J. Sci. & Devel., Vol. 11, No. 2:249-259 T^p chi Khoa hoc vfi Phfit triln 2013. Tfip 11, s6 2:249-259 www.hua.edu, vn
Sir THAM GIA COA CONG D 6 N G CAC DAN TOC
TRONG CAC HOAT llfiNG G I A M NGHEO A MfiT Sd DjA PHUONG MIEN NUI PHIA BAG
Luu Thj Tho' vk Pham Bao Dirong^*
'Vi^n Quy hoach vd Thiel ke Nong nghidp; ^Trirdng D(ii hpc Nong nghidp Hd Npi Email*: [email protected] vn
Ngay gfli bai: 04,02,2013 Ngay chap nhan: 18.04.2013
T(:)M TAT
Miln nui^phia Bfic Ifi noi tfip tmng chu yeu ding bfio dfin t^c thiiu s6, d|a hinh khd khfin vd'i ty lg hO nghdo cao.
D§ c6 rfit nhieu cfic chuang trinh, dy fin gifim nghgo dfi du'p'c triln khai vd-i cfic ho^t dpng h6 trp' giam nghgo cy f h l , thiet thi/c, Tuy nhien su' hS tro khfing phai Ifi chia khda vgn nfing de giam nghgo mfi hon the nira can c6 si^ n5 li^c viFon len cua cpng ding, Bfii viei hu'&ng td'i myc tieu phan tich thi.rc trgng, chi rd cfic yeu to anh huong toi sy Iham gia cua cOng dong cfic dan tpc trong cfic hoat dOng giam nghgo. Giai phfip de xuat tfip Irung vao vigc hoan thien chinh sfich, doi moi each thflc huy dpng cpng dong, tfing cuong trao doi thong tin va tang cuang nang luc doi ngCi can bp nguoi dan tOc nhfim huy dpng tot hon sy tham gia cua cpng dong trong cfic no luc giam ngheo.
Tu khoa: Cac chuong trinh giam ngheo, cpng dong cac dan tpc, mien nui phia Bfic, sy tham gia.
The Participation of Ethnic Communities
in Poverty Reduction Activities in the Northern Mountainous Region
ABSTRACT
The Nortfiem Mountainous Region is characterized by a high density of ethnic minorities , topographical ruggedness and high poverty rate A number of poverty reduction programs/projects was implemented with specific activities. However, the assistances are not the universal key for poverty reduction that requires, more than anything else, the efforts of communities. In the present paper analyses the cun^ent status and points out factors affecting the participation of ethnic communities in poverty reductions activities. Measures to be taken are proposed Including revision of policies, renewing the ways of community mobilization, better information exchanges and human capacity building for ethnic minority's staff in order to better mobilizing the participation of communities in poverty reduction efforts.
Keywords: Ethnic communities, Northem region, participation, poverty reduction programs.
Cpng dong cac dan tpc tham gia cfic chUdng 1, MO DAU trinh giam ngheo chii yeu mdi dUng lai cf vai tro
Mien niii phia Bfic la dia bfin tap trung chii "thu hudng" mfi chUa c6 sU chii dpng lit cac yeu ddng bfip dan tdc thieV sc', nhieu huyen c6 ty khau: xac dinh nhu cfiu, lap ke hoach, giam sat le hp ngheo rfi't cao (tren 50%). Nhie'u chUdng ^finh gifi, thUc hien, quan ly cho den sd dung, trinh (CT) giam ngheo nhU: CT134, CT135, chUa th^ hifin dung vai tro cua cpng dong, do do Nghi quyet 30a, CTI67... da va dang dUdc trien hieu qua boat dpng chUa cao.
khai thUc hien h vung nay vdi ket qua ban dau Bai viet nay co muc tieu danh gia thUc kha quan. Tuy nhien khong the giai quyet dUdc trang, xac dinh cac yeu to' anh hUcfng de tren cd mpi vfi'n di kinh te, xa hpi, ngheo doi bfing cdu sd do dc xua't mot so' giai phap nham huy dong doi hay ho trd thudng xuyen ma phai co sU no mpt each co hieu qua hdn sU tham gia cua cpng Idc vUdn len ciia cpng dong thi mdi tao sU ben dong cac dan tpc vfio cac hoat dpng phat trifin viing cua chi'nh sfich ( D 6 Kim Chung, 2010). kinh te' trong cac chUdng trinh giam ngheo.
249
Sv tham gia cua c$ng d6ng cfic dfin tOc trong cfic ho^t dOng giSm nghfio & mi^t s6 dja phuang miSn nCii phfa 6 l c
B a n g 1. Sd'lif^ng m £ u n g h i g n cvfu Huy^n Xin Min Huy^n Dfi Bic Cfin bO huy$n
Cfin bO xa Cfin b$ th6n bdn Ngiro'i dfin Ting s6
Ting s i mSu
Di^m nghien ci!ru diitfc ]\fa chpn Ifi hai huy$n Xfn Min (Hfi Giang) thu^c ti^u viing Dong Bfic vfi Dfi Bfic (Hda Binh) - thu^c ti^u viing Tay Bfic. Day Ifi hai huy$n ngh^o da vfi dang trifin khai thi^c hifn nhi^u chUdng trinh, d\^
fin giam nghdo.
2. CACH TIEP CAN VA PHlTONG P H A P NGHIEN c u t !
2.1. Cach tiep can
Tiep cfin CO sU tham gia dUdc sii dung xuyen suo't trong qufi trinh nghien ciiu. Tren cd sd tham vfi'n cac ben c6 lifin quan de lam rd sU tham gia vfi cac ye'u to' anh hUcing tdi sU tham gia ciia cpng dong vfio cac boat dpng phat trien kinh tfi' trong cfic chUdng trinh giam ngheo.
2.2. Phifdng p h a p t h u t h a p va p h a n tich t h d n g t i n
Thong tin thd cfi'p dUdc thu thfip til cac tfii lieu, bfio cfio da cong bo', Th6ng tin sd cfi'p thu thfip bang viec sii dung bang hdi phong vfi^n qua cac budc: (1) Difi'u tra thti; (2) Thao lufin c6 sU tham gia (PRA); (3) Phdng vfi'n. 6 moi huyfn, 60 hp dan (thuoc 3 nhdm dan toe - Kinh, Tfiy, Dao moi nhdm chpn 20 hp) trong dd c6 30 h6 nghdo, 20 hp cfin ngheo vfi 10 hp trung binh d\t(fc chpn cd chii dich de khao sat. Chi tifi't so mfiu dUdc trinh bfiy dbang 1,
Sd lieu, thong tin sau thu thfip dui;lc xii 1^
bfing phan mem SPSS. Sii dung kfi't hdp cac phUdng phap phan tich dinh lUdng (phan tich so lieu dieu tra) vfi dinh tinh (phan ti'ch cac thfing tin vfi" phong tuc tfip qufin va cac thong tin dinh tinh khac) de dfinh gia thUc trang, xfic dinh ye'u t6 anh hudng, tim ra cac vfi'n de ton tai vfi dfi"
xuflft giai phfip d^ huy d^ng c6 hidu qua hdn c^ng dong tham gia cfic ho^t ddng giam nghdo.
3. KET QuA VA THAO LUAN
3.1. Thtic t r a n g sii t h a m gia cua cong dong ckc d a n t9c vfio ckc h o ^ t d 9 n g ph&t tri^n k i n h tS* t r o n g ckc chifdng t r i n h giam nghdo Cfic chUdng trinh giam nghdo nhU: chUdng trinh muc tieu quoc gia (MTQG) ve giam ngheo, CT134, CT135, CT167, CT30a, .... deu c6 cac hoat dpng phfit trien kinh te nhU; xay dUng cd sd ha t^ng; ho trd dfi't san xufi't; nang cao nfing lUc; phfit trien san xufi't (vay vdii, khuyen nong, ho trd diu vfio); dfio tao nghe"... Hau het cpng dpng cac dan toe da biet v^ cac nfii dung ciia cac chUdng trinh giam nghdo (Bang 2).
Nhin chung, cpng ddng Kinh, Tay bie't vi cfic chUdng trinh nhi^u hdn cac cdng dong khac, cdng dong d Dfi Bfic biet ve cfic chUdng trinh nhie'u hdn d Xfn Min. Nguon thong tin cho ngUdi dan chu yfi'u tut cfic can bfi, do tuyen truyen vfi kha nfing tie'p nh^n thong tin cua cac cdng dong khfic nhau nfin mdc dp hieu bifit vd" cfic chUdng trinh ciia ngudi dan ciing khac nhau. 6 Dfi Bfic difiV kifin kinh tfi' kha hdn, thufin l0i hdn, ngUdi dfin nhfin thutc tot nfin hieu qua tuyen truydn cao hdn. Ty le ngUdi dan bifit cac chUdng trinh giam nghdo tUdng doi cao, dong de"u, nhdm hp nghdo bifit nhifi"u hdn nhdm h0 khfic. Cpng dong Ifi dd'i tU^ng chfnh dUdc thu hudng vfi phd bie'n tuyfin truyan thdng tin nhi^u hdn.
Tuy nhien sU tham gia cua cong dong vfio cac hoat dong giam nghdo d Xin Min thuc tfi I^i cao hdn Dfi B^c (Bang 3).
C6 100% cac thanh vien nhdm h6 ngheo ci ta't ca cac dan tpc t?i hai huyen dlu tra ldi ho
Luu Thj Tho vfi Ph^im Bao Dyong
B a n g 2. Cdng d 5 n g ckc dan t^c biet cac chiidng t r i n h giam nghdo (%)
Chi tifiu Kinh
Tdy
Dao
HO ngh6o
HO c^n ngh6o
HftTB
Huy$n Xin Mfin D d B a c Xin M^n Ok Bic Xin Mfin O d B ^ c Xin Mfin
D f i B l i c Xin M6n E l d B ^ c Xin M i n D f i B l i c
C T I 34 70,0 90,0 65,0 60,0 80,0 75.0 83,3 80,0 55,0 90,0 70,0 70,0
C T I 35-1 70,0 80,0 75,0 40,0 65,0 40,0 83,3 70,0 65,0 15,0 40,0 80,0
C T I 35-11 90,0 60,0 70.0 55.0 60,0 60.0 80,0 70,0 60,0 60,0 80,0 60,0
C T I 67 80,0 90,0 75,0 90,0 80,0 100,0 93,3 100,0 65,0 90,0 60,0 80,0
CT30a 100,0 5,0 100,0 10,0 100,0 10,0 100,0 3.3 100,0
0,0 100,0 40,0 Ngu6n. Diiu tra h^ thdnh vi^n c^ng dSng nSm 2012
Bang 3. Cong d o n g cac d a n toe t h a m gia cac boat dgng giam ngheo (%) H5 tr9' sin xuit nOng -
13m nghi$p Vay vin u-u flat Nangc Kinh
TSy
Dao
HO ngh6o
HO c^n ngtito
HOTB
Ngu6n: Diiu tra h^ thAnh v, Xin M i n Dfi Bdc Xfn M i n G d B f i c Xin M^n O f i B i c Xin Mfin O f i B ^ c Xin M i n D d B ^ c Xin M i n Da B i c ren cgng dong nSm 2012
10,0 10,0 20,0 20,0 20,0 20,0 33.3 26,7 0,0 10,0 0,0 0.0
20,0 10.0 80,0 40,0 80,0 40,0 100,0 46,7 20,0 20,0 20,0 0,0
10,0 20,0 20,0 0.0 20,0 10,0 13,3 10,0 20,0 0,0 20,0 30,0
biet va duoc keu gpi tham gia cfic boat dpng xay dung cd sd ha tdng (CSHT). Cac boat dpng: ho trd san xufi't; vay von Uu dfii; tfip hufi'n khuyen nfing; nang cao nfing lUc... c6 sU chon lpc tham gia; cac dci tUdng dUdc Uu tien co cd hpi tham gia nhilu hdn. Dilu kifin tham gia theo tC(ng boat dpng vfi theo yfiu ciu ciia boat dpng, dieu nfiy tha'y ro d Dfi Bfic. Ty Ifi tham gia cac boat dfing ciia cpng dong d Huyen Xfn Min cao hdn cl Huyen Da Bfic, vi CT30a - chUdng trinh giam nghdo nhanh vfi ben viing dang dUdc triln khai ff Xfn Min ma khfing c6 d Dfi Bfic nen 100%
ngUcli ngheo d dfiy dUdc vay von va 100% cpng dong dUdc thu hudng til cfic boat dpng nang cao dan tri, nhfin thdc vfi tfip hua'n ky thuat.
Thy hudng cac san ph^m vfi tifi'p nhfin cfic ho trd la dfic diem noi bfit ciia cac cpng dong, trpng khi do hp td ra rfi't thu dpng khi tham gia trien khai cac boat dpng giam ngheo. Hp chi dong gop cong - cua khi dUdc keu gpi, thuc giuc, tham chi d Dfi Bfic sU dong gop nay la mien cU9ng (dong gop bfing tifi"n). 6 Xfn Man dUdng nhU ngUdi dan tham gia tfch cUc hdn nhUng chu yeu vin phai thong qua sU vfin dpng ra't tich cUc fua cfic can bp 251
Sl,!' tham gia cua cpng d6ng cfic dfin t$c trong cfic ho^t d$ng giSm nghdo 6 mOt sd dja phuvng miSn nui phia B i c
Bang 4. Cong dong tham gia boat d^ng tap hu&'n khuyg'n ndng u Huy^n Mi>c h i trg-ngu-W tham gia (VND) O'ng dyng vfio SX(%)
20.000 " 800
15,000 60,0 20 000 50,0 15.000 60.0 20,000 50,0 15 000 50,0 20,000 33,3 15 000 40,0 20.000 80,0 15 000 70.0 20 000 100,0 15 000 80,0 Ngii6n:DiSu tra h^ thAnh viBn c0ng dSng nSm 2012
Kinh Tdy Dao HO ngh6o HO cfin nghfio HOTB
Xin Min DdBic Xin Min DdBic Xin Min Da Bic XIn Min Da Bic XIn Min Da Bic XIn Min Da Bic
Cd sd. Mmh chdng rd nhfi't Ifi sU tham gia cua cpng dong cfic dan tpc vao boat dpng tfip hufi'n khuyfi'n npng (Bang 4).
6 ca Xin Min vfi Dfi Bfic co 100% thfinh vifin cong dong tham gia trien khai thUc hien vfi xac dinh nhu cau, tuy nhifin chUa (dUdc) tham gia nhieu trong khau Ifip ke hoach vfi cac boat dpng giam sat, danh gifi. NhUng quan trpng hdn ca Ifi hp tham gia khong hofin toan do thfi'u hieu Idi ich cua boat dpng ma h^u bet ngudi tra ldi chp biet hp tham gia cac boat dpng nfiy chi khi dUdc huy dpng hay tham gia vfi dUdc ho trd tien (khoan fin trUa va cong lao dpng moi ngfiy). Ty Ifi tra ldi "co dng dung vfio san xufi't" tuy cao nhUng thuc te' chUa lam dUdc nhu mo hinh, va khi dU fin ke't thuc thi nhieu mo hinh ciang ket thuc theo.
Muon huy dpng dUdc sU tham gia d^y dii cua cpng dong vfio cac bUdc mot cfich hieu qua, nha't Ifi cl cac khau xac dinh nhu du; Ifip ke' hoach; giam sat dfinh gia thi die"u kifin tien quye't Ifi cin nang cao nfing lUc va trao quyfi"n.
Nang luc Ifi yeu to'quyet dinh sU tU tin tham gia v,'i t'r'mh cong, trao quye"n Ifi each de cpng d6ng ''"'-•'' '"h nhiem nhfi't.
o i v:-u to a n h hiictog t6i sii t h a m gia ' - - ' ' ' n g cfic d a n toe ve cac b o a t S r u a cac cbufdng t r i n h giam '.-•jyon
•.:ih sach va giai phap dang
" -. f^ia cua cgng dong
O hai huy^n Xfn Mdn vfi Da Bfic c6 chinh sfich thUc hipn khac nhau, do dd sU tham gia ciia cpng dong cung khac nhau. Hoat dong dUdc cpng dong tham gia nhieu nhfi't Ifi hoat dpng lam dudng vfi cac cong trinh cd sd ha ting khac, chii yeu lfim cfic cong vide: gili dfi't, da, tre, luong, san dUdng... ft c6 khoan dong bfing tiln (Hop 1).
NgUdc lai, d Dfi Bfic, mot so cong trinh huy dpng dong gop ngfiy cong, nhUng hiu het cfic cong trinh huy dpng bfing tiln hoac quy ra tien, cu the: xay dUng cd sd ha t i n g 130.000d; xay dUng nhfi vfin hoa 130.000d, xay dUng tram y te"
30.000d; xay dUng trUdng hoc 40.000d; lam dUdng 200,000d,., theo cac cfin hp vfin phong Huyfin cho bie't "huy dpng dan kho lfim".
Hop 1. Ngiicfi d a n sfin s a n g dong gop v a t lieu ngiidi d a n co NgUdi dan d day khong cd tien, nhUng ddng gdp cong lao dpng, cac vfit lieu cc thi ki^m dUdc thi rfi't s i n sfing, ngUdi dan cd the di lfim khong tfnh tofin thiet hdn, khong doi hdi quye"n ldi thfim chi la khong co cdm thi ho tu mang cdm di fin vfi sSn sang lfim den luc xong cong trinh, cii huy dpng la 100%
dan tham gia.
Nguon: YkiSh cua chi VU Thi Hda phd chU tich huyin Xin Mdn
LU'U T h j T h o v f i P h ? m Bfio D u ' o n g
Mpt cong trinh c6 thi ddng gdp khong cao, nhung nhilu cong trinh vo tinh lfim cho thue phi vfi cac khoan dong gdp bfing tien dpi len khien ngddi dfin cam thfi'y qua siic. Do v^y cfich thiic huy dpng anh hudng khong nho tdi hifiu qua huy dfing, boat dpng xay dUng cd sd ha ting Ifi minh chiing cho sU anh hUcing dd (Bang 5).
100% thfinh vifin cac cpng dong d hai huyfin biet v l boat dfing xfiy dUng CSHT vfi dUdc hudng Idi khi sit dung cac cong trinh sau bfin giao. Mfic dli vfiy difi"u dang luu f Ifi h i u nhu khfing c6 ngudi dfin Dfi Bfic nfio tham gia thuc hien boat dpng xfiy dUng CSHT. Nguyen nhan chii ye'u Ifi do miic ddng gdp so vdi thu nhfip Ifi rfi't cao VI "ngfiy cdng ciia chung toi chUa bao gid dUdc tra lOO.OOOd" (Hop 2).
Hop 2. MCfc dong gop qufi cao doi vdi ngiicfi nghdo Miic dong gop de xay dUng cfic cong trinh cd sd ha t i n g la qufi cao, nen chia thfinh hai miic dong gop cho hp giau va hp ngheo, ngudi ngheo chiing toi lam gi ra tien mfi dong gop lai bfing nhiing hp giau nhu vfiy bfi't cong lfim.
Nguon: Ykie'n cua ong Dang Vdn Sdn, Tiy Mang, Tu Ly, Da Bdc
Su chu dpng vfi san sfing cua cpng dong phu thupc rfi't nhieu vfio chfnh sfich huy dpng, huy dpng diing nguon lUc cpng dong c6 va sfin sfing ddng gdp se hi?u qua hdn huy dpng nguon luc mfi chinh sach cin. Do do cin xac dinh doi tuong dUdc huy dpng, each thiic vfi mdc dong gdp, sU hdp ]^ giiia do'i tUdng, each thdc, miic ddng gdp se mang lai hifiu qua huy dpng cpng dong tham gia cao hdn,
3.2.2. Ning Ivlc va y thtic cua cac thanh vien cgng dong
Trinh dp dan tri cua cpng dong cdn thfi'p, dfic biet Ifi d Xfn Min trinh dp dan tri rfi't thfi'p, can bp cpng dpng danh gifi nhfin thUc ciia ngUdi dan rfi't k6m, chUa bie't lam an, y lai nhieu vao Nhfi nudc, hpc vfi'n khong cao (Bang 6).
6 Xin Min trinh dp dan tri thfi'p hdn Dfi Bfic, do d6 sU tham gia cua cpng dong mang tinh cha't bi dong, tiic la "can bp bao di hpp". Tinh trang chung la ngudi dan y lai vfio ho trd, hieu bie't ban che', dong con, lai chua bie't lam an.,, viec huy dong sU tham gia vfi dong gdp trd nen kho khfin,
Trinh dp dan tri thfi'p ban che nhan thUc cua ngUdi dan, ngUdi dfin trd nen bfing long, thie'u y chi pha'n dfi'u thoat ngheo. ThUc te cl Bang 6. Cong d o n g t h a m gia hoat dong xay diing cd scf ha tang (%)
HuyOn Hpp xdc dinh nhu c i u L5p k i hoach GiSm sat flanh gia Quan ly Kmh
Tay
Dao
HO nghfeo
C3n ngh^o
HO tmng binh
Xin M i n Da B i c Xin M i n Da B i c XIn M i n Da sac Xin Min Dfi Bic XIn Min Da Bic XIn Min Dfi B i c
100,0 100,0 100,0 80,0 100,0 75,0 100,0 86,7 100,0 80,0 100,0 90,0
20,0 10,0 10,0 5,0 0,0 5,0 6,7 3.3 15,0 10,0 10,0 10,0
20,0 20,0 25,0 10,0 0,0 0,0 6,7 13,3 25,0 0.0 20,0 20,0
15,0 10,0 5,0 0.0 0.0 5,0 0,0 0.0 10,0 10,0 20,0 10,0 Ngu6n: Diiu tra h$ th^nh viSn cdng dong n&m 2012
253
Sy tham gia cua cOng d6ng cfic dSn tOc trong cfic host dOng gl3m nghfio if mOt s6 dja phu'ang ml6n niii phia BSC
B a n g 6. T r i n h dfi h p c vfi'n thfinh vifin c6ng dSng (%) Trfnh flO
1. Khfing blAl chO 2 KhOng bill tiing kinh 3. Bi^t age bill Vlll 4, Tilu hgc 5, THCS 6 TPHT Ting s6
HuyOn XIn Min 20.0 15,0 21,7 20,0 13,3 10,0 100.0
HuyOn Dfi Bic 0,0 0,0 6,7 36,7 35,0 21,7 100.0
T6ng s l 10,0
7,5 14,2 28.3 24.2 15,8 100,0 NguSn Diiu tra h^ thAnh vifin c^ng dSng nSm 2012
Xin Min cpng dSng chi tham gia cfic ho^t dpng khi cfin b5 huy dpng, vfi chi tham gia:
hpp, thuc hien, sd dung mfi chUa tham gia l§p kfi' hoach, giam sat danh gia cac boat dpng, Khi tham gia hpp h i u het ngUdi dan khong c6 f kien. Cac budc I^p ke hoach, gifim sat danh gifi ngUdi dfin chUa dii nfing lUc tham gia. O Dfi Bfic chi CO dan tpc Kinh, Dao chu dpng, cd nhfin thitc tot, nhung cac bUdc Ifip ke' hoach vfi gifim sfit dfinh gifi vfin chUa nhieu thfinh vien cpng dong tham gia, vi nfing luc con ban che'. NhU vay nang luc ciia thfinh vien cpng dong anh hudng khdng nho tdi sU tham gia cfic hoat dpng giam nghfio ciia cong dong, de huy dpng hi?u qua thi nang cao nfing lUc va trao quye"n la rfi't quan trpng.
3.2.3. NguSn life vd kha n&ng tiSp can nguon Iiic
Ngu6n luc ciia cpng dong 6 hai huyen rfi't ban chd'. 6 Dfi Bdc moi k h i u c6 tii 500 - 1400m'' da't canh tfic, vfit nuoi chu yiu Ifi gfi, ldn vdi BO lUdng ft, mpt so hp c6 them 1-2 con trau, bo, thu nhfip binh quan/ngudi tii 0,6 - 1,2 trieu. d Xin Min da't canh tfic c6 tii 1000 - 2500m%h^u dfi't, vfit nuoi chii yfi'u Ifi dfi, ldn, bo, trau so lUdng it.
Thu nhfip binh quan r i t thfi'p, c6 hfi thie'u an 8 thfing/nfim, giao thong khd khfin, nhit la khi mUa; lai bi ngfin each bdi doi niii va sum. O Xin Mfin nguon lUc vfi kha nang tifi'p cfin nguon lUc kho khfin hdn. Ve nguon vSn Uu dai eho hp ngheo, cpng dong d Xin Min dU0c ho trd nhifiu hdn a Dfi Bfic (Bang 7).
Bang 7. Nguon vo'n co k h a n a n g t i e p c a n n g u o n vo'n (%) Chi tieu
Kmh
Tay
Dao
HO ngh6o
HO can ngh6o
HO tning binh
HuyOn XIn Min Dfi Bic Xin Min Da Bic Xin Min Da Bic XIn Min Dfi Bic XIn Min Dfi Bic Xin Min Dfi Bic
vin vay ngfin hang 15,0 10,0 85,0 30,0 70,0 35,0 100,0 43,3 15.0 10,0 10,0 0,0
v i n vay floan thi 5.0 0,0 20,0 10.0 15.0 25.0 20.0 16,7 10,0 10,0 0,0 0,0
V6n vay khic 70,0 30,0 5,0 15,0 20.0 15.0 6,7 0,0 35,b 20,0 100,0 80,0 Nguon Diiu tra hp thanh vien cong dong nSm 2012
LU'U Thi Tho vfi Phgm Bfio Duong
Ty 16 vay ngan hang phan bo dlu d cac dfin tpc, nhdm hp nghdo dUdc vay nhilu hon; chii yiu Ifi cac dfin tpc Tfiy, Dao. Cpng dong Kinh c6 xu hudng vay von ngofii nhieu hdn cfic dan tpc thieu s^ khac. Von quy dofin the uu tien nhiing hfi nghdo, chua dUdc vay ngan hfing vfi gfip khd khfin, rui ro do do co sU chpn lpc vfi hi han che cac thfinh vifin khfic (Hop 3).
Hop 3. Moi ngiidi nghdo deu diidc vay vo'n liu dai
"Mpi hp ngheo trong huyfin de'u dUdc xdt duyen cho vay vo'n ngan hang chinh sach xa hpi vi d6 Ifi cd hpi duy nhfi't de giiip hp c6 thfim vo'n d i u tU, Chiing toi xfit duyet theo danh sach hp nghfio tix ke't qua dieu tra, vfi dUa trfin y kie'n ciia xfi, thong qua hpp thon ban, ndi chung thu tuc ddn gian nhanh gpn".
Nguon: ong Nguyen Ddc Xuan - pho truang phong LDTB&XH h uyen Xin Man
So hfi vay vo'n uu dai d Da Bfic thfi'p hdn Xin Min, nguyen nhan chu ye'u Ifi do Xin Min co von ho trd ciia NQ30a, thu tuc vay ddn gian hdn, dieu kifin chi cfin la hp nghep.
Hop 4. Vay n g a n h a n g n h i e u t h u t u c va p h a i lo lot - Anh Thiitfng: "De dUdc vay vo'n ngan hfing vfi't va lam, di lai qufi cap, thu tuc giiy td lfing nhfing, vdi lai xdt lfin xdt xuo'ng chua t6i lUdt, mac dil minh nghdo nhung de dUdc vay rfi't kho. Chiing toi di vay 10 trieu cung phai mfi't tdi 2 trieu de lo lot, qua cfip, khong CO tie'n diu tU nfin khong mudn vay nda",
- Chi Tifiu: "Nhfi minh thi ngheo that nhUng thu tuc nhieu, khd khfin c6 khi phai qufi cap, minh khong co tiln diu tU thi thoi chang vay niia, rdi ciing sd khong tra dUdc thi lai kho hdn, co tfin tien lfi'y ngfin nuoi dfii den dfiu thi den vay"
Nguon: anh Dinh Van ThiJdng, chi Quaeh Thi Tieu, Da Bdc
Huyen Xin Min cung c6 100% thanh vien cpng dong cho biit "thu tuc vay ddn gian, de, nhanh; die"u kien vay: hp nghdd, kbpng cd thii tuc khac". Con d Dfi Bfic, ngudn vo'n it nen thUc hien Uu tien theo tieu cfic chi, chUa xi5t duyet dUdc 100% hp nghdp, Y kie'n trai chifi'u the hien trong hop 4.
Trd ngai tiep cfin nguon vo'n ngan hfing Ifi thu tuc phap IJ, ben canh do d hai huyfin co nhieu hp co bieu hien tii choi vay ngan hang vi sd khong the' tra dUdc nd, chua biet Ifim an. Thai dp bfing Ipng vdi cupc so'ng hien tai nhu vfiy Ifi bieu bifin cua su ye'u kdm ve' quan ly vo'n vfi dau tu ciia cpng dong.
3.2.4, Thanh phan dan tgc, phong tuc tap quan
Ca hai huyen deu c6 nhie'u dfin tpc smh song, phong tuc tfip quan co nhiing n6t vfin hoa khac nbau nen ciing co anh hudng tot hoac khong tot den sU tham gia cua cong ddng vao cac hoat dpng vfi no lUc giam ngheo cua thanh vien (Bang 8). Cac Ie hpi de'u co anh hUcfng to't vfi mat xfi'u khac nhau tdi no lUc thoat ngheo ciia cfic hp gia dinh, nhie'u Ie hpi keo theo me tin di doan, to'n kem tie"n le c6 ban, hay nhiing quan niem lac hfiu trd thfinh hu tuc. Ben canh do, nhie'u phong tuc mang y nghia tot dep nhu:
Cling thin rilng la quan niem tam Unh nhUng ngUdi dan co y thiic bao ve rdng; hpi lang; mufng cdm mdi fin miing dUdc mua, kich thich chfim Ifim, cham san xufi't, Nhieu can bp 5 Xin Man cho biet "cfic Ie hpi Ifi ndi de cpng dong giao luu, Ifi ndi cfic chfing trai co gai de'n tuoi tim tdi nhau, la ndi trao doi kinh nghiem de co mpt mua vu bpi thu, cung giiip dS nbau san xua't"
Cac phong tuc tfip qufin von khong phai la nguyen nhfin true tifi'p dfin den ngheo doi hay han che' su tham gia vao cac hoat dong giam nghdo mfi do con ngUdi tin ngudng cUdng dieu hoa va bdi sU to'n kem tien ciia, mfi't thdi gian, nhilu hu tuc ciing bai, mua sfim do le, kem theo me tin di doan,.. trd thanh rfio can tin ngUdng, te nan xfi hpi, han che' ngudi dan tham gia cac boat dpng giam ngheo
255
Sl/ tham gia cua cOng dfing cfic dSn tOc ti^ng cfic hogt dOng gliim nghSo d mOt sfi dja phu^yng mi^n niii phia BSC
B a n g 8. P h o n g t u c t a p qufin va anh hiicTng ciia phong tuc tdi sii tham gia cua cpng d o n g vfio hoat dong giam ngheo
luc Tay
HOI lfing XIn M i n
Dao Djit lfin, d p s i c
Tfiy Cijng n>ng
Da Bic
HOI l i n g
Dao L l d ^ t t e n . c i p s i c Cfich
thiPc
Anh hiriifng
D6ng gfip: 2vac ciil;
3kg g?o, I c h a i ru'onj;
2kg rau T h f i i g l a n IngSy Kfim theo n h i i u mS lin di doan Giao \u\i. trao d6l
Con trai trdn 1 tudi C& to, ciJng linh dinh Chi phllfi'n: g^o, thit, c6, vfing. ma MOt gia dinh cfi con Iral t i chirc
T i n k6m. ISng phi, m6 tin
Ddng gfip: t l l n COng t h i n rCrng 1 ngfiy
Giao lu-u B i o vO rirng
MOa xufin Thu ho^ch C o m miii
Giao lu'u;
Kich thich s i n x u i t .
Con trai trfin 1 t u i i CS to, cOng linh dinh Chi phi Ifi'n- 40 triOu MOt gia dinh cfi con trai t i chi>c:
T i n k6m. ISng phi Nguin- Diiu tra hp thAnh vidn c^ng ding nSm 2012
Theo ke't qua dilu tra, b ca hai huy^n c6 hdn 90% cfin bp thon ban, hdn 80% cfin bO xa vfi hdn 70% can bo huypn cho rling: nhie'u phong tuc lac hfiu, tin ngUdng trd thfinh hii tuc nen xoa bd nhU: mua vd, ma chay rudm rfi, d^ ngUdi che't qua cfl (49 ngay), hdfic vfin thuc hien nhUng cin ddn gian nhU: dfit ten, cap sfic...
Nhie'u phong tuc nen giiJ gin nhU: ciing riing, hpi lang, miing cdm mdi, miia khdn... la ndi giao lUu, trao doi kinh nghiem, kich thfch san xuit san xufi't vfi y thiic bao ve tfii nguyen ning.
Tuy nhifin, co 100% thanh vien dan tpc Tfiy, Dao vfi 60% dan tpc Kinh d hai huyfin cho bie't:
khong the bd cac phong tuc, chi co the ddn gian hoa hofic thay do'i each thiic. Do vfiy d^ tfic dpng vao phong tuc nhfim huy dpng cpng dong cin tac dpng theo bUdng ddn gian hda, tac dpng vao each thdc nghi Ie cua phong tuc dfin din, tuyen truyen xoa bo cac hu tuc can trd phfit trien kinh tfi', giam nghdo,
3.2.5. Anh biidng cua gidi tdi sii tham gia cua cgng dong trong c&c boat dgng giam nghdo
Xfn Min c6 81,7% ngUdi tham gia cac hoat dpng hop, tfip huin khuyfi'n nong, boat dpng xa hpi khac Ifi nam, d Dfi Bfic ty Id nfiy Ifi 88,3%, Xfn Min chi c6 14% chu bd Ifi nii, cl Dfi Bic Ifi 12%.
Theo Iy giai "dan ong Id tru cgt gia Snh" thi phai nfim dUdc quyen vfi bifi't moi boat dpng, Ifi ngUdi
"guyi't dinh" cac vi^c Idn nhu. diu tU, mua ban, san xufi't... t rong khi dd 100% nii Ifi lao dong chfnh lam cic viec dong rupng, chfim soc gia dinh, sil tham gia theo gidi t h i hien d bang 9.
Hiu bfi't cl hai huydn ngUdi tham gia cac boat dpng giam nghdo Ifi nam gidi, dfic bifit Ifi tfip hua'n khuye'n nong, nhUng ngudi lfim rupng chi'nh lai Ifi nQ. B i t binh dfing gidi Ifi tinh trang pho bie'n d ca 2 huyen, nd trUc tifi'p can trd sU tham gia cua phu nii vfio cfic boat dpng giam nghdo, vo tinh xa hpi da bp qua lUc lUdng rfi't quan trdng, vi phu nii ciing c6 kha nfing lam vific xa hpi vfi gia dinh rat tot. Cin huy dpng phu nii de cd them mot liic lUOng mdi, siic manh cho cac boat dpng giam ngheo.
3.2.6. Danh gia cUa can bg ve s i i tham gia cHa ngiidi dan
Can b? dfinh gia miic dp tham gia cua cac dan tdc vfio cac boat dong kinb tfi' hAng phUdng phfip chfi'm diem: 0 - khong tham gia, 1 - tham gia nhung hi dpng, 2 - Tham gia chii dfing; ke't qua khao sat cho thfi'y: dan tpc Kinh va Tfiy tham gia cac boat dpng chu dpng hdn cac dan tpc khfic, cfic dan tpc d Dfi Bfic tham gia cac boat dpng chii dpng bdn cac dan tpc d Xfn Min (Bang 10). Tuy nhien, h i u he't cac dan tpc d bai huyfin tham gia chu dong chua hofin tofin, con phu thupc cfin h$ cdng dong vfi can hp di^ an.
256
Lyu Thi Tho vS Phgm Bao Diyang
Bang 9. Stf tham gia ckc hoat dong giam nghSo cua cong ddng theo gidi (%)
c n l l l S u Huy«n Nam NO Kinh
Tfiy
Dao
HO ngh6o
HO cOn ngh6o
HO trung binti
T i n g
Nguon: Diiu tra hd thanh vi XIn M i n Dfi B i c XIn M i n Dfi B i c Xin M i n Da B i c XIn M i n Dfi B i c XIn M i n Da B i c XIn M i n Da B i c Xin M i n Dfi B i c en cong dong ndm 3012
65,0 95,0 90,0 85,0 90,0 85,0 83,3 86,7 85,0 90,0 70,0 90,0 81,7 88,3
35,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 10,0 15,0 16,7 13,3 15,0 10,0 30,0 10,0 18,3 11,7
Bang 10. Danh gia cua can bp cong dong ve sii tham gia cua cfic d a n tpc
Dan tOc MiJcdO
HuyOn Xin M i n
Ly do Mi>cdO
Huy$n Da B i c Ly do YttiiTClhoatnghtocao
Chu dOng ngu6n v i n , San xuit, kinh doanh hiOu quS Chu dfing ngu6n v i n
Chi tham gia cSc hoat dOng khac khi huy dOng
N g u i n v6n t h i i u chu dfing Thg hirdng h6 In? n h i i u
Chu dfing n g u i n v i n , It san x u i t nfing nghi$p Kmh doanh bu6n ban t i t Chu dfing tham gia XOGN Nh^n thij-c hgn c h i c i n can bO dinh hu'dng o a chu dOng nhu-ng phg thuOc nhiiu vSo chinh sach
Nguon. Dieu tra can bp cpng dong nSm 2012
Du CO thfi' cho diem 2, nhUng can bfi danh gia sU tham gia cua ngUdi dan rfi't ban che', nha't la cac thanh vien cong dong d huyen Dfi Bfic, hfiu hfi't cac thfinh vien chi tham gia khi phat dfing thfim chf bi dp bupc. Nguyen nhan rfi't da djing: do dong gop cao; do yeu cfiu boat dong; do chpn lpc cua du fin... dfi' huy dpng hieu qua cin phai thao gd va tie'n tdi phat trien kinh te' va giam ngheo be'n viing.
3.3. Mpt so' giai phap huy dpng cpng dong tham gia hoat dpng giam ngheo
Doi vdi boat dong ho trd xay dung CSHT cfin Uu tien nhuing ha tang thifi'u va quan trcng nhfi't, huy dpng nguon lUc cpng dong cd kha nfing dong gop vfi sfin sang; nen phan djnh mdc doi vdi doi tUdng huy dpng,
Tie'p do Ifi giai phap nang cao nang lUc thong qua viec tang cUdng trifin khai tap huin,
257
Si,r tham gia cue cOng d6ng cfic dfin t(>c trong cfic hopt dOng giam nghdo if mOt s6 dja phifong mj^n niii phfa Bac
dfio tao, day nghe vfi tao vipc lfim. Khuyfi'n khfch, dpng vien con em dong bfio dfin t0c thi^u so bing vific hS trp thfim chi phf fin, d, di lai, d6 ddng, ngofii phin h6 trt,) hoc phf,
Khi nfing lUc cua ngUdi dfin dap flng dUpc yeu ciu thi nfin trao quyfi'n, phfin cfi'p d i u tU vfi trifin khai thilc hi^n cho bp. C$ng ddng hofin tofin c6 kha nfing ti^ quyfi't, ti^ lfim chii cu^c sd^ng ciia chfnh minh,
Khi cho vay v6^n Uu dai, cin xem xdt nhu ciu vd'n, thdi gian, lai sufi't vfi djnh hUdng sii dung vd'n phii hpp vdi dfic thCl kinh tfi' hO, san xufi't nong nghidp, Xdt doi tu^ng vay dam bao
"dan bifi't, dfin bfin, dfin Ifim, dfin kid'm tra".
Ddn gian thu tyc, tranh tieu cUc vfi anh hUdng tinh cam.
Tap huin khuye'n nong cin xac dinh diing nhu ciu, linh vUc vfi doi tUpng cin tap huin.
Dam bao diing, dii vfi kip thdi. Khuye'n khich cpng ddng tham gia du cfic bUdc, xac dinh nhu cfiu, lap ke hoach, trien khai thUc hien, gifim sat danh gia. Xay dUng mo hinh trinh dien, ho trd nganh nghe, giiip ngUdi dfin tim thfi'y sU khfic biet vdi each thiic canh tac ciia cpng dong nhfim nfing cao kha nfing ling dung vfio thuc te',
Ddi vdi boat dpng ho trd diu vao san xufi't, cin CO bien phap phat trien lau dfii, tranh tao tam Iy y lai chi "lam the nfio de' dUdc ho trd" mfi khfing CO tinh ling dung. Tao dieu kifin cho cfic hp tim mua dUdc cac chiing loai gidng phii hdp bang cfich cung cfi'p dii so lUpng vdi chfi't lUdng to't ngay tai dia phUdng, cung cfi'p thong tin diy dii, budng din ky thuat, thudng xuyen giam sat thUc hien,
Tuyen truyen rpng rai cfic muc tieu, ke' hoach vfi du kifin kfi't qua de cong d6ng tham gia cfic chuong trinh giam nghdo. Chi nfin huy dpng nhiing nguon lUc tai cho mfi cpng ddng c6, cin phan dinh cfic doi tupng, miic ddng gdp vfi nguon lUc nao c6 kha nfing ddng gdp,
Cung cfi'p thong tin, tfing cudng hen k^t, cung cfi'p vat tu tao dieu kien phii hdp cho titng cpng dong dan tpc, tiing dia phudng.
Cin CO cfin bp trong cac ban ngfinh dofin the Ifi ngUdi dan tpc thie'u so', mfit can bp giam ngheo CO sd ban/Iang co trinh dp nhfin thiic tot.
dupc huclng cfic chfnh sach ilu dfii di dam bao cong tic.
Huy d$ng pbi^ nQ thong qua cac khdi dofin t h 4 chd Jf tuydn truye'n de dat muc tieu.
4. K^T LUAN
Si^ tham gia ciia c^ng dong cac dan tpc vfio cfic bo^t d$ng giam nghdo con thu ddng, han cbd^, tfim 1^ y lai cdn cao, nhfin thdc con thip, nhiiu ngUdi/gia dinh chua bi^t lfim fin. Cpng dong cfic dfin tpc (nhfit Ifi nhdm dfin tpc thieu sS) chi tham gia cfic ho^t d^ng giam nghdo khi cd sU buy dOng ciia can bd hofic mi§n cudng tham gia/thfim chf khdng mud'n triln khai cfic boat dpng giam nghdo.
O Xin Min cpng dong dUdc huy dpng dong gdp siic lao dpng Ifi chinh con Dfi Bfic ddng gop chu yfi'u bfing tien. Cpng dong d Xin Min tham gia cfic boat dpng tich cilc vfi nbi^t tinh hdn, huy dpng cung de hdn d Dfi Bfic. Nguyen nhfin do chinh sfich huy dpng ngudi dfin cua hai huyen co sU khfic nhau: d Xin Min huy dpng sU tham gia cua cpng dong dong gdp thong qua siic lao dpng, vfit lieu sfin co, cpng dong trUc tiep thuc men cong trinh, huyfin lfim chii d i u tU vfi thi cong ...
d Da Bfic xu huy dong cpng dong dong gdp bang tien, hofic ngfiy cong (it). Do do si^ tham gia cua cfing d6ng d Dfi Bfic mang tinh bfit bupc vfi huy dpng ngUdi dan kho khfin hdn.
Chinh sach Ifi yd'u to' anh hudng ldn nhfi't trii kfi't qua buy dgng sU tham gia cua cpng dong vao cfic boat dong phat trien kinh td' trong cac chUdng trinh giam ngheo.
De huy dong sU tham gia ciia cpng dong cac dan t^c, m§t so' giai phfip dUdc dita ra nhd: ho tr(? xfiy di^ng cd sd ha ting; nfing cao nfing lUc;
trao quyfi'n; vay vo'n liu dai; khuyfi'n nong; ho trd diu vfio san xufi't; cd che chinh sfich; cung cfip thfing tin; tfing cudng hen kd't; tfing cUdng can bO trong cfic ban ngfinh dofin t b i Ifi ngudi dan tpc thieu so; cfin bp giam ngheo cd sd d ban lfing;
huy dpng nd gidi. Cac giai phap cfin thuc bifin dong b§ de buy d^ng co hieu qua sU tham gia cua cpng d6ng gdp phin x6a ddi giam nghdo.
Doi vdi cac tinh mifi'n nui phfa Bfic: ngoai thay dfi'i chinh sach buy dfing, cin thay doi each 258
Liru Thj Tho vfi Phgm Bfio Duong
thdc d i u td. Do dia binh, kinb te khd khfin nfin sU ho trd cin tfip trung, long ghdp lai de dat hieu qua cao bdn.
TAI L I E U THAM KHAO UBND huy^n Da Bfic. Bao c i o tong ket cfing tfic gifim
ngheo huy?n Da B5c nfim: 2009, 2010, 2011, UBND huy?n Xin M^n. Bao cao tong k^t cdng tfic
gifim ngheo huy§n Xfn M i n nfim: 2009, 2010, 2011.
Do Kim Chung (2010), M0t s6 v i n d^ 1^ lu&n v i thyc din h5 trg gifim nghfio vfi d^u tu cfing cho gifim ngheo. T^ip chi khoa hpc va phit tri^n, 8(4): 708- 718.
Ph^m Bfio Duong (2010), Nghien cim co che chinh sfich gifim nghfio cho tinh Hfi Giang, Dk tai nghien cihj, Tlnh Hfi Giang vfi C o quan phSt trien SIDA tai trp, 2010,
Nguyln Thj Oanh (1995), Bai giing Phfit trien cpng dfing, Tnrdng d^i hpc md TP. H 6 Chi Minh, Ph^m H^ng Tung (2009). Cpng dfing: khfii ni§m, cfich
ti^p c$n va phan lo^i trong nghien cUu". Thflng tin khoa hpc xfi h$i, sfi 12.
Tfing Cyc thfing kg (2011), Nien giim thfing ka tinh Hoa Binh 2011, Nien giam thfing ke tlnh Ha Giang 2011, Nien giim thfing ke 2010, 2011, NXB Thong ke.
http://www,vjol.info/index,php/ssir/article/view/31S9/3 108, ngay tniycgp 18/9/2011.