', chung tdi dUa ra mgt sd' bien phap cu the nhu sau:
(1) Tig'p tuc sUU tam, nghien eflu bao tdn theo hinh thtJfc vdn b i n hda, Mnh anh hda (quay phim b i o tdn vd chup a n h tfl Heu) sd thi.
(2) Thu ggn ngi dung cua sfl thi d l xua't bin song ngfi Ba Na - \^gt dUdi hinh thde cdc &! p h i m d i n h cho nhilu lfla tuoi:
Truygn tranh, truygn cl tich, tieu thuygt...
(3) Chuyen the sii thi t h a n h phim boat hinh, phim truydn lich suf hodc phim dign anh (phim nhua) cd phu de tieng Ba Na.
(4) Chuyin ndi dung cac bd sd thi sUu t i m dUde t h a n h eac bdng tieng, bang hinh phdt trgn t r u y i n hinh, truyen thanh tig'ng ddn tdc (VTV5) vd chuyen v l ehfnh dia phddng p h a t trgn ddi phdt t h a n h (Idng/budn/plei) vdo mgt gid nhat dinh.
(5) Cd ehe do ddi ngd thoa ddng vdi nghe n h i n vd nhttng ngUdi hpc sd thi vdi ede Mnh thfle: nudi dddng, trg cap vd tra Iddng.
(6) Lfla chpn dd'i tugng d l truyin day sd tM: Nhuhg ngUdi dugc lUa ehgn de truyen day sd thi phai la nhuttig ngUdi da thdnh nign, cd n h a n thfle vd kinh ngMem sdng, thdng minh, ed kha ndng gM nhd vd g i n bb vdi van hda d i n tpc.
(7) Phuc hoi sinh boat hat ke sfl tM dUdi Mnh thfle mdi sdn khi'u (Vi du: Thdi lugng: Thu ggn ngi dung khoang 1 gid ddng ho; Ndi dung: Khdi qudt hodc cM tig't eho tifng chfldng, hdi cu the; Hinh thfle: S i n kha'u (ngfldi dan truyen vd cde vai dign cu the dai dien cho cac nhan vat trong sfl tM;
Dia dilm: Cb the dien ra d b i t ky dau:
trfldng hpe, hdi trddng, san khau, di tfch lieh sd...)./.
C H U T H I C H
1. Dang Nghifem Van, 2003, Cpng dong qudc gia ddn tpc ViH Nam, Nxb Dai hpc Qudc gia thdnh phd Ho Chi Minh, tr, 218.
2, Nguyin Vi$t Hung, Bdn them vi thudc tinh SU thi d Viet Nam (Qua kho tdng sd tht Tdy Nguyen mdi xudt bdn), TC Vdn hoc Vi^t online.