IAP Cll COHG TitfUne
SU Gl/CfNG M.\U CUA LANH DAO TRONG KHU VUC HANH CHINH CONG
• TRAN M A I D O N G
TOM T.AT:
B^ng cdch he thd'ng hda cd sd l\ luan. bai viet nghien cffu nhan thffc cua cdn bd. cdng chffc ve sff gffdng mau ciia ianh dao trong khu vffc hdnh cbinh cdng lai Viet Nam. K e l qua nghiSn cffu nhSm: (1) Giup cdc ddn vj trong khu vffc cdng chpn dffdc lanh dao gu:dng mdu: (2) X a \ difng quy Irinh chung d e e d the a p d u n g trong viec t u \ e n chon lanhdao cho cdc ddn vi sff nghidp, phffdng
\ a tham chi d cdc cd'p eao hdn; (3) Gitip doanh nghiep. ngffdi dan hieu ro hdn ve vdn hda, each hanh xff, quy dinh ddi vdi can bp, cdng chffc khi lam vipc.
Tff k h d a : Khu vffc hanh ehinh cdng. lanh dao. tinh gffdng mau. Viet Nam.
l . D a t v S n d e
Vice sff dung phie'u tin nhiem gid'ng n h i / m d i trong nhffng Ihang do cd tinh quyel dinh dd'i vdi viee ddnh gid. chon lffa cdn bo. cdng chffc vao cdc ehffe \ u lanh dao quan trpng. Ddy cung la thffe trang phd bie'n tai Viet Nam trong edng tac t u \ e n ehon. de bat cdng chffc lanhdao. quan l\' hien nay.
Tuv nhffng Id phieu de danh gid dp gffdng mau. uy tin Clia can b d . edng chffc lanh dao ludn d mffc ra't kha quan nhffng tinh trang tham nhung. lam dung ehffe vu, quyen han dan den nhffng he l u \ nghiem trpng lai \ a \ ' ra ngay ciing phd bien. Theo ke't qua khao sal vao ndm 2014 ciia MeK!nse> & Company
\ e nhffng Hdnh vi lanh dao hieu qua nhd't lai SI i d chffc khap cdc chau luc (nhff ehau A . chdu .\u. M \ La tinh. Bdc M y ) va theo Imh vu'c (ndng nghiep. tiT
\ a n . ndng Iffdng, bao hiem. nha nu'dc. khai thac \ a bat ddng san): thi yeu i d gffdng mdu ndm trong top 20 nhffng hanh vi lanh dao hieu qua. Tff d d . c d the lha'\. neu ngffdi lanh dao gffdng mau, nhffng hanh
\ i lech ehuan lieu effc nhff tham nhung sC- khd cd ed hdi vdy ra. Hien n a \ , he Ihd'ng cd sd ly luan \ e linh gddng mau cija lanh dao trong cac nghien cffu ve sd sffdns mau trona ddn vi hanh chinh cdng tai
Viet Nam cdn ban che. Do dd. nghien cffu mud'n ddng gdp vao khoang irdng hpc ihuat nay.
2. K h a i n i ^ m l a n h dao gffdng mSu Lanh dao la ngi/di cd kha nSng gay anh hffdng, kich thich, hd ird ngi/di kbdc va ddng gdp vdo hieu qua, thdnh cdng cGa id chffc (House. 2004). Lanh dao Id kha ndng cua nha dffng dau trong viec lac ddng de'n y chi ciia nhdn vien. tff do lam cho nhdn vien trd nen phijc timg, Idn trpng. trung thanh va hdp lac (Moore, 1927, tr. 124). Dieu nay cho thay.
trong ba thdp ky dau ctia the ky X X . cac hpc gia coi lanh dao Id sff kie'm sodl va quyen Iffc tap trung.
Theo L a n d i s & Gould (1989). sy gddng mau la tap hdp nhffng hanh \ i chuan mffc. khudn phep de mpi ngu'di noi theo. Chuan mffc la hanh vi ciia cd nhan dffdc cha'p nhan hay ddi hdi irong mdt hoan canh dac thu. .No la sdn pham ciia qua trinh cac cd nhan iffdng tac, hpc hdi lan nhau va ciing thdng nha'l chap nhan nhffng gia tri. each hanh xff thich hdp.
Morgenroth va cdng sff (2015) cho rdng, ngffdi gddng mdu se cd 3 yeu to': ( I ) La ngffdi chi cho Lhiing ta nhffng ky ndng va cdch thu'c de dat dffde muc tieu. (2) Ld ngi/di lam cho ehung ta tha'y r^ng muc lieu cd the dat dddc; la vi dy \ e sy ihdnh cdng
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\a hinh mau cua nhffng hanh ddng can cd de dat dffi;c thanh edng nhff vay: la ngffdi ma khi nhin vao qud trinh no Iffc cua hp. ta se cd them niem tin vao viC'c theo dudi muc tieu hien l a i ; la ngffdi dai dien cho nhiTng gi cd the lam dffdc va (3) La ngffdi tniven cam hffng.
Ngd Thanh Can (2015) cho rdng, cd 3 loai chud'n mffc hanh v i : Thff nhd't, chuan mffc hanh vi do quy ffdc eiia i d chffc. cdng ddng dat ra theo nhiing >eu cau chung nhdm dinh dang hdnh vi mau; Thff hai. chuan mifc theo so'ddng ciia td chffc.
cpng ddng. nghTa Id dai da so hanh vi ciia cd nhan irong td chffc tffdng iff nhau, dffdc lap d i , lap lai gidng nhau trong nhffng tinh hud'ng cu the, xac djnh thi hanh vi dd la phii hdp, la chua'n; Thff ba, chud'n mi/e hanh vi theo chffc nang, nghTa la ed nhan xdc djnh hanh vi theo mue dich hoat ddng cua minh.
hdnh vi chuan Id phCi hdp vdi muc tieu de ra.
3. \ ai tro cua sff gffdng niSu
Gibson (2004) nhiin djnh rdng. cdc cd nhan bj thu hut bdi cdc hinh mau, nhffng ngffdi ma vai ird dt/dc nhan thffc bdi dac diem, hanh vi hodc muc lieu ciJa hp (khia canh vai ird). Va iff ngffdi dd ma ngffdi khde ed the hpc dffdc nhffng kha nang va ky ndng nha't dinh (khia canh hinh mau). Cdc hinh mdu khdng ehi cd the thiic day viec thifc hien hanh vi ii/dng Iff (neu gffdng "licb cffe"). hp cdn cd the ngan cdn ngffdi khac khdng thffe hien hanh vi tddng iff (hinh mdu "tieu cffe"). Gibson (2004) dd tdm tdt cdc chffc ndng khac nhau \ e vai trd ciia sff gffdng mau.
bao gom: ( I ) Cung cap hinh mau cho ngffdi khde hpc tap; (2) Cung ca'p ddng life va cam hffng: (3) Gidp dd, hffdng ddn cdc cd nhan tim tha'y chinh minh, Cdc cd nhan bi Ihu hiit bdi cdc lain gffdng ed ihC' giup hp phdt trien ban than bang cdch hoc cde cdng \iee vd ky nang mdi (Gibson, 2004). Con ngu'di dffdc eho rdng ludn hpc hdi trong mdi trffdng xa hpi thdng qua vice quan sdt nhffng ngu'di khac ma hp cd the nhan dien nhffng ngffdi gidi trong ITnh vi/c ma minh yeu thich \ a thffc hien theo tam gffdng dd. nghia la hpc theo gffdng (hay hinh mau). M o t irong nhffng phd'm cha'l quan trpng nha't ciia nha lanh dao ldi la trcf thanh mdl ngffdi gffdng mdu. la tdm gffdng tdi de mpi ngu'di ngffdng md va noi theo, Ddc tnfng quan trpng cua nha lanh dao id't la h p c a n mang trong minh tinh gffdng mau lien luc. ngay ca khi khdng ai nhin tha'y hay quan sdt ho.
4. Hanh vi lech chuan
Sff lech chuan la nhffng m e m tin. Ihdi do \ a hdnh VI khae biet so vdi nhffng chud'n mffc t r u \ e n Ihd'ng (Lucas & Friedrich. 2005). Robinson & Ben- nett (1995) dinh nghTa hanh vi leeh ehuan tieu ctfc Id nhffng hanh vi cd ihe la vd tinh hay cd y vi pham nhffng chua'n mffe xa hdi phd bie'n. thjnh hdnh vd dffde chap nhdn rdng rdi. Hanh \] lech chuan lieu cffe dddc ehia thdnh 4 nhdm khde nhau. lien quan den hieu qud lam \ i e c . de'n tai sdn. chinh tri vd cd nhdn. K e l qua nghien cffu ciia Trung tam Nghien cffu - Tff van C T X H & PTCD (2012) da chi ra nhffng mat tdi cHa hanh vi lech chuan lieu effc bao gom: "de dpa trat tff \ d h d i " . "gay nen sir hoang mang \ e cac chud'n mffc \ a gia trj cua xa h d i " .
" l a m xdi mdn long tin eiia \a h d i " .
Spreitzer & Sonenshein (2004) cho rdng, hanh VI lech chud'n lich cffe la hanh ddng ed chu dich nhdm giai phdng khoi nhffng quy tdccu dd te hai.
khdng cdn phii hdp de tao ra sff dpi phd ve mat xa h d i . cdng nghe. td' chffc \'a chinh sdch. ihdm chi nga> ca khi bi ngan can. Trong mdl nghien cffu gan ddy. Trung tam Nghien cffu - T d va'n C T X H &
PTCD (2012) cung da c h i r a nhffng tde ddng lot ciia hanh vi lech chuan uch CUL gdm: "giup xdc nhan cd cdc gid trj \ a n hda vd cdc chud'n mffc trong vice hanh xff giffa caccd nhdn vdi nhau". "gidp lam rd ranh gidi dao dffc giffa dung \ d s a i " " c d vu sff ddng tam. nhd't tri ciia xa h d i " va "thiic da'y sff thay ddi xa h p i "
5. Khai niem sffgffdng mau trong phong each lanb dao dao dffc
Ldnh dao mang phong each dao dffc dffdc lhe hien thdng qua hai khia eanh: la mdt ngu'di giau lifdng tam va Id nhd quan trj cd dao dffc, Dieu dd cd nghia la. nhffng ca nhan mang phong each Idnh dao dao dffc vffa mang trong minh nhffng dac linh nha't dinh (vi du nhff: trung thffc, dang tin cay vd chinh trffc). dieu nay dan de'n nhffng ddc trffng ve hanh ddng (nhff: lam nhffng dieu dung ddn. quan tam de'n m p i ngffdi. cd thai dp hffdng ldi nhffng phd'm eha'l dao dffc td't dep) ddn de'n nhffng quyet dinh dffa tren nen tang nhffng chua'n mffc va cd ldi sd'ng dao dffc Nha quan tri cd dao dffc la ngifdi ludn nd lu'c tac ddng den hanh vi ciia nhdn vien, nd Iffc nang cao chuan mffc dao dffc ciia to'chffc thdng qua viec truyen tai nhffng quy lae den ngddi iao
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Hinh 1: Hai khia cgnh cuo phong cdch tanh dgo dgo di/c
r Hai khia canh cua phong each lanh dao dao ddc I
Nha quan tr| dao diJlc
• Dac trung
• Hanh ddng
• Quyet d]nh*
' • Guong ma'u thdng qua nhung hanh ddng cd the nhin thay du(?c being mSt ' • He thdng thudng phal
1 • Tmyen lai nhung gia trj dao diic thdng qua giao tiep
Treviiio vd cdng sif (2000)
ddng qua giao tiep. lhu\e'i phue \a dan dat nhdn
\ien dat den nhffng chudn mffe dao dffc bdng cdc he Ihd'ng khen ihffdng \ d la tdm gddng dao dffc cho nhan vien noi theo (Trevi#o \d edng sd. 20(X)).
Lanh dao gddng mdu ihffdng la nhffng ngddi c6 dao dffe. la ngffdi ludn giff hanh ddng phii hdp vdi ede gid iri da neu va ludn dffa ra cdc quyei dinh dung ddn (Lord ct Brown. 2004) (Hinh I)
Dc hieu rd hdn \e ttnh gffdng mau va dao dffc.
Weaver \d cdng sff (2005) da phdng van cdc ed nhdn chju anh hffdng bdi tdm gddng dao dffc irong cdng \ice. Then dd. thang do gddng mau trong phong cdeh Idnh dao dao dffe phan dnh 4 nhdn td:
(1) Hdnh vi cd nhan. bao gdm sd cham sdc.
quan tam vd giau Idng uae an; sff hd trd \a chju Irdch nhiem \ c nhffng ngddi khac: sif xem trong va gin giff cde md'i quan he; sd lam \ iec chdm ehi va sdn sang gitip dd khi nhan \ien can de'n: sff eoi trong linh than lich ede. \a su'chd'p nhan thdt bai Clia ngifdi khac:
(2) Cdng bdng vdi ngu'di khde. bao gdm: phdn phd'i ngudn Iffc mdl each cdng hdng: ehdo ddn %.i quan tam den nhffng thdng tin. y kien eiia moi ngffdi: the hien sff tdn trpng. binh ddng - khdng bao gid ha Ihap ngddi kli.ie, nga) cd trong nhffng liic bat dong. bat ke dia vi. cap bdc chffc vu; dda ra nhiing ldi gidi thich \ e quyel dmh cua minh:
(3)Cd hanh \i dao dffc \d dat nhffng lieu ehuan dao dffe. bao gom: sff trung thffc; tao sff tin ca\:
chinh trffc: khiem td'n: tudn thu cdc ehuan mffe dao dffc; the hien d.io dffc Irong edng \iee \a ca ddi sdng Ihffdng ngd\:
i4l Truyen dat nhffng ehuan mffc dao dffc. bao gdm, quan diem dao dffc nha't quan: truyen dat nhffng chua'n mffc dao dffe cao dep. budc nhan \ ien tudn ihii edc chud'n mdc dao dffc; ddt dao dffc len irC'n Idi Kh e.i nhdn \a td chffc: ed iam nhin. kba
ndng xem xel. nhin nhdn van de mdl each Idng qudt, nhieu mat:
6. Khai ni^msff gffdng mSu trong phong each lanh d^o chuyen dang
Ldnh dao ehuyen dang la sff lanh dao bdng each neu gffdng. la'\ minh ldm gffdng. Lanh dao theo phong cdch nd\ sc thu hiit nhan vien thdng qua giao tie'p. truyen cam hffng va sd ddng cam.
Ho can dam. Iff tin \a sdn sang hi sinh vi mue lieu td't dep (Spahr. 2014). Phong each lanh dao chuyen dang dffdc dac trffng bdi sff idc ddng ciia nha lanh dau de'n nhdn vien. lam cho nhan vien cam iha'y tin Iddng, tdn trpng. ngddng md va nay sinh long trung thdnh. De lam dddc dieu nay, phong each Idnh dao chuye'n dang bao gdm 4 nhdn id': Sff anh hffdng, iruyen cam hffng. kich thich tri lue va quan lam cd nhdn (Bass & Avolio. 1994), Thang do gddng mau trong phong cdch lanh dao chuye'n dang phan dnh sff dnh hffdng ctia ngddi Idnh dao den nhan vien, thdng qua pha'm chat vd hanh vi: Anh hffdng bdng phdm chat (hi smh ldi ich cd nhan vi muc lieu ehung cua tap the; nhdn vien iff hao. hanh dien khi lam viec cung; cd nhffng hanh dpng lam nhan vien cam ihd'y ngddng md. kinh trong; Idnh dao ludn lhe hien la ngifdi ed quyen Iffc va iff lin); Anh hffdng bdng hdnh vi (quan lam den khia canh dao dffc vd ket qua Clia nhffng quyet djnh cd dao dffc; chia se vdi nhan vien ve niem tin va nhiing gid trj quan U-png nhat cila minh; ehi rd tam quan trpng cua
\ icc phai cd y chi kien dinh khi thffc hien muc lieu, nhiem vu: nhan manh tam quan irong trong viec nhdn vien ed cung sff mang \di td chffc) (Avolio vd cdng sff 2(){)4i
7. Khai niem sff gffdng mdu cua lanh dao trong khu vffc banh cbinh cdng
Tai Anh. ed 4 yC-u eau dd'i vdi ngi/di cdng chffc mau mffe la: Liem chinh. irxing thdc. khach quan va
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khdng thien \ i. Theo dd. liem ehinh la ddi nghTa \ u phyng sdedng len tren ldi ich ea nhan. Trung thffc lii that thd vd thdng thang. Khach quan la dffa ra nhifng Idi khuyen \a quyet djnh dda tren viec xem vet. phan tich mot edch nghiem tuc, chat che edc chifng cff. \ a khdng thien vj la hdnh ddng dung quv djnh phap ludt va ddt ldi ich Nha nffdc len tren bat ke quan diem chinh iri khde nhau (Civil Service Commission. 2010).
Trong khi dd, edng chffc lai Canada, dac biel Id cdng chffc giff chffc vu lanh dao phai mang 4 gid trj: Dan chu. chuyen mdn. dao dffc va gia tri nhdn dan. Gid iri dan chii the hien qua viec hd trp hdi ddng cde Bp irddng. tuan theo quy dinh phdp luat va phue vu ldi ich cdng ddng. Gia trj chuyen mdn the hien d viec phue vu bdng nang life, hieu qua cdng viee. Ihffe hien nhiein vu mdl each khaeh quan va cdng tam. Gia trj dao dffe ilifde ddm bdo ihdng qua viec hanh ddng lai moi ndi. mpi thdi die'm theo nidi cdch thffc giiip duy tri Idng tin ciia ngffdi dan. Gia iri nhan dan dddc chifng minh thdng qua vice the hien sff ldn trpng.
cdng bdng. binh ddng vd ljch sff trong giao tie'p vdi ngffdi ddn va ddng nghiep (Government of Canada. 2011).
Ddi vdi mdi cdn bd, dang \icn. vice gddng mau the hicn lien 3 md'i quan he: Dd'i vdi minh khdng Iff kieu. iff dai, iff mdn md ludn hpc tap edu tie'n bp. ludn iff kiem die'm de phat Irie'n dieu hay.
siJa ddi di(;u dd ciia ban than, phai bie't tff phe binh minh. Ddi vdi ngffdi khac. ludn giff ihdi dd chan thiinh. khiem td'n. doan ke't. khoan dung, dd Iifdng, khdng dd'i trd. Iffa loc. Dd'i vdi viec. du trong hodn canh ndo cung phai ddt viec cdng len iren. len irffdc viec tff (Ho Chi Minh trich trong Pham Quang Djnh vd edng sd. 2006). Theo Nguven Ngoe Tff (2013). sd gffdng mdu ciia cdn bO. diing vien nen tap (rung vao mdt so' ndi dung nhff sau: Ldng trung thanh tuyet dd'i vdi Dang, To qudc vd nhan dan: "can, kiem, liem, chinh. cbi cong vd Iff"; lieu bieu la Idng nhan ai. yeu ihffdng con ngddi. St/ gffdng mau cdn the hien irong phong each, phffdng phdp. tde phong cdng lac:
gffdng mdu trong ca Idi ndi \a \iee lam. ndi di ddi vdi lam. that tha vd iff phe binh minh. Theo Quyet dinh so 03/2007/QD-B\V ngdv 26 thdng 02 nam 2007 ciia Bd Ndi vu. ngddi can bd, cdng chffc dddc xem Id gffdng mdu khi tuan thu cac quy dinh ve nhffng viec phai ldm hodc khdng dffdc lam cua cdn bd, cdng ehffe. vien chffc khi thi hanh nhiem vu. cdng vu trong thdi gian lam viec tai cd quan, ddn vi cua minh boac vdi cac cdquan. ddn vi Nha ndde lien quan d Trung ifdng va dja phffdng. Ben canh dd. can bd gddng mau phai cd nep sd'ng van minh. sd'ng vd ldm vice theo quy djnh Clia phap ludt. Theo Quy djnh sd'89-QD/TW ngay 04/8/2017. dinh hddng khung lieu chi ddnh gid edn bd Idnh dao. quan ly: viec ddnh gia tinh gddng mau cua nha ldnh dao dddc do lu'dng thdng qua nhdm lieu chi \ e chinh trj tff tffdng; dao dffc.
Id'i sd'ng: y thffc to' chffc ky luat: tac phong, le lo'i lam viec.
8. Ke't luan
Hien nay. cac nghien cffu vd sff gffdng mau irong ddn vi hiinh chinb cdng lai Viel Nam cdn khd il vd khdng dffdc xem xet vdi vj tri la mdl thanh to Clia phong edch lanh dao. Nghien effu nay da ban ve nhffng khai niem lien quan de'n sff gffdng mdu Clia ldnh dao trong khu vffc hanh chinh cdng qua viec he thdng hda nhffng thanh qua cua cdc nghien effu trddc day. Nhffng nghien cffu lie'p Iheo cd the' dda tren 5 ye'u to': (I) Hdnh vi cd nhan; (2) Sd edng bdng vdi ngffdi kbdc, 1.^) Hanh vi dao dffc va tieu chua'n dao dffc. 141 Truven dat rd rang ve nhffng chua'n mffc dao dffc; (5) Nhffng dac die'm kbdc (trao quyen, gia trj chuyen mdn. chd'p hanh quy djnh va Id tddng chinh tri) de khdm phd nhan thffc ve sff gffdng mau ciia lanh dao trong khu vffe hanh ehinh cdng tai Viet Nam. Tff dd. de xua't mdt sd'giai phdp trong viec tuye'n chpn Idnh dao gddng mau Imng khu vdc cdng. Bdi vay. hffdng nghien cffu tie'p theo dddc de xud'l la dp dung ede phddng phap thu thap dff lieu trong nghien cffu djnh iinh (nhd phdng va'n chuyen mdn. quan sdt v d thao luan nhdm) de khdm phd sdu hdn nhan thffc ve sff gffdng mau ciia ldnh dao khu vde hdnh ehinh cdng •
Xin chdn thdnh cam cfn cdc dong nghiep Bang Le .\gtic Quyen, Mat TrUdng An, nhiing ngifdi dd ddnh thifi gian ho trd tdi thUc hien khdo sdt. dong gdp phdn tich cd sd ly luan vd chinh sda hinh thifc hai bdo theo yeu cdu cita Tap chi Cong Thifdng, tao dieu kien cho tdi hoan thdnh bdi bdu ndy.
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TAI LIKl T H W I KHAO:
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2 \)i(i Jh'anh Clin. l20\S). Si/ lech chudn hdnh vi tioiii: ihifc llii cdng vimm cdn bd. Lougehifc, Thdng tin cdi cdeh nen hdnh chinh nhd ndde Hoc \ icn Hanh ehinh Qude gia. irang 14- IS.sdS/2lll5
3 N'guvL-n N^i't lif. (2013). Ren luyen linh lien phong. gddng mdu cua can hd. dang vien de\.\> difng Dang irong saeh, vSng manh. Tup chi Qiu'ie phdng lodn ddn. |e-joumal| <diiip://iapehiqptd,vn/\i/nghien-cuu-thue-hien-nghi- quyct/ren-hi>en-unh-iien-phong-gui)ng-inau-cua-can-Ki-dang-vJen-de-\ay-dung-dang-trong-s;ieh-vung-manli/.^
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Ngdy nh§n bai: 2/4/2020
Ngai phan bi^n danh gia vii sffa chffa: 12/4/2020 Ngay chd'p nhSn ddng bai: 22/4/2020
Thdng lin idc gid:
TR\N MAI DONG
Trffdng Dili hpc Kinh te'Thanh phd'Ho ChiMinh
THE NECESSITY OF ETHICAL LEADERS IN VIETNAM'S PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SECTOR
• TRAN MAI DONG University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City
\BSrRACT:
This article examines ethical leadership perception.s of government officials in the public administration sector of Vielnam by systematizing theories about ethical leadership, particularly the role model as leaders in the workplace. This article is expected to (1) help pulic administrative units in Vietnam choose ethical leaders; (2) develop a general process that can be applied in the selection of leaders for pulic administrative units: and (3) help enterprises and people better understand the culture, manors and regulations for government officials when working.
Keywords: Leaders, public administration areas, role models. Vietnam.
So 9 - T h a n g 5/2020 165