DAC T R I T N G CO BAN CUA CHINH QUYEN NHA NU^6C TRONG LICH SU^ VUNG DAT NAM BO VIET NAM
Nguyin Thi VietHucmg"
Tom tat: Bai viet phdn tich cdc dgc diim ca bdn vi td chuc chinh quyin nhd nudc trong lich sir viing ddt Nam Bo tu ddu cdng nguyen din truac ndm 1945 tren ca sa mo td nhung dudng net chinh cua buc tranh toan canh vi trgng thdi td chuc chinh quyen vung Nam Bo ^ua cdc giai dogn chu yeu. Tic do, bdi viet g(ri md mpt cdch nhin tham chieu tie lich sir den hien tgi trong bdi canh ddi mai td chuc vd hogt dong cua 6p may nhd nudc d nudc ta hien nay.
Abstract: The article analyses principal characters of government organisation in the history of the Southern part of Vietnam from the beginning of the Common Era until 1945 on the basis of the description of such organisation in main periods. It then provides some hints for the reform of organisation and activities of Vietnamese government today
V
ung dat Nam Bo la mpt bp phan khong the tdch roi cua lanh tho Vi?t Nam. Cung giong nhu cac viing mien khac, viing d^t Nam Bp c6 mot qua trinh lich sir lau dai vol nhung trang sii hao hiing, gop phan tao dimg nen dien mac ciia ca dan toe Viet Nam thong nhat.Trong qua trinh ton tai lau dai cua lich su vimg Nam Bp tir nhung the ky dau Cong nguyen d i n 1945, th6 chi chinh tri noi chung, t6 chuc chinh quyen nha nuoc noi rieng CO kha nhiSu net dac thii. Do la nhung ylu t6 n6i bat, nhlt quan, va ton tai trong mpt thcfi gian dai, mang tinh khu biet vdi cac yiu t6 ciing loai a cac khu vuc khac.
D6ng thai, 6 moi giai doan phat trien khac nhau, lich su t6 chiic chinh quySn Nam Bp cung CO nhung di biet nhlt dinh. Vi vay, that kho xac dinh nhiing dac tnmg nao noi bat, CO thS quan .xuyen toan bp lich sir 2000 nam ciia chinh quyln nha nuoc viing Nam Bp, ma chi co t h i noi d i n nhung yeu to noi trpi nhAt, dong vai tro chii yeu nhat trong ' PGS.TS.,Vi§n Nhi nir6c va Phap luat.
vi^c tao dung dien mao rieng biet ciia chinh quyen vung dat nay.
1. To chii-c va hoat dpng cua chinh quyen viing N a m Bo p h a n Snh r a t d^m net nh&ng dac diem cua cau t r u e kinh te - xa hpi Nam Bo
Anh hudng chi phoi ciia cau tnic kinh te - xa hpi la dac trung chung cho su hinh thanh va phat trien cua mpi to chiic nha nuoc. Tuy nhien, tai vimg dat Nam Bo, v6i nhung bien CO thudng xuySn, manh mS cua qua trinh lich sir va luon keo theo nhung thay doi dpt biSn cua ciu true kinh t l - xa hpi thi anh hudng nay the hien rat sau sac, dam net, gop mpt phan quan trpng vao viec dinh hinh dien mao cua chinh quyen nha nudc.
Trong buoi binh minh cua Hch su Nam Bo, yeu to kinh te hang hoa dS phat trien dan den quan he sd huu, quan he kinh te, quan he giai cap d day mang sSc thai rieng.
Dieu nay da mang lai cho to chirc nha nudc Phu Nam mpt dang ve khac bi?t vil nhihig budc di rieng biet. Nha nudc Phu Nam phat trien khong chi dua tren to thu6 tir hoat
NHA NVdC VA PHAP LUAT SO 8/201S dpng canh tac dat nong nghiep (hoat dpng nay cdn manh miin, phan tan), ma cdn va chii yeu la thue tir hoat dpng thu cong nghiep, dac biet la thuang nghiep. Khong can dSn mgt mo hinh tap trung cao dp, khong cin mpt he thong hanh chinh chat che va dat trpng tam su quan tam cua nha nudc trudc het vao viec to chiic cac thuang dilm thu thul, mot cong cu cuong che du manh (ve quan su, phap luat) de bao dam led ich cua nha nudc den tir nguon thu nay... chinh la su lira chpn hap ly trong mot khong gian kinh te - xa hpi ndi tren.
Su phat trien manh me ciia vuong quoc Phil Nam de trd thanh cudng quoc d khu vuc Dong Nam A vdi trung tam nam d vimg Nam Bp chinh la ket qua ciia toe dp phat trien quan he tu hihi tren nen kinh te hang hoa, tao ra tiem luc kinh te cpng v6i kha nang giao luu md (ciing la he qua cua kinh te hang hoa). Nhieu vung dat d ban dao Ma Lai, ha luu song Me Nam, luc dia Campuchia... da bi le thupc vao Phii Nam.
Quan ly mpt vimg lanh tho rpng Idn van tren nen cua su quan tam nhieu den kinh te hang hoa noi rieng, kinh te bien noi chung nen su tiep noi mo hinh to chiic va quan ly khong tap trung cao dp lai la mot lira chpn thich hpp nira ciia nha nudc Phii Nam.
Din thi ky XVI, XVII, ngudi Viet vao Nam Bp. Luc nay quan he sd huu, cau triic kinh te - xa hpi co dac trung mdi. Nen kinh te nong nghiep ducrc phat trien dua tren nhung khai pha ve dat dai vdi quy mo khai pha va quy mo sd him rupng dat Idn. Cau true xa hpi thiet lap tren moi quan he cua nhimg ngudi nong dan - luu dan mang theo tu tudng tu do, phieu luu vai tinh each can trudng, lieu ITnh va mpt tam tudng luon nhd ve que huong ban quan phuong bic... Tit ca nhung thay doi tao nen to chuc lang thon
mdi, mang liinh anh truyln thong ciia ngudi nong dan chau thd Bic Bp. Tir cac lang th6n ban dau nay, chinh quyln chua Nguyen dS thiet lap nen cac dan vi hanh chinh cap co sd. Cau tnic cac dan vi hanh chinh mang nhieu sac thai Bac Bp, trudc het la cac dan vi hanh chinh co sd. Mat dp cac dan vi hanh chinh khong day dac. Moi quan he quyln luc giira trung uong cua chinh quyen Diing trong vdi cac dan vi hanh chinh Nam Bo tucmg doi long leo tren nen cau triic ciia timg don vi hanh chinh deu d trang thai md, chap nhan su giao luu. Mac dii cac don vi hanh chinh da duac thiet lap tir c3p thon xa den phu huyen va tran, nhung chinh quyln Dang trong het sue Iinh dpng, chua can thiep sau vao cong viec- npi bp ciia thon/xS, danh quyen cho cac thon/xa sir dung cac thiet che phi quan phuang de quan Iy npi bp thon/xa tren ea sd dam bao cac nghia vu d6i vdi nha nudc.
Nam Bp trong thai ky nha Nguyen tiep tuc phat trien cd ke thira clu true kinh tl - xa hpi cua thdi ky trudc. Kinh tl lay nong nghiep lam chu dao nhung thuang nghi?p tiSp tuc phat trien manh nhat vdi vai tro quan trpng cua cac thuang nhan Hoa kieu.
Cau tnic xa hpi rat phiic tap vdi nhieu bp phan, tang Idp hpp thanh, nhung cd dac diem chung la bat dau the hien ro y muon hudng tSm, chap nhan su quy tu dudi chinh quyen trung uong thong nhat de gia tang on dinh va phat trien kinh te ciia timg bp phan giai cap trong cau tnic do.
Bien dpng lich sir vdi sir kien thuc dan Phap xam luac, chiem Nam ky luc tinh va ap dat chi do cai tri thupc dia da mpt mat lam bien dang toan bp cau tnic hanh chinh trudc dd, mat khac tao lap nen mpt cau true hanh chinh mdi dugc quy dinh bdi nhimg thay ddi trong elu tnic kinh tl - xa hpi hoan
DAC TRtfNG CO BAN CUA . toan do he qua ciia chinh sach cai tri va khai
thac vimg thupc dia. Quan he sd hihi dac tnmg la sd hina tu nhan tu ban din hinh thanh va phat triln so ky. Nam Bg xult hien nhung luc lugng xa hpi hoan toan mdi.
"Mpt bp phan trong tang lap tu san giau cd d Nam ky da tham gia chinh tri kha sdm va hp da to chiic nen mpt so dang phai chinh tri"'. B6i canh kinh tl - xa hgi khac biet do dan den mo hinh cau tnic ehinh quyln Nam ky thupc dia dugc to chiic theo hinh anh cua md hinh dang dugc ap dung phd biln tai cac thupc dia ciia Phap cd mang mgt so yeu td dan chii tu san, lihimg lai ddng thdi chiu anh hudng cua cac thiet che truyen thdng ciia Nam Bg ma cho den luc do chua thue su bi giai the, nen lai la mdt cau tnic lip ghep, mpt ban sao kem chat lugng ciia cac md hinh ma nd tiep thu. Tuy nhien, nhin tir phuong dien khac thi chinh cau tnic lap ghep dd cua chinh quyen Nam Bp lai la su phan anh kha trung thuc co cau kinh te - xa hpi mang nhieu manh chap va cua Nam Bp thdi ky nay.
2. Tinh da d^ng va luon bien doi ciia chinh quyen nha nu&c la dac tinh noi troi, chi phoi ddi song chinh tri Nam Bo trong lich sir
Mo thiic ehinh tri - phap ly xuat hien dlu ti6n trong lich sii vimg Nam Bd can ban thugc vl mo hinh quan chii phan tan, phat trien theo xu thi dan thdng nhat quyen lire ve trung uong, dung dlu la nha vua.
Giai doan Thiiy Chan Lap la giai doan khd doan dinh nhat ca ve sir trinh hien thue te ciia to chirc chinh quyen, ca ve tinh chat va eau tnic ciia md hinh nha nudc. Khdng ' Nguyen Dinh Le, Ca cdu xa hgi Nam Icy trong thai C^" iioi, in trong MQI SO vdn de ijch su vting ddt Nam Bp thai ky Cgn dgi, Hpi Khoa hpc lich su Vi?t Nam.tr. 168.
thi suy dien mdt each chu quan tir viec xem xet mo hinh nha nudc Luc Chan Lap, vi tren thuc tl ro rang Thiiy Chan Lap khac vdi Luc Chan Lap d nhilu dilm lien quan den td chiic nha nudc, tham ehi su khu biet edn Idn hem khi su sach Tnmg Hoa da phan biet hai ten gpi nay. Den khi cae chiia Nguyen xac lap anh hudng tai Nam Bd va giiip dd cac phe canh khac nhau d Chan Lap van con thIy su sach Viet Nam ghi lai hien tugng vi vua Idn nhat {chinh vuang) ddng do d Luc Chan Lgip, edn vi vua thir hai {pho vuang) ddng do d Sai Gdn, la mien Nam Bp. Do do, dudng nhu trong each td ehiic nha nudc Chan Lap cd su khac biet giiia hai khu vuc:
trong npi dia Chan Lap va d Nam Bg - viing dIt do xam chiem dupc ma cd. Bi kem vdi nhung bieu hien ciia su phan biet ndi tren la su trinh hien thuc te trang thai hoang hda, gan nhu khdng ed sir quan ly cua vimg Nam Bd khi cac luu dan ngudi Viet, ngudi Hoa, ngudi Java... dat chan den khai pha viing dat nay. Toan bg hien trang do cho phep dat ra mdt kha nang: vimg Nam Bp trong giai doan Thuy Chan Lap nlm trong su cai quan het siic long leo cua nen quan chii Chan Lap. Khdng ban den nen quan chu Chan Lap ed cau tnic cu the ra sao nhung cd thi chac chan rang, mdi quan he quyen lyc giiia nen quan chii Chan Lap vdi khu vuc Thiiy Chan Lap la bieu hien ciia nen quan chu phan tan, cat eii, trong dd vai trd ciia vuang quyen hau nhu khdng cd tac dgng dang ke tdi ddi sdng chinh tri - kinh te - xa hdi. Dieu dd ciing cd nghTa la, md thiie td chiic ehinh quyen thdi vuong qudc Phii Nam - xet thuan tiiy tir phuang dien tinh chit - vin cdn ed anh xa cua nd trong tuang quan quyen luc giiia chinh quyen trung uong Chan Lap va khu vyc Thuy Chan Lap - NamBp.
NHA NlfdC VA PHAPLUATSd8/2015
Bang chinh sach di dan lan dat va su dung luc lupng quan sy de bao ve vung dat mdi ciing nhu gay ap lyc vdi Chan Lap de thau tdm quyln lyc, cac chiia Nguyin da xae lap mgt md thiic to chiic chinh quyln doe dao cho Nam Bd gan nhu trong sudt thdi ky tu thi ky XVII din dlu thi ky XIX.
Dd la chinh quyln quan ehinh dien hinh.
Dac trung ndi bat ciia md hinh quan chinh la su tham gia ciia cac vQ tudng trong hoat dpng quan ly nha nudc. Cac vd tudng la chd dya cua nha nudc quan chu, vira nam quyen chi huy quan su tai don vi h^nh chinh eiia nha nudc quan chii de bao ve dat dai, trien khai cac hoat dpng lln dat ciing nhu td chiic binh Iinh lap ddn dien tren viing dat mdi khai pha, vira thay mat cho chinh quyen quan chii dl thyc thi chiic nang quan ly nha nudc tai dia ban dupc giao phd (ehu yeu la thu thue).
Su kien thdng nhat toan bd dat nudc va xac lap vuang trieu Nguyen da dan den trang thai thdng nhat ve eau tnic chinh tri - phap ly tren toan bg lanh thd. Nam Bd timg budc gia nhap vao nen hanh chinh thdng nhat ciia ca nudc, khac phuc dan nhiJng di biet. Sau mpt giai doan chuyen tiep ngan vao dau trieu Nguyen, md hinh quan chinh Nam Bd da hda nhap va trd thanh mot bp phan cua md hinh quan ehu tap quyen phong kien nha Nguyen. Tuy nhien, ngay ca ddi vdi giai doan nay thi tinh chit quan chinh trong td chirc va hoat dgng ciia chinh quyln viing Nam Bd cimg ehua phai da that su mdt dang hoan toan.
Nam Bd mpt lan niia bi taeh ra va tren CO sd do, eau tnic ehinh quyen lai bi biln dpng sau sac vdi qua trinh xam luge va eai tri ciia thyc dan Phap ddi vdi Nam ky luc tinh. Md hinh cau tnic chinh tri - phap ly
thudc dia dugc dua vao Nam Bd mgt each khien cudng do qua trinh xam luge Viet Nam ciia Phap. Trong cau tnic nay, nhiing yeu td da bi gian luge ciia nIn cdng hda dai nghi theo the che dan chii tu san dugc du nhap, tdn tai dan xen vdi nhiing hinh anh md nhat ciia cac yeu td chinh tri thupc nen quan ehu phong kien tap quyen va tham chi ca nhiing y8u td cd him cua thiet che chinh tri truySn thdng dang trong qua trinh giai thS.
Mae dil tinh da dang va ludn bien doi ciia chinh quyen nha nudc la mgt dac trung ndi bat cua lich sir vung dat Nam Bd, nhung ciing dl nhan thay md hinh quan chinh vdi nhiing hinh anh dam nhat khac nhau la mo thiic td chiic chinh quyen dien hinh va phd biln nhlt, khdng chi the hien dp dai ve thdi gian ma cdn thS hien d dp sau eua khong gian, tiic la d dp dam net ciia cac yeu td cau thanh no. Vai trd cua quan dpi va vi tri ciia cac vd tuang gan nhu quan xuyen toan bp cac linh vuc quan ly nha nudc d viing Nam Bd trong thdi ky chinh quyen Dang trong cua cac ehiia Nguyen. Trong cac giai doan phat trien khac cua vimg Nam Bd, quan dpi va ngudi dung dau luc lupng quan sy luon cd mdt vi tri dang ke trong td chiic va hoat ddng ciia chinh quyen nha nudc.
Tit nhien, khi noi ddn md hinh quan chinh trong td chiic nha nudc Nam Bg khdng ed nghia la td chiic nha nudc vg m^t dan sy khdng tdn tai. 6 day, md hinh nay chi nhan manh den vai trd eua ngudi dung dlu Nam Bd d cap vung, hay cac cap tinh, huyen, phii, chau..., cung nhu quyen lyc cua td chiic quan dpi trong khdng gian chinh tri hanh chinh d Nam Bp. Mac nhien, td chiic hanh chinh dan su trong chinh quyln d Nam Bp van tdn tai dl giai quylt cac cdng viSc cy thi Hen quan den thu thue,
DAC TRUING ca BAN CUA . phat trien kinh tl, xS hdi va cac thii tuc hanh
chinh khac.
3. To chirc chinh quyen vung Nam B$ luon ton tsii sy khac Met nhung khong tach biet khoi he thong chinh quyen chung trong ca niro'c
Nam Bd duai thdi vuong qudc Phu Nam d giai doan the ky I din thi ky III dugc td chiic kha gidng vdi cac qudc gia Van Lang - Au Lac d mien Bae, Lam Ap - Cham Pa d mien Trung. Dd la to chiic chinh quyen vira thoat ra khdi che dp cdng xa thi tpc, nhiing lien ket thi tdc va cpng ddng van cdn dua tren sy sd huu tu nhan manh miin.
Song tu the ky III trd di, Phii Nam trd thanh de qudc vdi Nam Bp la trung tam, each thiic td chiie chinh quyen theo md thiic quan chu phan tan mang nhieu dang dap cua md hinh mandala da the hien su khac biet han so vdi qudc gia Van Lang - Au Lac, tuy cd mpt sd diem tuang ddng vdi Lam Ap - Cham Pa.
Thdi diem nay, nhihig khac biet tren dai the khdng Idn, nhung chac chan cd sy khac nhau trong nhung cau tnic hanh chinh - chinh tri nhd hem.
Chan Lap xam luge Phu Nam, viing Nam Bd - Thuy Chan Lap gan nhu thoat ly khdi ddi sdng chinh tri khu vyc, tuy co the doan dinh d miic dg nhat dinh nhihig am hudng cua md hinh chinh tri - phap ly An Dp ciing ghi dlu d Nam Bg thdng qua sy anh hudng ciia nd tdi md hinh nha nudc Chan Lap. Trong khi dd, d phia Bac roi vao trang thai le thudc vao phuang Bac sudt 1117 nam sy ap hue dan tgc dugc ap dung thdng qua chinh quyen va phap Iuat eua the ehl phong kiln phuang Bac ma chii ylu la md hinh chinh tn - phap ly Trung Quoc.
Ddng thdi vdi qua trinh lich sii dd, Cham Pa van la qudc gia dpc lap va phat trien theo
chieu hudng cd sy tilp thu nhat dinh md hinh chinh tri - phap Iy Ddng Nam A mang it nhieu dang dip mandala. Sy khac bi$t trong cau tnic hanh chinh - chinh tri tao ra nhiing khoang each ngay cang Ion ve phuong dien kinh te - xa hdi giira Nam Bg vdi cac khu vuc khac cua Viet Nam.
Su khac biet trong cau tnic hanh chinh
— ehinh tri van tiep tuc bpc Id ngay ca khi ngudi Viet vao khai pha, xae lap chu quyen d Nam Bg va timg budc thiet lap bg may quan ly tai day. Tii cudi thi ky XVII, khi ngudi Viet vao thiet lap cac don vi hanh chinh dau tien d Nam Bg den nam 1802 thi d phia bae sdng Gianh, td chiic chinh quyen cua vua Le - chiia Trinh da rat hoan bi, quy cii va tao thanh he thdng thdng nhat, dugc ke thua tir md hinh nha nudc quan chu quan lieu thai Le so cd mang nhieu am hudng ciia nen quan chii t ^ quyen Trung Hoa. Tai Nam Bg thi khac. Nam trong sy thdng nhat ve nguyen ly tri dao vdi vai trd quyen lyc tdi cao thudc ve cac chiia Nguyen, nhung Nam Bd la vimg dat dugc hudng quy che rieng va theo dd Nam Bp cd cau tnic hanh chinh - ehinh tri dpc dao, rieng biet. Dieu nhan manh d day la, sy khac biet nay dugc tao lap tir hai phia. Tir phuong dien khach quan, sy khac biet cua Nam Bg dugc quy dinh bdi dac tnmg vimg mien. Tir phuong dien chii quan, sy khac biet cua Nam Bg dugc xac lap bdi y chi cua chii the quyen luc thdng qua nhung chinh sach co chii dich va tuang ddi nhat quan ddi vdi Nam Bg.
Sau khi thdng nhlt dIt nuoc vao nam 1802, md hinh quan chinh Nam Bd dugc trilu Nguyen van dung cho ca Bac Bp do BIC Bd ciing da roi vao trang thai gidng Nam Bd trong mdi quan he vdi ehinh quyen tnmg uong. Tuy nhien, md hinh quan chinh
NHA NUdiC VA PHAPLUATSO 8/2015 Nam Bd ciing biln thai kha nhieu khi dugc ap dung tai Bac Bd va tren thyc te thi ciing chi dugc ap dung mdt thdi gian ngan cho den trudc cai each hanh chinh eiia Minh Menh.
Td chirc nha nudc Nam Bd sau cai each hanh chinh eua Minh Menh da hda nhap thdng nhat trong khung canh toan Viet Nam. Liic nay. Nam Bd dugc td chiic gidng vdi eac khu vyc khac tren lanh thd Viet Nam, nhung each td chiic chinh quyen van cd nhiing diem rieng. Diem ndi bat chinh la d don vi cap ca sd: don vj cap ca sd d mien Bac, mien Trung la cap xa, nhung d Nam Bp lai chii yeu mang ten gpi la thdn.
Thdi Phap thudc, ve hinh thiic td chiic ehinh quyen thi sy khac biet giiia Nam Bg va cac khu vuc khac la het siic ro net. Vdi quy ehe chinh tri - phap ly danh cho thudc dia, chinh quyen nha nudc vimg Nam Bd td chiic theo md hinh chinh quyen thudc dia, khac han vdi md hinh "bao hd" d Bic ky va Trung ky, ddng thdi ciing khac vdi cac khu vyc thupc Lien bang Ddng Duong tren cac phuong dien va d cac cap dp. Thyc dan Phap coi Nam ky la dIt Phap hai ngoai, diing dau la Thdng ddc, chiu trach nhiem tryc tilp trudc Tdng thdng Phap. Sy phat trien ciia kinh te, xa hpi Nam ky do cac Hdi ddng tu van kinh te, xa hdi, giao due tryc thupc cap ky tu van cho Thdng ddc quylt dinh. Ngudi chii thyc sy ciia Nam ky la Phap, ngudi Viet khong cd vai trd gi trong chinh quyln nay. Ngugc lai d BIC ky, Trung ky la dIt bao hg ciia Phap, ehinh quyen nha Nguyen vin tdn tai ben canh vai trd cua cae quan chiic Phap.
Sy khac biet giiia md thiic td chuc chinh quyen vimg Nam Bg so vdi eac khu vuc khac hoan toan khong ddng nghTa vdi viec bd may chinh quyen tai khu vuc nay
tdn tai trong thi tach biet vdi he thdng chinh quyen ehung cua ea nudc. Trai lai, tru giai doan dau ciia sy hinh thanh va tdn tai nha nudc ma tu lieu hien cd khdng cho bilt dugc nhieu tiii nhiing giai doan phat triln sau dd, chinh quyen vung Nam Bp ludn la mdt bd phan khdng tdch rdi ciia he thdng chinh quyen ca nudc. Dieu nay cd thi dugc minh chiing bang nhieu bieu hien.
Thii nhdt, bat dau tir mia cudi ciia the ky XVII, vdi tinh each la mgt vung lanh thd thudc chu quyen ciia m0t trung tam quyln lyc th6ng nhat. Nam Bd khdng thi phat trien theo mdt dudng huong rieng de tien tdi mgt the che chinh tri khac biet tdi miic dgc lap vai cae vimg lanh thd khac. Tren thye te. Nam Bp cd cau tnic don vi hanh chinh va md hinh quan ly tuan theo nhimg nguyen ly tri dao chimg cua chu the quyen luc.
Thu hai, trong lich sir, Nam Bd la vung dat xa trung tam nhimg ludn hi trung tSm quyen lyc kiem soat va rang bupc blng cac hinh thiic khac nhau. Ngay ca trong nhihig thdi ky ma chinh sach rang budc Idng Bo the hi6n rat dien hinh thi su kilm soat d miic dp vT md van tuong ddi chat che.
Chang han: che dp quan chinh trao quyln lyc qua Idn vao tay cac vo tudng d Nam Bg se de dpa quyen lyc ciia chinh quyln trung uong nen ben canh qudc phap ky cuong, trieu dinh Dang trong ludn de cao dao nghTa cuong thudng de rang bupc hp. Ndi each khac, vdi nhieu co chi va hinh thiic kilm soat dugc thuc hien, ddi sdng ehinh tri - phap ly ciia Nam Bd ludn nlm trong thi kit dinh vdi cac vimg mien khac ciia dat nudc.
Thu ba. Nam Bp trd thdnh mgt khu vye hanh chinh cd td chiic chat che chii ylu nhd vao ket qua ciia hoat dgng khai hoang lap ap ciia nhieu nhdm dan cu, trong do tpc ngudi
B4C TRUNG COBAN CUA ...
Viet cd ngudn gde tir vimg BIC Bd va vung Thuan Quang ddng vai trd ehii ylu. Khi di khai pha va cpng cu tai viing dat mdi, ngudi Viet mang theo hinh anh cua cdu tnic lang xa truyen thdng phia Bac cung vdi tam tudng vl mdt quoc gia thdng nhlt bao gdp cac don vi cdng cu cua hp. Vi thi, eho dii bi chi phdi bdi dae trung vung dan din su da dang cua don vi hanh chinh co sd ea vl ten ggi, quy md to ehiic, cau tnic bg may quan ly, mdi lien he vai chinh quyln d p tren..., nhung tren nhiing net co ban, hoan toan cd the nhan dien dugc su tuong ddng giiia td chiic thdn/xa d Nam Bg vdi lang xa vung Bac Bd. Tren thyc te, cho dii cd mgt clu tnic md cd v6 khdng gian va tinh chat ciing nhu sy rdng budc long leo eua chinh quyen trung uong dugc duy tri trong phan lan lich su phdt tridn chinh quyen viing Nam Bg, nhung tinh than hudng tam van la xu hudng chii dao, ty giac trong mdi quan he giira Nam Bd va toan qudc.
4. Cau true chinh quyen vung Nam Bp la mot cau triic md, tiep nhan anh hudng tir nhieu mo thirc td chirc chinh quyen khac nhau
clu tnic md ciia don vi hanh chinh va tren dd la dp md cua bd may chinh quyln viing Nam Bg Id mdt dac trung dl nh$n bilt.
Dac trung ndy ciing la he qua tryc tiep ciia qud trinh timg budc thilt lap vd cung cd chinh quyln tren vimg ddt Nam Bd dien ra ddng thdi vdi qua trinh giao luu thdng thoang vdi cdc nen vdn hod ehinh tri - phdp ly d cac khu vuc lan bang.
Nam Bp Id vimg dat mdi, timg budc gia nh$p vdo nIn hdnh chinh chung ciia cd nudc sau cd qua trinh ddi ciia lich sur. Cd the vi Nam Bd trudc khi thupc chii quyen ciia chinh quyln cac chiia Nguyen gidng nhu
mdt mien so khdi, it cd tinh each chinh tri - phap ly rieng va vi vay rat de tiep nhdn.
Trudc do niia, vac giai doan vuang quoc Phu Nam, do dac tinh giao luu cua mdt viing cang thi cd kinh tl hang hod phdt trien nen dp md ciia cdu true hdnh chinh - chinh tri cung cd bien dp rlt Idn.
Trong qua trinh lich sir, anh hudng ciia md hinh chinh tri - phdp ly Ddng Nam A ddi vdi eau tnic chinh tri - phdp ly viing Bac Bp, xet tCr phuang dien quan phuang ciing nhu phi quan phuong deu rat md nhat.
Trong khi dd, nhd vao dae thii khu vyc dia ly nhung quan trgng nhat la nhd vao dac trung md cua van boa vimg nen Nam Bp Id nai ghi dau kha ro nhiing yeu to cua md Iiinh chinh tri - phap ly Ddng Nam A, mac dil md hinh ndy chua bao gid ddng vai trd la md hinh chinh thdng.
Tien vao Nam Bp trong boi canh cdc nha nudc Ddng Nam A cd dai da lan lugt lan ra vd budc vao giai doan trung dai rdi can dai, ngudi Viet vdi thiet che tu tudng Nho giao "vd than" da cd dugc mgt Igi khi de khdng gay ra nhiing xung dot tdn gido - tpc ngudi tren con dudng md nudc ve phuang nam. Tuy nhien, sy tiep xiic vdi ngudi Chdm, ngudi Khmer vd cd ngudi Hoa d Hoa Nam tdi ty nan chinh tri the ky XVII - XVIII rdi di tni kinh tl thi ky XVHI - XX eung tdc dgng tdi cdc thiet che xa hpi, trong do cd thiet che nhd nudc cua ngudi Viet. CJ Nam Bd dudi thdi Ddng trong, he thdng dinh tran ddm nhiem ludn cd chiic ndng cua he thdng phu huyen, Dieu khien Gia Dinh rdi Dieu khien Ngii dinh gan nhu cd toan quyen ve hdnh chinh, ngoai giao, qudn sy, tu phap; tuy Id nhiing dac trung cua che dp qudn chinh nhung lai gidng md hinh chinh tri - phdp ly Ddng Nam A d chd ky thuat
NHA NUdc VA PHAP LU^TSO 8/2015
hanh cliinh rlt don gidn, quy che nghi thiic khdng rudm rd. Mgt vi du khac: do nhiing dieu kien lich sit dae thii cua qua trinh khai thdc phuang nam, viec chiem hiiu rupng dat d Nam Bd trudc Cach mang Thang Tam cd nhung yeu td eiia hinh thiic lanh dia, theo dd dia chu cd quyen han vdi ndng dan - td dien khdng nhiing ve kinh te md edn it nhieu ve ca nhan than. Day chinh la dnh phdn nhieu mdu cua thiet che nhd nudc Ddng Nam A vdn thira nhan che do nd le, tuy khong dugc edng khai nhung ciing khdng bi chinh thiic ngan cam trong he thdng phap luat Viet Nam thdi phong kiSn.
Cd le vi vay, den thdi Phap thudc d mien Tay Nam Bp cd khong it dia chu ngang nhien cudp doat vg con td dien, cdn d mien Ddng Nam Bg gidp gidi vdi Campuchia trudc 1945 rdi rac ciing cd hien tugng nudi ban nd le ngudi dan tdc it ngudi.
Dil mudn mang han nhung Nam Bd dd tiep thu khd manh nhiing yeu td ciia md hinh chinh tri - phdp ly Trung Qudc. Thdng thudng khi ndi tdi md hinh chinh tri -phap ly Trung Quoc la ndi tdi md hiiih td chiic nha nudc quan lieu Nho gido. Tuy nhiSn, qua nhieu ndm phat trien tren co sd de che Trung Hoa dinh hinh tir thdi Tin Han, md hinh dy da trd nen mem deo dung chiia rat nhieu bi6n thdi, mang them rlt nhilu ngoai le, thdm chi trong khdng it trudng hgp nd cdn mang tinh chat phi Nho giao. Vi vay, su anh hudng eiia tinh chit quan lieu Nho giao tir md hinh ehinh tri - phdp ly Trung Qudc chi trinh hien mdt each tuong ddi, mac dii dd la mgt he thdng cd clu tnic todn dien mang tinh phiic hgp vd da lan tda tdi nhilu thilt chi xa hgi khac, vdi nhiing tae dgng chua he gidm thilu cd sau nam 1945 rdi ndm 1954.
Vdi vi€c dp dat bd may cai tri theo quy che thupc dja cua ngudi Phdp tren Nam k^' tir ndm 1862, sy phdt triln ciia thiet che nha nudc d Nam Bg din nam 1945 da budc qua . mdt quy dao hoan toan khdc trudc tren tdt cd cdc mat: tu tudng phap quyen vd h?
thdng phdp luat, nguyen tac td chiic vd cau tnic nha nudc, dpi ngu can bp va ky thuat hanh chinh... Tren ca hai phuong dien xa hdi vd lich sir, md hinh chinh tri - phap ly tu san phuang Tay da cd nhiing dnh hudng tich eye ddi vdi sy phat triln cua thiet chi nhd nudc vimg Nam Bg, nhung ban chit nd dich chinh tri cua thiet ehS nha nudc thupc dia da han che rat nhiSu nhiing kit qud tich eye khdch quan cua he thdng hanh chinh dan chu tu san d Nam ky thudc Phdp trudc Cach mang Thdng Tdm 1945. Tren nhilu khia canh cua ddi sdng kinh tl - xa hgi, sy thay thg khdng toan dien va khdng triSt de ciia the ehe dan chu tu san ddi vdi thilt ehl nhd nudc phong kien da de lai nhieu hau qua lau ddi.
5. Rang buoc Idng leo la phirffng thirc quan h^ ca ban giira trung tam quyen luc nha nudc va chinh quyen vung Nam BQ
Ngay tir dau ciia qud trinh lich sii, mdc du tu lieu khdng cho biet gi nhieu nhung chac chan rang de qudc Phu Nam da khdng that su quan ly chat dugc cac ti^u qudc phu thudc. Dd Id ly do khiln nhilu nha nghien CUU de xuat mdt each hieu ve md thiic to chiic chinh quyen thai ky nay d Phu Nam Id md thirc mandala. Bieu hien ciia su rang budc Idng leo nay khdng dugc biet nhieu nhung hien tugng Chdn Lap - mgt thupc qudc eua Phu Nam tach ra khdi chinh quoc va trd thanh tdn chu ciia chinh qudc eung nhu su tan ra nhanh ehdng cua de qudc Phu
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DAC TRUNG COBAN CUA .
Nam toi miic khdng dl lai dlu In dang kl tren nhiing vung phu thugc tnrdc dd cd thi dugc xem chinh la he qua true tilp ciia md hinh eai tri long leo trong sudt giai doan hung khdi eiia dl qudc - cudng qude Phii Nam.
Chan Lap xam chiem va cai tri Phii Nam trong gin 1000 nam. Nhung cd thi khdng dinh sy cai tri do phin nliilu mang tinh danh nghia. Qua trinh di dan Idn dIt, lap dp cua cac nhdm dan cu khdc nhau ciing nhu qud trinh thiet lap chu quyln eiia cdc chiia Nguyen tren viing dIt Nam Bd hlu nhu khdng vap phai su khang cu nao tir phia chinh quyln Chan Lap chinh la minh ehiing rd net cho trang thdi lien kit long leo giiia chinh quyln trung uong Chan Lap vdi vimg dat Thuy Chan Lap — Nam Bg.
Dudi thdi Dang trong, Nam Bd dugc dp dyng quy ehe cai tri long leo cd chu dich ciia cdc chiia Nguyin. Tinh Idng leo, khdng chat che the hien dac biet ro trong quan he giiia trung uong vdi eac don vi hdnh ehinh dia phuang. Hai nghia vu quan trpng nhlt dugc dat ra ddi vdi cdc don vi hanh chinh d Nam Bd la: 1. Thyc thi cac nghia vu quan sy bao ve bien gidi va sdn sdng can thiet vdo tinh hinh Chdn Lap neu cd yeu cau, va 2. Thu thue.
Muc dp tap tnmg quydn luc ve chinh quyen trung uong da cao han niiieu d giai do^n Nam Bd dat dudi sy qudn tri cua vuong trieu Nguyin trong bdi cdnh dat nudc da thdng nhat cung nhu trong giai doan Nam ky thugc Phap. Tuy nhien, neu ehii y sau hon ve mdi quan h? quyen lye giiia trung uang vd cae cap hdnh chinh d Nam Bg vdn cd the nhan thay. Nam Bp ludn cd mgt tu thi tuong ddi dpc lap hon so vdi td chiire chinh quyln d cdc vung miln khdc ciia
Viet Nam. Trong giai doan nay, su rang budc Idng leo tuy hi thu hep d khdng gian vd d miic dp the hien nhung lai bieu hien sau sac va dam net hon trong nhiing quy md hep eua td chiic chinh quyln, dac biet d elp ehinh quyen co sd. Diln iiinh la ehu truong ciia Phap liie dau dinh nlm chat eac don vi hanh chinh ca sd, thilt kl td chiic vd su van hdnh cua nd theo md hinh clu true chung cua cdc thudc dia kilu mdi bdng cdch tiln hdnh cdi luong huang chinh, nhung rlt nhanh ehdng sau dd, ehinh quyln thye dan phdi quay vl vdi viee duy tri tinh ty quan cua thdn ap Nam Bp, thira nhan quyln qudn ly cua bd may truyen thdng trong thdn Ip vd Igi dyng bd mdy do dl triln khai cdc hoat dgng khai thac vd bde lot.
6. Chu-c nang xac lap va bao toan viing lanh tho luon giir vai tro quan trong trong lich su to chirc chinh quyen vung Nam Bp
Dac thu cua qua trinh hinh thanh, phdt trien vd gia nhap vdo khung canh chung eiia nen chinh tri thdng nhat cua ddt nudc da khien cho chiic ndng xdc lap va bdo todn viing lanh thd Id mpt ehiic nang trpng ylu eua chinh quyen cdc d p viing Nam Bp trong lich sii.
Nam Bd ngay tu giai doan vuong quoc Phu Nam da dien ra hai qud trinh song hanh: md ddt va giu ddt. D I qudc Phii Nam dugc tliiet lap tren ca sd thdn tinh dat dai vd bien cdc khu vyc Idn bang thanh thudc qudc. Ciing chinh de qudc Phu Nam bi suy yeu bdi khdng bdo todn duge vimg lanh thd cua minh.
Giai doan Nam Bd ndm trong dnh hudng cua Chan Lap cung Id giai doan chinh quyen Chan Lap khdng kiem sodt thye te dugc vimg dat nay. Lo dn dinh dan
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NHA NlfdC VA PHAPLUATSO 8/2015
CU, lo chay loan va do dia ban xa each nen chinh quyln Chan Lap de Nam Bd trong tmh trang hoang hod, dan cu thua thdt.
Nhung chinh trong bdi cdnh dd, cu dan Nam Bp vdn co cym lai tren nhiing trien dat thuan Igi cho hoat ddng kinh tl ndng nghiep, bdm dIt, lap Ip va luu giu nhung yeu td van hod Phu Nam cdn di tdn lai.
Nhiing cum cu dan nay la ehiing tich cho sy tdn tai ciia Nam Bg trong sudt thdi gian gdn 10 the ky vd la minh ehung cho siic sdng lau bin ciia nIn vdn hod Phu Nam.
Sy xac lap chu quyen cua eae ehiia Nguyin tren vimg ddt Nam Bd thyc chat la he qua eua chinh sach di ddn khai phd ddt hoang di ddi vdi cac hoat dpng quan sy va ngoai giao de xdm thyc timg budc, lap idng den dau thiet lap don vi hdnh chinh vd td chiic bd mdy quan ly den do. Trong qua trinh dd, vai trd ciia cac cap chinh quyen vung Nam Bd rat quan trpng. Thyc te, khi mgt dan vi hdnh chinh mdi dugc thiet Igp thi do cung la mgt bieu hien va the hien eiia sy can thiep (bang quan sy hoac ngoai giao) eua chinh quyen Ddng trong vdo vimg ddt thudc quyen chi phdi ciia Chan Lap. Mgt dia diem ty cu ndo dd eiia luu dan dugc hinh thdnh do khai hoang cd thi la eac lang xa rdng Idn va tni phii, nhung neu chua cd sy can thiep cua chinh quyen Ddng trong thi ve danh nghia lanh thd dy van bi rang bupc Idng leo bdi chinh quyln Chdn Lap. Nhu vay, chinh su tdn tai thuc tl eiia bd mdy chinh quyen vira la bieu hien vira la dilu kien dam bao cho chu quyen nhd nudc ddi
vdi vimg Idnh thd mdi dugc xdc lap.
Thye ra, khi td chiic bg mdy chinh quyen tai mdt vimg lanh thd nhat dinh ndo dd, the lyc cam quyln ludn hudng tdi thyc hien cd hieu qud chiie nang cai tri vd hoc lot de bdo ve quyen lyc va quyen Igi ciia tap doan thdng tri. Nhung trong bdi canh cua Viet Nam ndi chung, vimg Nam Bg ndi riSng, quyen lyc ciia tap doan thdng tri chi cd the vung manh, quyen Igi eiia tap dodn thdng tri ehi cd the gia tang khi chinh quyln trong tay tdp doan thdng tri dd lam tdt chuc nang dai dien cho cdng ddng va dugc cdng ddng thua nhan. Xet tren binh dien nha nudc, cdc chinh sdch khuyen khich khIn hoang, cac bien phap dn dinh va bao ve ddn cu, cdc hoat dgng qudn su thyc thi de khai phd va bdo ve dIt dai... do chinh quyen cdc cap d Nam Bd thyc hien trong lich sit la thudc ve chiic ndng xa hdi, chiic nang dai dien cua chinh quyen do nd phii hgp vdi igi ich chung ciia dai bd phdn ddn cu Nam Bp.
Chinh vi vay, ddc diem lich sii nay dd gdp phan tao ra mdi lien ket mang tinh ho trg cao giua chinh quydn va ddn cu. Tir mot phuong dien khdc, dac dilm lich sii ndy cung eho thay be day kinh nghiem trong dau tranh md dIt vd giii ddt cua cdc thiet che chinh quyen viing Nam Bp ciing nhu ciia cac bd phdn ddn cu vimg Nam Bd. Day la diem can dugc luru y nhu la su nhan manh mdt yeu td truyen thdng cd y nghTa quan trpng trong xay dyng va phdt huy vai trd nhd nude d viing Nam Bg hien nay.
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