VUONG QUOC DVARAVATI
^VA NHUNG Dl SAN NGHE THUAT
N G O V A N D O A N H *
C
ai ten D v a r a v a t i l i n d i u tien dudc biet rdng rai la khi cac n h a sU hoc dung de dat t e n cho cac t h a n h phd'cd n a m d ddng b a n g h a l u u sdng M e n a m Chao P h r a y a . Cdn chfnh cai t e n D v a r a v a t i nay lai dUdc xua't h i e n tfl r a t lau rdi (vad the' ky 7 CN.) trong ghi chep cua n h a sfl h a n h hudng H u y e n T r a n g ngu'di T r u n g Qud'c de ndi tdi va gpi ten mdt vUdng qud'c (tieng T r u n g Qud'c la To-lo-po-ti) n a m gifla S r i k s h e t r a , t h u dd cua n h a nUdc Pyu d M i a n m a va I s a n a p u r a , t h u dd mdt thdi cua n h a nfldc C h a n L a p d Campuchia*^\Chac chan cai ten nay cd ngudn gd'c An Dp: D v a r a v a t i la t e n k i n h dd h u y e n thoai cua t h a n K r i s h n a ma sfl thi M a h a b h a r a t a t h u d n g md ta. T h a m chf, m a i t a n s a u nay, ten gpi nay cdn dUdc bad luu trong t e n gpi chfnh thflc cua cac k i n h dd nUdc Xiem la A y u t h a y a t h a n h l a p n a m 1350 va Bangkok t h a n h lap n a m 1781. Vf du, t e n chfnh t h u c cua A y u t h y a la K r u n g d e p - D v a r a v a t i - S r i - A y u t h a y a .
The n h u n g , ngoai cai t e n vUdng qud'c dudc n h a sfl h a n h hfldng T r u n g Qud'c ghi lai vao the ky thfl 7, cho den nay, cac n h a khoa hoc h i u n h u k h d n g biet t h e m mpt tai lieu ghi chep nao ndi ve vfldng qud'c D v a r a v a t i . Mac d a u vay, cac di tich va di
vat m a k h a o cd hpc da p h a t h i e n dudc t r o n g n h i e u n a m q u a d a k h a n g dinh, da tflng tdn t a i mpt vfldng qud'c D v a r a v a t i d v u n g h a lflu c h a u t h d sdng M e n a m Chao P h r a y a , tfl L o p b u r i d p h i a b a c de'n R a t b u r i d p h i a t a y v a d e n P r a c h i n d phia ddng. Hdn t h e nfla, cac h i e n v a t k h a c cd hpc cdn cho biet c h u n h a n c u a vfldng qud'c D v a r a v a t i la ngfldi Mdn, nhflng cfl d a n b a n dia lau ddi nha't t r d n g sd' nhflng cfl d a n h i e n n a y d m i e n t r u n g nfldc Xiem va M i a n m a . Gid day, q u a cac t a i lieu k h i d cd hpc, cac n h a k h o a hpc d a k h a n g d i n h chac c h a n r a n g , D v a r a v a t i la da't nfldc cua ngu'di Mdn. T h e nhflng, v a n de d a t r a la, vfldng qud'c D v a r a v a t i r a ddi va p h a t trien nhfl t h e n a o t r o n g q u a n g thdi gian trflde va s a u t h e ky 7 (khi H u y e n T r a n g ghi chep ve D v a r a v a t i ) .
T r o n g lflu vfle sdng M e n a m , cac n h a k h a o cd da p h a t h i e n r a m p t loat cac di chi cd n i e n dai trflde k h o a n g gifla t h e ky 6 nhfl Si Tep, P r a P a t h o m va P o n g Tuk'^'.
Mpt t r o n g nhflng t a c p h a m n g h e t h u a t q u a n t r p n g va cd nha't dfldc p h a t hien d Pong T u k , t i n h K a n c h a b u r i la chiec den ddng cua La Ma. T r e n chiec n i p day le rdt d a u cua chiec den cd h i n h k h u d n m a t mdt vi t h i n cua t h e gidi H y - La. Dudi den
PGSTS Ngo Van Doanh. Vien Nghien cflu Dong Nam A
Ngo Van Doau/i - Vicaiig qudc Dvaravati vd uliilug di sdu ughe thudt 23
gid'ng hinh mdt chiec la cp each dieu vdi hai h i n h cac heo c h a u d i u vao n h a u n i m ddi xflng d h a i ben. Cac n h a nghien cflu chd r i n g , chiec den dfldc l a m d Alechxandria vao nhflng n a m cud'i cua the ky 1 trudc CN. va dudc cac thUdng n h a n An Dp d u a tdi d a t T h a i Lan.
Khdng chi d Pong T u k , ma d nhieu ndi tren dat T h a i Lan, cung da p h a t hien dfldc nhieu tac p h a m n g h e t h u a t cd. Dd la nhflng tfldng P h a t b a n g ddng nhd p h a t hien d N a k h d n R a c h a s i m a (Cdrat), d Sungai (Narathivat)... H i u n h u ta't ca cac tUdng P h a t nay deu thudc n g h e t h u a t Amaravati (the ky 2-3) cua mien n a m An Dp va A n u r a t h a p u r a cua S r i l a n k a (the ky 2-5) vdi nhflng dac trflng phong each nhfl sau: chiec ao tu h a n h nhieu nep xep bd lay cd the rdi v i t qua vai t r a i (vai phai de t r i n ) ; nhflng ldp sdng d i y cua cac nep ao dang len tfl p h i a p h a i cua cd t h e , t r a e qua cd tay phai rdi dd t h a n g xud'ng da't; tay phai cua dfle P h a t dfla len lam ddng tac tra'n an hay t h u y e t p h a p , cdn b a n tay t r a i thi c i m lay mdt d i u mep cua t a m ao.
Ben c a n h nhflng bflc tfldng P h a t cd vdc dang khde cua p h e n g each A m a r a v a t i , tai nhieu ndi d T h a i Lan, nhfl d P r a p a t h o m , Viengsa..., da p h a t h i e n r a nhflng pho tupng P h a t chai chud't va mfldt ma thudc nghe t h u a t G u p t a (the ky 4- 5) cua An Dp. Tai Pong Tuk, ndi t i m t h a y chiec den ddng La Ma, cdn p h a t hien r a n h i e u tfldng nhd thudc p h o n g each H a u G u p t a ( t h e k y 6-8) va p h o n g each P a l a (the ky 8- 9) cua An Dp.
Nhu vay la, cac hien v a t k h a o cd hpc da cho biet, ngay tfl nhflng the ky d i u cdng nguyen, k h u vUc ddng b a n g h a luu sdng Menam da la diem de'n cua lam an, budn
ban... cua n h i e u ngUdi nUdc ngoai, chu yeu la nhflng ngUdi An Dp. The nhUng, mac du cac hien vat dUdc p h a t hien thi nhieu va phong phu, cho den nay, h a u n h u ngUdi ta khdng biet gi ve t a t ca nhflng vUdng qud'c (ca ten nUdc cung n h u ten cac vua) da de lai nhflng da'u tfch cd t r e n . Cd the, theo n h a n xet cua cac n h a khoa hpc, cac nfldc chfla biet ten nay, t r e n thflc te, it nhieu deu cdng n h a n quyen ba chu cua P h u N a m . Chi tfl t h e ky 7, nhflng di chi P h a t giao d P r a P a t h o m va Pong Tuk mdi trd t h a n h mdt bd p h a n cua vUdng qud'c D v a r a v a t i rdi. Cdn Si Tep, ndi chu yeu cd cac i n h h u d n g cua tdn giad Baiamon vdi cac a n h tUdng cua t h i n Visnu, thi da n i m trong de qud'c cua ngUdi Khdme, khi nhflng vi vua cua hp md rdng sU thd'ng tri cua m i n h ve hfldng tay.
Sang va trong t h e ky 8, cho de'n nay, ngfldi ta v a n chfla cd mdt dfl lieu chinh xac nao ve nfldc D v a r a v a t i , ngeai trfl mdt vai tac p h a m dieu khac cd the dUdc xep v i o k h o a n g thdi ky nay. Ngoai ra, mdt t r u y e n t h u y e t p h i n nao cd tfnh chat lich sfl ndi ve mdt doan ngUdi di cU tfl Lavo (Lopburi) do ba h o a n g h a u C h a m m a d e v i dan d i u , da den t h a n h lap t h a n h phd' Haripunjaya (Lampun), ndi ma, den the ky 13, se cd m e t vUdng trieu tri vi ma ngUdi t a biet dUdc qua nhflng bia ly b i n g tie'ng Mdn. Met trdng nhflng n h a vua dfldc ghi lai t r o n g b i e n n i e n sfl cua H a r i p u n j a y a da de lai d L a m p u n nhflng bia ky b a n g tie'ng Mdn p h a lan nhflng doan b a n g t i e n g P a l i . Vi v u a dd la Sabbadhisiddhi, ngUdi de lai hai bia ky cd ghi cac nien dai 1213, 1218, 1219. Nhflng bia ky nay ndi ve cac cdng t r i n h kien true P h a t giao khac n h a u da dUdc xay dUng.
Met trdng nhflng cdng t r i n h dd la Vat
24 Nghien cdu Doug Nam A 9/2009
Kukut (tfldng flng vdi Mahabalachetiya) do vua Adityaraja xay dung**^) Chinh vua Adityaraja la ngfldi da phai dung d i u vdi ngfldi Khdme, khi hp md rdng sfl thdng tri cua minh tdi bien gidi vUdng qudc Haripunjaya vac the ky 12. Sau Sabbadhisiddhi va tdi khi xay ra cupc chinh phuc cua ngUdi Thai, cac bien nien sfl da dUa ra mdt danh sach cac nha vua ma ngUdi ta chi biet den ten gpi.
Trong khi Haripunjaya d phia Bac cdn duy tri sU tdn tai cua minh den tan the ky 12, thi, ngay vao d i u the ky 11, nha nUdc Dvaravati d khu vUc ddng bang ha luu sdng Nenam da hi sap nhap vao de che cua nha nUdc Chan Lap.
Mac diu cac tai lieu lich sfl ve sU tdn tai va phat trien cua nha nUdc Dvaravati h i u nhu khdng cd gi, nhUng, cac di tich va cac di vat khao cd lai la nhflng bang chflng sd'ng ddng va quan trpng ve ddi sd'ng sinh hoat van hda va xa hdi cua ngUdi dan cung nhu trieu dinh Dvaravati. Hdn the nfla, chinh nhflng hien vat khae cd nay da hdp lai de tao thanh mdt trong nhflng trang sfl dep nha't va ddc d i e nha't cua Iich sii nghe thuat cd (giai doan the ky 7- 10) cua khu vUc Ddng Nam A: nghe thuat Dvaravati.
Trong so' nhflng di tfch Mdn Dvaravati d Thai Lan, khu di chi khid cd d Nakhdn Pathdm cd y nghia dac biet. Met trdng nhflng hien vat cd y nghia lich sU quan trpng tim tha'y d day la mdt chiec huy chUdng bac cd khac ddng chfl "Sri Dvaravati Savarapunya" (cd nghia la
"cdng trang ciia vi vua cua Dvaravati").
Do vay, cac nha khoa hpc cho ring, thanh pho' cd Nakhon Pathom cd the la trung tam cua nha nUdc Dvaravati.
Thanh phd'cd Nakhon Pathom n i m g i n
bd bien thdi cd va tflng la mpt cang bien quan trpng trong sud't thdi ky phat trien rUc rd tfl the ky 6 de'n the ky 11. Cd the tha'y sfl hflng thinh cua Nakhen Pathdm cd qua quy md rdng ldn cua tda thanh (3,6km x 2km). Vdi quy md nay, Nakhon Pathom la dd thi cd ldn nha't trflde thdi Ayuthaya hien dfldc biet d Thai Lan.
Nhflng con dfldng thuy ciia thanh phd' vfla thdng ra bien vfla ket ndi vdi cac cdng ddng dan cfl trong da't lien. Nhd cd vi trf nhfl vay, nen Nakhon Pathdm da cd mdt vai trd quan trpng nhfl mdt trung tam thfldng mai thdi cd d khu vfle Ddng Nam A.
Nhflng dd thi cd khac nam g i n dd thi cd Nakhon Pathom cung la nhflng dd thi phat trien cflng thdi vd'i Nakhon Pathom.
Dd la U- thong d Suphanburi, Ku-bua d Ratchaburi va Kampangsaen d Nakhdn Pathom. Nhflng bflc hinh chup tfl tren cao xudng cho tha'y ba dd thi nay cd hinh dang trdn, dvan va vudng. Da'u tich ciia nhflng cdng trinh kien true ben trong cac dd thi cd tren cho tha'y Phat giao la tin ngfldng chinh cua ca ba dd thi va cho tha'y rd nhieu diem tfldng ddng gifla ba dd thi nay.
Nhflng bia ky viet b i n g chfl Mdn cd dfldc tim tha'y d dd thi cd Nakhon Pathom va cac dd thi khac ciia vfldng qud'c Dvaravati da la nhflng cfl lieu quan trpng cho cac nha sfl hpc dung de k h i n g dinh r i n g chu nhan cua van hda Dvaravati la ngUdi Mdn. The nhflng, qua nghien cflu mdt sd nhflng hien vat tim tha'y d Nakhon Pathom, dac biet la nhflng mang trang tri cd hinh ngfldi, cac nha khea hoc nhan tha'y ngfldi dan Dvaravati la nhflng ngfldi thupc nhieu chung tpc k h i c nhau. Cd the ngudi Mdn hay nhflng ngfldi ndi cac thfl tie'ng thudc ngfl he Mdn la tdc ngUdi
Ngd Vau Doaiili - Vicaiig qudi- Dvaravati vd iiliilug di sdu ughe tliiidt 25
c h i n h , n h u n g , t r e n g vUdng qud'c D v a r a v a t i , cdn cd nhflng ngUdi thudc cac tdc ngUdi khac va ngUdi ngoai qud'c.
Cac hinh c h a m k h a c t r a n g tri d cac cdng trinh kien true cd d P r a P a t h d m cho thay ngUdi dan cua t h a n h phd' cd nay khdac len ngUdi minh nhflng t a m vai lam ao quan chfl khdng mac nhflng bd ao q u i n dUdc k h a u san. Bd dd mac dd gdm chiec vay sarong mac ben dudi va chiec k h a n q u a n g vai ben tren. Chiec sarong dUdc t h a t b i n g day, bang dai b a n g hay b a n g day lUng.
P h i n ldn d a n dng va d a n b a khdng mac ao ma de t r i n p h a n cd t h e ben t r e n . Cac dd trang sflc ma ngfldi D v a r a v a t i thfldng dung la vdng cd, vdng tai, day t h a t Iflng va vdng tay. Nhflng chiec vdng deo tai cua Nakhon P a t h o m cd k h a da dang va cd nhieu kieu c i c h khac n h a u .
Mdt ta'm h i n h b a n g vfla dap ndi cua t h a p C h u l a p a t h o m t h e h i e n mdt k i n a r a (ngfldi d a n dng nfla ngfldi nfla chim) dang chdi mdt nhac cu r a t gid'ng vdi nhac cu cd Nam An Dp cd ten la E k a t a n t r i , gid'ng vd'i nhac cu cd ten la Tuila cua Ddng An Dp va gid'ng vdi nhac cu d a n gian cd ten la P h i n - Paei b B i c T h a i Lan.
Tai N a k h o n P a t h o m , c i c n h a k h a o cd da p h a t hien r a t n h i e u cac hien v a t dd gd'm khac n h a u cua thdi D v a r a v a t i . Dd gd'm tim t h a y d N a k h d n P a t h d m p h i n ldn la dd d i t n u n g . T r d n g sd' dd, cd nhieu dd gd'm m a n g cac hoa v a n t r a n g tri cua cac dd gd'm nguyen thuy, vi du n h u hoa van van thflng, hoa van k h a c vach, hoa van sdng nfldc. Cflng cd nhflng chiec binh m a n g mdt ky t h u a t t h e hien ddng vat va hoa la d i y a n tfldng va cam hflng cua cac phong each n g h e t h u a t G u p t a va H a u Gupta cua An Dp. P h i n ldn nhflng dd gd'm
cua N a k h o n P a t h o m la cac dd gia dung, nhfl binh, vai. Am nUdc, den... Ngoai ra, nhflng dd gd'm phuc vu cho nghi le cung da dfldc p h a t hien, nhfl nhflng chiec dia va nhflng chiec binh cung m a n g nhflng hoa van r a t a n tfldng.
Mdt p h i n lich sfl cua N a k h o n P a t h o m ndi rieng va cua vfldng qud'c D v a r a v a t i ndi c h u n g da dfldc md ta it nhieu trong cac ddng bia ky k h a c t r e n cac vat dung tdn giao b a n g da da dUdc tim tha'y tai day.
Chfl viet dfldc sfl d u n g de viet cac bia ky la v a n tfl Pallava cua mien N a m An Dp the ky 7 CN. Cdn ngdn ngfl cua bia ky la tieng Pali va tieng Mdn cd. Nhflng bia ky Mdn cd nay la nhflng b a n g chflng cu the de cac n h a khoa hpc k h a n g dinh ngUdi D v a r a v a t i la ngUdi Mdn. Nhin chung, qua ta't ca nhflng ndi d u n g dUdc ndi tdi, cac n h a khoa hpc n h a n t h a y cac bia ky dudc khac r a n h a m muc dich t r u y e n d a t giac ly cua dfle P h a t va cac sfl kien lien q u a n de'n cac h e a t ddng P h a t giao.
Cac hien vat da dfldc p h a t hien d N a k h d n P a t h o m cho t h a y P h a t giad da la mdt p h i n q u a n t r p n g t r o n g v a n hda D v a r a v a t i . P h a t giad T h e r a v a d a da thd'ng nha't cac tfn ngfldng b a n dia vd'n r a t da dang va phong p h u vao k h u d n khd cua P h a t giao. Dieu nay la nguyen n h a n tao ra mdt sfl chuyen bien ldn lao cua ca mdt he thd'ng mdi ve niem tin: nhflng bflc tfldng thd va cac dd v a t tdn giac cua dad P h a t da t h a y che nhflng vat b a n g da't n u n g dupe l a m de d a n g cho ngUdi qua cd;
viec hda thieu da trd t h a n h phd bien hdn viec dem chdn cat ngUdi chet. Chinh sU p h a t trien cua P h a t giae trdng xa hpi D v a r a v a t i da trd t h a n h cd sd vflng chac chd mdt n h a nfldc P h a t giad. Sfl hflng
26 Nghieu cdu Doug Nam A 9/2009
thinh ciia dao Phat d Dvaravati da dfldc the hien rd qua nhflng tac pham nghe thuat Phat giao.
Ve thflc cha't, cac tac pham nghe thuat cua Dvaravati la cua Phat giao Theravada va chiu anh hfldng manh me cua cac pheng each nghe thuat khac nhau cua An Dp, nhfl Amaravati, Gupta, Hau Gupta va Pala. Ta't nhien, da cd sfl ket hdp cac pheng each cua An Dp vdi cac quan diem tham my b i n dia de tae ra mdt phdng each thd'ng nha't trdng nghe thuat Dvaravati.
Khdng phai ngau nhien ma, tfl nam 1928, nha khoa hpc ngfldi Phap, giad sfl Gedrge Ceedes da dung cai ten Dvaravati de gpi phong each cua cac t i e pham nghe thuat phat hien dUdc d Nakhon Pathom, Lopburi, Ratchaburi va Prachinburi, mdt phdng each cd nhflng dac trUng khac nghe thuat Cambodia va Thai*''\ Cac cdng trinh va tic pham nghe thuat cua Dvaravati bao gdm ba linh vUc chfnh: dieu khac, kien true va cac dd my nghe.
Kien true Dvaravati, p h i n ldn, la kien trfle tdn giao va gdm ba loai hinh:
Ubosotha (dien thd), Vihara (tu vien) va Chedi (thap). The nhflng, h i u het nhflng cdng trinh kien true tren da bi dd nat.
Gach va vfla dat la cac vat lieu xay dflng dfldc sfl dung chu yeu; h i u het cac cdng trinh kien true cd binh dd vudng, chfl nhat hoac trdn. Gach thfldng to va da't lam gach dfldc trpn vdi vd trau. Trdng mdt so'nhflng cdng trinh xay dflng, da laterite cd dfldc sfl dung. Tai Nakhon Pathom, rat it nhflng . cdng trinh kien true thdi Dvaravati cdn
lai, dd la Chedi Prathon, Chedi Chulapathon va Chedi Wat Phra Meru.
Chulapathon Chedi la mdt dia diem kien trfle quan trpng cua Dvaravati.
NgUdi ta tin r i n g ngdi Chedi nay la tam diem ciia thanh phd ed Nakhon Pathom, mpt thi qud'c da tflng hflng thinh treng sud't quang thdi gian tfl the ky 7 de'n the ky 11. Tda thap Chedi dUdc xay b i n g gach va vfla da't theo mpt binh dd hinh vudng cd nhflng gdc khia rang cfla. Cac nha k h i o cd da phat hien d day mpt sd' hien vat nhfl cac ta'm dieu k h i c bang vfla va da't nung the hien cic cau chuyen cua J a t a k a (cac chuyen ve dfle Phat) dfldc dung de trang tri cac bac nen cua tda Chedi.
Cac tac pham dieu khac Dvaravati chu yeu gdm cd tfldng Phat, Dharmacakra (banh xe phap luan), hinh hfldu va cac chi tiet trang tri dung de td diem cho cac tac pham dieu k h i c linh thieng. Thoat diu, trong nghe thuat Dvaravati, cdn mang nhflng da'u An va dae diem cua nghe thuat An Dp. The nhflng, ve sau, nhflng da'u An anh hfldng mat di de nhfldng chd cho nhflng dac trflng ban dia, nhfl: cac vdng xoay tdc ldn, mat bet, cap ldng may ndi rd gap hau d diem gifla va cd hinh nhfl canh chim, ddi mat nhd ra va cap mdi day.
Tfldng Phat dflng dflpc the hien vdi cd the thang dflng va hai tay lam dpng tac Vitarka mudra (thuyet phap). Cac hinh Phat ngdi dfldc the hien trong tfl the t r i m tfl vdi hai chan vat len nhau. Ngeai ra, cdn cd mdt sd' tfldng Phat dfldc the hien ngdi budng thdng hai chan xud'ng da't nhfl kieu ngdi ghe vdi canh tay phai dfla len lam ddng tac thuyet phap.
Nhflng hinh Phat dfldc the hien tren phu dieu cd hai Idai: loai ldn chu yeu dfldc khic tren cic bflc tfldng hang ddng; Idai nhd va cd hinh d i n g nhfl cac mieng dang cung thi dfldc lam b i n g da't nung hay dat thd. Cac mieng dang cung cd hinh dfle
Ngd Van Doanh - Vuong qudc Dvaravati vd iiliUug di .sdu ughe thudt 27
P h a t cua D v a r a v a t i la nhflng v a t de ngfldi ta bieu lp niem tin, nen, t h d n g thfldng, tren cac mieng cflng deu cd m a n g ddng chfl "ye D h a m m a " .
Nhflng tac p h a m dieu khac dung de t r a n g trf cho cac cdng t r i n h tdn giao cua Dvaravati dfldc lam b a n g vfla, dat n u n g va da't thd. Cac h i n h a n h dfldc the hien la dfle phat, cac vi Bd Tat, cac c a n h lay tfl cac cau chuyen cua J a t a k a (cac cau chuyen ve nhflng h d i t h a n l a m Bd T a t cua dfle Phat), cac hinh ngUdi, cac h i n h ddng vat (voi, sU tfl...) va nhflng hoa tiet t h u a n tuy m a n g tfnh t r a n g trf. Cac tac p h a m dieu khac nay da it nhieu p h i n A n h nhflng tfl tfldng va nhflng tin dieu khac n h a u cua ngUdi dan Dvaravati cung nhUng nhflng md'i q u a n he va trao ddi cua hp vdi n h a u va vdi nhflng ngUdi ngdai qud'c tfl nhflng mien da't xa xdi vUdt bien den day; hdn the nfla, cdn md ta each sd'ng, van hoa, t r u y e n thd'ng va phong tuc cua hp.
Da tim tha'y nhflng d a n g h i n h dfle P h a t ma y nghia cua cac h i n h nay, cho den nay, cdn chfla dfldc l a m s a n g td. Dd la cac h i n h P h a t ngdi heac dflng len t r e n m i n h cen vat cd ten la P a n a s b o d i , mdt con v a t huyen thoai cd mieng gid'ng mieng chim t h i n G a r u d a . Con vat nay cd cap m a t va ddi sflng cua cdn bd due, cd ddi canh cua con ngdng trdi. Cd t h e t h a y d cen vat Panasbodi h i n h a n h v a t cUdi G a r u d a cua t h i n Visnu, vat cUdi cen bd N a n d i n cua t h i n Siva va v a t cfldi cdn ngdng H a m s a cua t h i n Brahma''^' Viec t h e hien dfle P h a t dflng t r e n m i n h P a n a s b e d i p h i n nao chflng td r i n g , P h a t giao da trd t h a n h mdt tdn giao cd y nghia q u a n trong hdn sd vdi Hindu giao trong thdi ky nay.
Cac h i n h va t u p n g P h a t cua Dvaravati,
theo cac n h a nghien cflu, cd nhieu net chung gid'ng vdi phong each dieu khac G u p t a cua An Dp, dac biet la vdi nhflng hinh P h a t d S a r n a t h va d cac h a n g ddng Ajanta*^*. The nhflng, kieu tUdng P h a t dflng vdi hai tay d u a r a va cung lam mpt ddng tac t h u y e t p h a p (Vitarka m u d r a ) cua nghe t h u a t D v a r a v a t i xua't hien vao the ky 7 lai khdng cd d An Dp, ndi ma hai tay cua P h a t lam h a i dpng tac khac n h a u . Tu t h e n a y gid'ng vdi tU the cua dfle P h a t tfl b a u trdi T a v a t i m s a (bau trdi thfl ba ba) h a t h e va cua tfldng P h a t dflng t r e n P a n a s b e d i .
Bflc p h u dieu the hien dfle P h a t dang ngdi t h u y e t p h a p t r e n mdt chiec ghe'tUa d gifla nhflng mdn dd va cac n h a quy tdc cung la mdt tac p h a m dieu khac dep cua nghe t h u a t D v a r a v a t i . C a n h cua bflc p h u dieu D v a r a v a t i nay dfldc the hien r a t gieng vdi bflc t r a n h P h a t t h u y e t p h i p trong c h u a h a n g sd' 17 cua Ajanta, An Dp.
Ben canh cac tfldng P h a t nhfl la nhflng hinh a n h thd tfl, b a n h xe p h a p l u a n ( D h a r m a c a k r a ) dfldc d u n g de the hien sfl kien trpng dai: l i n t h u y e t p h a p d i u tien cua P h a t ( D h a r m a c a k r a k a p p a w a t a n a s u - tra) h a y sU viec dfle P h a t lam chuen ddng b a n h xe p h a p cho mdt n h d m n a m n h a tu khd h a n h vao mdt dem t r a n g r a m t h a n g t a m t a i k h u rflng I s i p p a t a n a M a r u k t a y a w a n d V a r a n a s i . D h a r m a c a k r a la bieu tfldng chd giad p h a p ma dfle P h a t da t h u y e t giang che cac mdn dd cua minh trong cac h o a n canh khac n h a u trong thdi gian P h a t tai the.
Hinh i n h D h a r m a c a k r a la mdt chiec b a n h xe gdm cd t r u e va cac n a n hoa. So lfldng cac n a n hoa cua cac b a n h xe k h a c n h a u , cdn cac d i u ciia cac n a n hoa thi
28 Nghieu cdu Ddng Nam A 9/2009
dudc gan vao hai dai bang trdn phia trong va phia ngoai. Rat nhieu nhflng hp tiet trang trf cac banh xe phap luan cua Dvaravati mang i n h hfldng cua phong each Gupta (the ky 4- 6) kha rd.
Nam 1968, trong mdt ddt khai quat, cac nha khac cd da phat hien ra nhflng hinh phu dieu cua thap Chulapathon. Nhflng hinh phu dieu nay, sau khi dUdc luu gifl d Bid tang qud'c gia tai U- Thong, da dfldc dem ve trflng bay tai bid tang Phrapathdm Chedi. Cac nha khoa hpc cd nhflng giii ma khic nhau ve npi dung the hien cua nhflng hinh phu dieu vfla cua Chulapathon. Tie'n si Pirya Krairiksh cho rang, ming phu dieu the hien hai ngUdi ngdi tren mdt chiec thuyen la canh the hien cau chuyen Jataka Suparaga ke ve vi Bd Tat sinh ra d Suparaga, mdt thuy thu tai ba, da cflu sd'ng nhflng nha budn den tfl thanh phd' Bharukacha. Tie'n si Nandana Chutiwongs cho rang, hinh vfla ma tien si Pirya cho la md ta cau chuyen Suparaga, cdn minh hoa mdt sd' cau chuyen bien khac, nhu Samuddavanija Jataka ke ve vi Bd Tat vd'n sinh ra da la mdt ngUdi thd mdc cfl khdi, da lai con thuyen cd 500 ngfldi va da cflu hp thoat khdi mdt hiem hoa. Npi dung cua bflc vfla nay gid'ng ndi dung dupe the hien tren mpt bflc phu dieu cua thap Mingalazedi d Pagan, Mianm.
Tien si Pirya Krairiksh giai ma mpt hinh vfla khac the hien mdt canh cd nhieu ngUdi la cau chuyen Culadhammapala Jataka ke ve met dng vua dpc Ac da sai tfldc khdi ngudi me dfla con trai cdn nhd cua chinh minh dem di giet. The nhUng Nandana Chutiwongs dpc npi dung ta'm vfla nay la cau chuyen ve vua Surapa, mdt dng vua nhan due, da lenh cho con minh, hoang hau va cud'i cung la ban than phai de'n chd
con quy yaksa khat mau do chfnh than Indra bien thanh. Sau lan thfl t h i c h dd, Indra, than cua cac than, da phuc hdi lai ta't ca nhflng gi ma 'vi than da lay di. Mdt ta'm vfla khac the hien dfldi hinh mdt con voi cau chuyen ve mdt Bd Tat vd'n sinh ra la mdt con vdi sau nga, da cho ngfldi thd san lay nhflng chiee nga cua minh dem ve chd nfl hdang, ngUdi mud'n tra thu Bd Tat vi nhflng ban thu tfl kiep trflde. Mdt ta'm vfla nfla the hien mdt ngfldi an van giau sang td beo, bung to ngdi trong tU the vUdng gia vdi vdng had quang phfa sau diu cung hai ngfldi phu nfl Ap hai ben la hinh anh vi t h i n tai ldc Kubera, mdt vi t h i n xuat hien kha phd bien treng nghe thuat Dvaravati.^^\
Thanh phd' cd Nakhon Pathom phat trien hflng thinh trong khoang 500 nam va suy tan vao the ky 11. Nguyen nhan khien Nakhon Pathom suy vong cd the do nhieu nguyen nhan nhfl sfl ddi ddng ciia cic con sdng, sfl hflng thinh ciia cac dd thi khac. Cd y kien chd rang, vad the ky 12, vua cua Pagan d Mianma da tan cdng va tieu diet thanh phd'Nakhon Pathom. Sau day, theo cac truyen thuyet, vua Chaisira da phuc hdi lai toa t h a n h va da g i n them ten minh vao ten cua thanh phd'thanh cai ten Nakhonchaisri.
Ngoai Nakhon Pathom ra, tai mpt so' ndi khac tren da't Thai Lan, cung da phat hien ra nhieu tac pham nghe t h u a t Phat giao mang phong each Dvaravati. Tai Vat Po d Ayuthaya, phat hien ra mpt pho tfldng Phat cdn mang nhflng net phong cich g i n vdi nghe t h u a t Gupta va Hau Gupta. Cac hinh Phat thudc giai doan sdm nay (the ky 7) deu dupe the hien dflng treng tfl the tam ddan uyen chuyen
Ngd Vdii Doanh - ViCang qud'c Dvaravati vd uhiliig di sdu nghe thudt 29
(tribhanga) t r u y e n thd'ng cua n g h e t h u a t An Dp vdi tay p h a i dUa r a lam ddng tac b a n phudc va t a y t r a i gifl d i u m u t cua ta'm ao choang. C u n g d V a t Po, da tim tha'y mdt tfldng P h a t cd nien dai d i u the ky 8 da m a n g n h u n g n e t k h a dac trUng cua p h e n g each D v a r a v a t i t h e ky 8- 10:
xcay tdc ldn, k h u d n m a t det, ldng may cong va giao n h a u , mui tet, cap m a t nhd ra, ddi mdi day...
Cung n h u d N a k h o n P a t h o m , cac nghe nhan D v a r a v a t i d nhflng ndi k h a c khdng chi tac tupng P h a t m a cdn khac nhflng hinh phu dieu ke ve cupc ddi cua ngai. Vf du, bflc p h u dieu "dieu ky dieu d Sravasti"
tim tha'y d Vat Chin (Ayuthaya) cd hai canh: canh ben t r e n md t a dfle P h a t dang thuyet p h i p cho me m i n h d b i u trdi Tavatimsa va c i n h dfldi mdi la canh Ngai hda t h a n ra m u d n v a n dfle P h a t de chflng td phep m a u ky dieu cua minh**^\
G i i nhfl cac cdng t r i n h kien true cd d mien t r u n g Thai L a n ma cdn, thi bflc t r a n h nghe t h u a t D v a r a v a t i se r a t hoan hao. Qua cac phe tfch d P r a Men va Chulapathon, cac n h a nghien cflu da cd phac dflng len cac md h i n h xfla cua chung.
P r a Men cd cau t r u e n e n mdng va quy md dd so khdng k h a c gi ngdi den P h a t giao Ananda ky vi d P a g a n (Mianma). Cdn Che di C h u l a p a t h e n t h i lai la mdt t h a p vudng nam t i n g , cao 51 m e t va la tien t h a n cho md hinh t h a p K u k u t cua ngUdi Mdn d Haripunjaya.
Trdng sd' cac kien t r u e Mdn cdn lai d Thai Lan, t h a p K u k u t d L a m p u n la cdn lai nguyen ven hdn ca. T h a p cd binh dd vudng (canh dai 24 m.) gdm mdt n e n hai bac bang da dng va t r e n dd la khdi kien trfle nam t i n g cao 28 met. Chdp t h a p cd the cd
h i n h chdp nhon, nhUng da mat. Tren m a t cua n a m t a n g t h a p deu cd nhflng k h a m ldn chfla tfldng P h a t dflng (mdi m a t cua mdi t i n g rd ha k h a m ) . Toan bd ngdi t h a p dfldc xay b a n g gach va dupe t r a t p h u vdi vfla ben ngeai.
Vdi h a n g Idat nhflng p h a t hien khao cd hpc q u a n trpng, cac n h a khoa hpc da d u n g len dfldc ca mdt n e n nghe t h u a t P h a t giao cd dac sac cua vUdng qudc D v a r a v a t i (the ky 7-11) vd'i nhflng net dac trUng phong each Mdn r a t tieu bieu. Nen nghe t h u a t D v a r a v a t i la mdt trong nhflng nen nghe t h u a t vao loai cd n h a t va ddc dao n h a t cua k h u vUc Ddng N a m A../
C H U T H I C H
1. G.H.Luce, Countries neighbouring Burma, JBRS, XIV, 1924, tr.178-182.
2. G.Coedes, The escavations at Pong Tuk, J.
Siam Soc, XXI, tr.195-209.
3. G.Coedes, The indianized states of south- east Asia, Honolulu, 1968, tr.77.
4. G.Coedes, Les collections archeologiques du musee national de Bangkok. Art Asiatica, XII. Paris et Bruxelles, 1928.
5. J.Boisslier, The heritage of Thai Sculpture, Switzerland,1975, tr.54-55.
6. Le May. R, A concise history of Buddhist art in Siam, Japan, 1977, tr.22.
7. Pirya Krairiksh, Buddhist folk tales depict- ed at Chula Pathon Cedi, Bangkok, 1974;
Nandana Chutiwongs, Review article on the Jataka reliefs at Cula Pathon cetya, Journal of Siam Society, Volume 66, part
1, January 1978.
8. Ve n g h e t h u a t D v a r a v a t i , xem: P.
D u p o n t , L'archeologie Mone de Dvaravati, E F E O , P a r i s , 1959.