TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 5/2019 NGHIEN CVV - TRAO BOI
W E N DlJOCCHEr-OIEUKIENVAPHllONG PHAP TIEN HANHTAI VIET NAM
NCUViN VINH HUNG*
Tdm tdt: Hign nay, vdn di nen hay khdng nen qify dinh ve "qityin dugc chit" dang dugc nhieu quoc gia trin thi gidi cung nhu Vi^t Nam quan tam bdi ddy la qi^in hgn dgc biet ma vi^c quy dinh nd se tdc dong, dnh hudng Idn ddi vdi xd hgi. Ngodi ra, cdc diiu kien, phuang phdp tiin hdnh tgi Viet Nam si nhu thi ndo niu nhu "qityin dugc chit" dugc Quoc hdi cho phep thong qiia. Bdi viii nghiin aim vi diiu Men, phuang phdp tiin hdnh "qi^in dugc chit" tgi mot sd qudc gia, tic dd timra nhung
^di phdp phii hgp cho viec dp djffig "gtr^in dugc chit" tgi Vigt Nam trong thdi gian tdi.
Tic khoa: Benh hiem ngheo; chit nhe nhang; quyin dugc chit, qt^in nhdn than ,
Nhgn bdi: 01/4/2019 Hodn thdnh biin tap: 12/6/2019 Duyel ddng: 17/6/2019 ,"RIGHT TO PIE" - THE CONDITIONS'AND METHODS TO IMPLEMENT THIS RIGHT IN "VIETNAM . . ,
Abstract: Currently, the issue of whether or not the law should recognise the "right to die " becomes a great concern in many countries around the world including Vietnam. This is because the "right to die " is a special right whose legal recognition will bring ^eat impacts on society. Besides, in the case where ifie
"right to die " is recognised by the National Assembly of Vietnam, it willjurther raise a concem as td which conditions and methods are applicable to the implementation of the "right to die". This.paper examines the conditions and methods of implementing the "right to die " in some countries grid thereby suggets relevant solutions for applying the "right to die " in Vietnam in the coming time.
. Keywords: Fatal illness; euthanasia; right to die; personal right
Received: Apr i", 2019; Editing conpleted: June 12'^, 2019; Accepted for publication: June 17^, 2019
K
hong cM tgi Viet Nam md ngay cd trdn dudng nhu trdi ngugc hodn todn vdi cdc the gidi, "quyen dugc c h i t " (cdn dugc quyin han trdn. Trdn thuc td, tgi klidng it ggi Id "quyin ah lgc", "quyen trg tii" - quoc gia, kha nMeu ngudi dang kich Iiet phdn euthanasia) ludn thu hiit sy quan tdm c ^ ddi "quyin dugc chdt".^^^ Mac dii vdy, nghien nMdu ngudi. Bdi le, rieu rihu chiing ta vdn di cihi cho thay, "an tur" la khdi mdm dd xudt rat quen thugc vdi cdc quydn hgn co bdn cua Men tir ldu. Tuy cdn nhieu tranh cai nhung con ngudi nhu quydn Ithai sinh, quyin khai quyin an tur dang dan duge mgt sd nude tu; quyin sdng, quydn dugc bao dam an toan cdng nhan.'''* Vi vay, hidn nay suy ngM v l ve tinh mang, siic' khod, thdn the; quyenMdn, nhgn md, bd phdit cg,the nguai va Men, (2). T6 Anh, Nhiiu qudc gia tren thi giai cSng nhgn liy xac; quyin" duac bad vd danh dy nhdn "Quyin duirc chit, htq)://dantri.coni:vn/suc-khoe/ nhieu- p h i n . uy tfa..."> thi W n ^ o , chat" ^ ^ ^ S r ^ ^ t ^ ^ l S r " - ^ " ^ " " ' T —; i , (3).-Minh Trang, 0o'^n*^c,*;/i4 https.//danluat.thu
* Giing vign, Khoa lu^t, Dai hpc qu6c gia Hi N§i vienphapluat.vn/quyen-duoc-chet-143712.aspx, tray E-mail: [email protected] cSp 25/3/2019.
TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 5/2019 NGHIEN CLV-TR-jO££i
"quyen dugc chdt" eua nhieu ngudi da din thay ddi vd iing bg quydn hgn nhan dao nay.
CJ Vidt Nam, cd nMeu y kiln cho rdng ndn bo sung "quyen dugc chdt" de phdn ndo dap ling nhu eau, ddi hdi ciia xa hOi.''*' Mae du vide quy dinh "quyen dugc ehet" rat can tiiiet vd quan trgng nhung day lgi Id vin dl lidn quan rdt Idn ddn khdng cM bdn than nhimg ngudi dang cd rtiiu edu hay nhiing ngudi lien quan cua hg rad cdn anh hudng, tac ddng din nhd nude vd du lugn xa hgi.
Han nua, neu "quyen duge chet" dugc Qudc hgi thdng qua tM cd the khang dinh, day cdn la dau dn quan trgng trong lich sii lap phap ciia Vi?t Nam. Sd dT nhu vdy Id vi tii trudc tdi nay, Viet Nam chua timg cd vdn bdn phdp.
lugt ndo quy dioh ve "quyen duge chit".
1. "Quyen dir^c chet" vd cac dieu kifn, phirffng phdp tiln hdnh
Nhu da ndi, mgc dii cdn itiiilu y kiln phdn dii vd "quyin dugc chit" nhung phdp lugt Viet Nam Men nay cin cdng nhgn
"quyen dugc ehet" vi cdc li do sau day:
Thu nhdt, ve pMa nhftng hdnh nhan dang mac phdi cdc 'cdri b?nh Mera ngheo din raiic khdng the ciiu chua: tir thyc tien xd hdi eho thay, vin dl siic khoe dang la vin dl ndi trgi cda xa hdi Men dai. Trong do, cdc benh hilm ngheo cd thd dan den tii vong dang cd xu hudng ngdy cdng tdng len nhanh chdng.
Theo so Ii?u thing ke cho thiy, khdng chi trdn thi gidi rad tgi Viet Nam hidn nay, benh ung thu dang dan dau bdng nguy co dan den tft vong vd didu rit ddng quan tdm d ddy lgi
la "benh dang cd xu hudng tre hod vd tdng cao ".'^* Khdng cM ung thu md cdn rit nMeu cdn b?nh Mim ngheo cd thi din din tii vong nhaitii chdng md nin y hgc M?n dgi vdn ddu hdng nhu AIDS, suy tun, xa gan, suy than giai doan cudi hay cdc logi tai bidn, tai nan dan den ngudi chit nao sdng thyc vdt.., cung ngdy cang gia tang.'^* Hon nfta, kM mdc. phdi nhftng bdnh Mdm ngheo do thi benh nhan ludn ggp phdi su dau ddn tot ciing. Khdng it ngudi phai cMu dyng su gidy vd, dau ddn keo ddi rit ldu trude khi qua ddi.
Dieii nay kMen benh nhan thudng mong mudn tim den s\r gidi thodt mgt cdch nhanh chdng vd nhe nhdng. Dd Id chua ke ddn viec dilu tri thudng rit ton kem vd nMlu trudng hgp sau kM ngudi bditii dd ra di tM vin con dd lgi cho nhung ngudi thdn cua hg nhiJng khodn ng nan rat Idn. Hodc ngay cd vide phdi sing phy thugc qud nMlu vdo ngudi than trong thdi gian dai cung ldm cho sd dong ngudi cd ty trgng cdra thay dy nay, budn pMdn. Do vgy, trdn thuc td, khdng it trudng hgp nhirng ngudi dm dau keo dai md bidt trude khdng tiie ciiu chua da ty tim mgi each dl cd thi kit thuc cudc sdng. Tuy vay, trong ede trudng hgp ndy, du cho dd chdt nhung sau dd ngudi chet yd ngudi nha eiia hg vdn cd the bi cac co quan cd thim quyin tiln
(4). Nguyin Vmh Hung, "Ciin bo sung "quy^n dugrc chit" v4o trong BO luSt dan s\r n3m 2015", Tgp chi khoa hgc phdp li, s6 9/2018, tr. 44 - 48.
(5). Bdo di^n tir VTV, B^nh ung thu d Vi^i Nam: tang cao va CO xu huang tre hoa, https://vtv.vn/van-de- hom-nay/benh-ung-thu-o-viet-nam-tang-cao-va-co-xu- huong-tre-faoa-20I80927000052614.htm, truy c^ip 26/3/2019.
(6). Bdo di^n tii Vietnamnet, Benh gan igj yi^^ ^^^ _ thuc trgng ddng bdo d0ng, https://vietnamnet.vn/vn/
suc-khoe/cac-loai-benh/benh-gan-tai-viet-nam-thuc- trang-dang-l)'ao-dong-39811 Sihtml, truy c§p 26/3/2019
TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 5/2019 NGHIENCUV- TRAODOI hdnh cdc cudc didu tra dl truy tim nguyen
nhdn din den cdi chit. Bdi vide tim Mdu can ke nguydn nhdn cai chit Id nhi^m vy bit huge ddi vdi cae co quan dilu tra, nhat la trong trudng hgp ngudi benh tu tira each kdt thuc cudc sing. Do dd, nMlu trudng hgp, ca till c^a ngudi chit lgi M gidm dinh phdp y ml xe dl ngMen cihi, phdn tich nMlu lan va didu ndy cftng lam cho cdc ca quan dieu tra mit them thdi gian, cdng siie vd cM pW.
Ngodi ra, dilu dd khdng chi Id didu ma ban thdn ngudi chit khdng mong mudn md cdn gdy sy tdc ddng, dnh hudng ddn tdm li ddi vdi nhftng ngudi than tMch cua ngudi chdt.
Vi vay, neu suy nghT theo hudng nhdn van, ddi vdi nhihig ngudi mdc bdnh Mdm ngheo tin nguydn vgng dugc chit nhe nhdng, nhartii chdng Id vide ed thi cdm thdng, hgp tmh nen cd thd chip nhan dugc. Tft dd, ed the khing dinh, viec phdp ludt quy dinh hay khdng quy dinh "quyin dugc chet" se tac dgng, dnh hudng rit Idn din nhft^ig ddi tugng nay.
r/iM- hai, vl pMa than nhdn cua nhiing ngudi bdnh Mdm ngheo: m%c du hg ludn cd ging hdt khd nang dd ciiu chfta cho ngudi bdnh nhung kM true tiep ehiing kien ngudi than cua minh dau ddn tiing ngay, tung gid va biit chic y hgc khdng thd chfta tri dugc thi viec "biet trudc" cdi chdt cua ngudi bdnh da lam cho hg din chip nhdn thyc td. Ndi each khdc, vide nMn thiy ngudi benh dang dau ddn, khd sd, day vd ca ve the xdc lan tinh thin tM cd le vide dugc cham diit su tdn tgi trong nhe nhang, dmai Id con dudng hgp li vd dftng din hon ca. Mgt khac, nlu nhu ngudi b?nh cd gang chiu dyng, chong chgi mdt each mien cuong, dau ddn, vd vgng vdi
su sdng tiing ngdy tiii khdng chi bdn than ngudi do md ngay vdi nhiing ngudi than thidt cfta hg cung se khd sd, met mdi, ddn vat theo. Tren thyc td, gdn day da ed trudng hgp ngudi than da ty tay nit cdc tiiilt bi y tl hd trg ngudi bdnh de ngudi bdnh dugc ra di thanh thdn.^'* Tuy nhidn, trong cdc trudng hgp nhu vdy, nhiing ngudi than cfta ngudi chet bin khdng trdnh khdi su din vdt, dm dnh lau dai va hdnh ddng cfta hg cd the hi xdc dinh la vi pham phdp Mat khi ca quan didu tra tien hdnh eae thft tyc de xdc dinh nguyen nhdn tu vong. Vi the, viec quy dinh
"quydn dugc chdt" giup cho ngudi bdnh hilm ngheo dugc ra di radt each hgp phdp ma ban thdn nhftng ngudi thdn cua hg cftng gidm bdt su dm dnh, cin rut.
Thir ba, ddi vdi nhftng nhdn vidn y tl true tilp cham sdc, dieu tri cho ngudi bdnh hilm ngheo; nhu da ndi, sd lugng b$nh nhdn dang dieu tri cae bdnh Mdm ngheo tgi Viet Nam ngdy cang gia tang nhanh chdng va di kem vdi dd Id dp luc rat Idn ddi vdi ddi ngii cdn bg y tl dang true tilp cham sdc, dilu tri.
Nghidn cftu cho thiy, "ddhgddo cdcybdcsi dang true dip diiu tri cUng co y tuang cho phep "quyin dugc chit"^^ bdi nMeu y, bdc sT ddu cho ring vide dd ngudi bdnh phai chiu su dau ddn ddy vd timg gid, timg ngay khdng bing giup hg nhanh chdng giai thodt trong su nhe nhang, dm ai.. Vi ban ai hit, cdc y, fade sT Id nhftng ngudi bidt rit rd vd tinh
(7). BSo dien tii Vietbao, Gia dinh da rut dng tha cho tiin St Alan Phan, http://vietbao.vn/Cong-nghe/Gia- dinh-da-rut-ong-tho-cho-Tien-si-Alan-Phan/2231314 78/222/, tray cap 30/3/2019.
(8). Nguyen Vinh Hung, tldd, tr. 46.
TAP CHl LUAT HOC SO 5/2019 NGHIEN CVV'TRA0D£L
trgng eua ngudi benh. Cd y kiln "ned len thuc ti, trong cdng viec hdng ngdy cdc bdc si chimg kien nhieu ngicdi benh khdng the ciru dugc, phdi sdng thuc vdt, benh nhdn ung thic giai dogn cudi dau ddn tdt ciing vS the xdc, sang chdn din tdn ciing vi tinh thdn. Ho mong mudn dugc chet, mudn nhd bdc si giup ra di mdt cdch Sm di, thanh thdn".^^^ Dilu ndy da tdc ddng rat Idn den suy ngM va tu tudng cua khd nMeu y, bdc sT. Tuy nMdn, eac y, bdc sT lai khdng dugc phdp ludt cho phep dd cd thd giup cdc bdnh nhdn cua hg cd thd ra di trong su nh? nhdng, ydn binh theo y muon cua hg. Hon nfta, neu cdc benh nhan da khdng thd eiiu chfta nhung vdn tilp tuc tdn tai tM ddng ngMa, trach nMem eua eac y, bac sT vin se phdi tilp tuc va dilu nay it nMdu cd thd gdy dnh hudng den edng vide, thdi gian, sftc lyc cua cac y, bac sT. Vi vdy, vide cho phep- "quydn duqc chit" tgi Viet Nam edn gdp phdn giup cdc y, bae sT cd thd gidm bdt mdt phdn dp lyc, cdng thing vd mdt mdi trong cdng viee.
Thu tu, tac ddng cua "quyen dugc chdt"
ddi vdi xd hdi. Nhu da ndi, "quydn dugc chet" tdc ddng va dnh hudng rit Idn ddi vdi xd hdi. Cd nhftng quan dilm tiln bd va nhdn van kM ftng hd "quydn dugc chit" nhung cftng cd khdng it ngudi phdn doi. Theo do, phin ddng ngudi ung hd "quyin dugc,chdt"
vi nhiing li do nhu: "gidi phdng ndi dau khd citng cue ciia con nguai; trg giiip gidi thodt khi chdt lugng cudc sdng ciia con nguoi qud
thdp; ddnh ngudn hcc ciia cdc quy y '^ "^
gi^p nhicng nguoi khdc; tu do lua chon cudc sdng trong hodn cdnh khdc nghiet".^
NgMen eiiu Men nay cho thiy, rit nMeu ngudi ddn tgi ede qude gia phuong Tdy ung hg, tdn thdnh "quydn dugc chit". Trong do, mdt sd qudc gia da nhanh chdng tidn phong cdng nh$n "quydn duge chdt" tai qudc gia minh nhu: Hd Lan, Bi, Xucxembourg, Thyy Sy, Argentma, Canada va tgi nam bang cfta Hoa Ky Id: Washington, Oregon, Vermont, New Mexico vd Montana. Cu thd, cac quoc gia dau tidn ban hdnh ludt vd trg tft Id Ha Lan (ban hanh nam 2001), Bi (ban hanh nam 2002), Luxembourg (ban hdnh nam 2008).
Rieng d My, cM cd tidu bang Oregon khdng hgp phap hod trg tft nhung cho phep trg giup ty tft, (assisted suicide), tftc ngudi bdnh tu dftng thulc ddc do bac si cung cip."" Tgi Phap, "ngdy 17/3/2015, Hg viin Phdp dd bo phieu thong qua du ludt "chit em diu" vdi 436phieu ung ho, 34phiiu chdng, 83 nghi.si bd phieu trdng vi cho rdng diiu ludt chua du sdc thuyet phuc. Sau khi dugc Hg vien thdng qua, du ludt se dugc trinh len Thugng vi^n Phdp xem xet. Vd theo mot cugc thdm do, 96% ngudi ddn Phdp dugc hdi ung hd diiu
(9). Nam Phucmg, Di xudt bo sung quyin dir^c chit, bio di|n tii Vnexpress, https://vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/
thoi-su/de-xuat-bo-sung-quyen-duoc-chet-32040 54.html, miy cap 25/3/2019.
(10). B4o rigudi bao v§ quy^n lai, Trung urnig H6i luSt gia Vi6t Nam, Quyen an tu theo Lugt nhdn quyen qudc ti, phdp lugt a mgt so quoc gia va g(ri ma cho Vift Nam, http://nguoibaovequyenloi.com/User/Thong Tin_ChiTiet.aspx?MaTT=l 542016529407928 81 &Ma MT-25, tmy c§p 26/3/2019.
(11). Nguyin Hftu Dftc, NghT vi qityin dugc chit, bdo di^n tii Ngu6i lao dOng, http://nld.com.vn/suc-khoe/
nghi-ve-quyen-duoc-chet-20160901210804634.htm truy cap 26/3/2019.
TAP CHi LUAT HQC SO 5/2019 NGHIENCifU- TRAOBOI lugt ndy"!-'^'^'* Ngay tai Vidt Nam, nam 2016,
bao dien tft Tuli tre Online da tidn hanh mgt cugc khao sdt vdi ehii dl cd nen thuc Men
"quy&i dugc chdt" tai Viet Nam vdi so lugng 691 ngudi tham gia bmh chgn da cd ket qud: 567 ngudi ding y (cMlm ti le 81,5%), 113 ngudi' khdng ding y (ti Id 16,9%) vd cM 11 ngudi cd y kiln khdc (ti le 1,6%).^"' Nhu vdy, ed thd thiy ring, xd hoi ngdy cdng vdn minh tM c ^ g cd thdm nMlu quan didra ftng hg quy dinh "quydn dugc chit" dd nhiing ngudi Idtidng may mac phdi bdnh tgt Mem ngheo cd the dcm gian, nhe nhdng giai thoat. Ndi cdch khdc, "quyin dugc chit" ddn dugc xa hdi Men dgi quan nidni la thft quydn rat nhan van, nhan dgo vd day cftng Id xu hudng va la ddi hdi tit ylu cua eon ngudi vd xa hgi trong tiing giai dogn, hodn cdnh Hch sft. Tuy nMdn, vdi nhiing ngudi khdng ftng hd "quydn dugc chet" vi cdc li do nhu: "khi con ngudi khdng may mdc benh thi vdn vdi quan ni$m cdn nude cdh tdt di c6 gdng cuu chica tai ciing thi nay phdp lugt lgi di quy dinh "qtiyen dugc chet" mgt thu quyen xa lg thgm chi cd the coi Id trdi dgo due xd hgi. Bdi vgy,
"qicyin dugc chit" da bi mgt bg phdn trong xd hgi phdn ddi ".^^^^
Thic ndm, tdc ddng cfta "quydn dugc chet" ddn vide xdy dung radi trudng phdp li vdn minh, Men dgi va hudng den myc tieu vi
lgi ich cfta eon ngudi: Co till khdng dinh, con ngudi la trung tdm efta ddi sdng phdp ludt vd phap ludt phdi hudng din myc tidu bao v?, ]!ihuc vu tdt rtiiit lgi ich eho con ngirdi. Vi the, Id dT nhidn, con ngudi phdi dugc quydn tu do quylt dinh mgi vin dl lidn quan ddn ban than cfta hg vd trong do, bao gora cd van dd tu do quydt dinh viee chim dut tdn tgi hay khdng. Ndi cdch khac, quyin ty do Id mot quyin ban ca ban nhimg Igi rit quan trgng dii vdi moi ca nhan. Tren thyc tl, ngay trong bdn Tuyen ngdn ddc l^p nam 1945, Chu tich Hd CM Mmh cftng dd trich ddn Hien phap nam 1776 cfta Hoa Ky: "Tgo hod cho hg nhimg quyin khdng ai cd thi xdm phgm dugc; trong nhicng quyin dy, cd quyin dugc sdng, quyen tu do vd quyen muu cdu hgnh phiic".^^^^ Gdn theo Ludt nhdn quyin qudc tl, "quydn an tft" cd su gin giii vdi hai quydn dd dugc gM nhdn trong Cdng udc quic td vl cac quyen dan sy va eWnh tri (ICCPR), do Id: quyin sdng va quydn khdng bi tra tin. Ddi vdi quyin song (right to life), Dilu 6 ICCPR neu rd: "Mgi ngudi diu cd quyin cd hieu (inherent) la dugc sdng.
Quyin ndy phdi dugc phdp lugt bdo ve.
Khong ai co the bi tudc mgng song mgt cdch tuy tiin". CJ ngi dung cfta quy dinh nay cd mdt kMa cgnh cdn dugc thdo ludn, dd Id
"tinh CO hftu" cfta quyin sdng thugc vd mgi ngudi. Tuy nhien, nd dugc coi mang tinh
(12). Tu Anh. tidd.
(13). Bio dien tu Tu6i tre, Xin quyin dirge chit, nhiiu It do chua the cp d^g, hHps://tuoitre.vn/xin-qityen-duoc- chet-nhieu-ly-do-chua-the-ap-duhg-U34595.htm, truy cap 25/3/2019.
(14). Nguyin Vinh Hung, tldd, tr. 45.
(15). B4o tang lich sir - van h6a, Tnrdng D?i hoc khoa hoc xa hpi va nhSn vSn, Dai hpc quoc gia Thanh pho Hi Chi Minh, Tuyen ngon dgc Wp 2/9/1945 - ban tuyin bd vi nhdn quyen d Viet Nam, http://baotang.
hcmussh. edu. vn/?ArtiCleId=cb7ed3 6c-fDaf-4bl 0-b87 6-a6c702db 5567, truy cSp 30/3/2019.
TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 5/2019 NGHIEN CUV - TRAODOI
"tu5' ngM" (optional) hay mang tinh '"bit buOc" (mandatory)? Ndu dugc coi la raang tinh tuy ngM, chft the ciia quydn song se cd quyen lya chgn hudng thy hogc tft bd hudng thy quyin. Trong trudng hgp nay, quyen an tft se cd the dugc chdp n h ^ vd khdng di ngugc vdi Ludt nhdn quydn qudc tl.*'^' Bdn cgnh dd, hi$n nay, tgi cdc qudc gia van minh, Mdn dgi, con ngudi da dan thay ddi khi quan m?m vl vin dl chit hay tidp tuc sdng. Vi till; nhidu trudng hgp mac du khdng ora dau b?nh tgt nhung vi nhilu li do nen khdng it ngudi van mong muln chdm dftt sy tdn tgi cfta minh bdng cdch sft dyng "quyen dugc chit". Trong thdi gian gdn day, cd ngudi da ra di bing "quyin dugc chdt" nhung trudc do ngudi ndy cftng da danh hem 20 nam vdn ddng cho "quyen dugc chdt" dugc tiidng qua. ^^^^ Dugc biit, ngay khi chuan bi ra dl, ngudi nay cMa se "da chd dgi qud ldu" vd mong muln cdc nude khac hay theo,guang Thyy ST vd cho mgi cdng ddn quyin dugc chet neu hg dgt du tieu chudn, tidu chuan nay khdng phdi tudi tdc ma la nang luc tinh thin.
Trudng hgp ra di cua ngudi ndy chi do cam thiy cugc ddi khdng cdn ^ ngMa vd vdi tuli tdc da cao, cugc sdng phai Id thugc rdt nMlu vdo ngudi khdc ndn ngudi, do mong raudn chim dftt cudc ddi mdt cdch thanh thdn, nhe
•nhang vd udc nguyen cua ngudi ndy dugc
(16). Bao Ngu6i bao VQ quyen loi, Trang uong H^i lu§t gia Vi?t Nam, Quyin an tii- theo iudt nhdn quyin quoc ti, phdp ludt d mgt sd quoc gia vd ggi ma cho
•Vi?lNam,t\Ad.. ,
(17). Bao di$n tii Baomoi, Ldi trdn trdi ciia tien sT 104 tudi ra di bdng cdi chit .im di, https://baomoi.
com/loi-tran-troi-cUa-tien-si-104-tuoi-ra-di-bang-cai- chet-em-ai/c/25997001.epi, tray cSp 29/3/2019.
ddng ddo cae con chdu ftng hO.*'^^ Hay cung cd trudng hgp, cd hai vg chdng gid diu dftng
"quydn dugc chdt" dl cd till ra di ciing nhau.^'*' Theo bdo cdo gin day efta CFCEE cho tiiay: tu 01/01/2016 din 31/12/2017, 4.337 edng dan Bi da kit thuc cudc ddi nhd Mat trg tft, chft ydu do ung tbu hoac qua gia.
77 cd nhan chgn cdi chit vi khdng thd chiu dung noi kho tinh thdn va 19 ngudi cdn rat tre, mdi 18 - 29 tudi.^^^^Ngay.tai Vi?t Nam, nghien ciiu cho thiy, "dd, cd ngudi binh cao tudi ngay tic khi dugc thdng bdo mdc benh hiim ngheo dd tic chdi diiu tri bdi le viic dieu tri qud tdn kem so vai khd ndng cita hg hogc cua gia ^nh ho, md kit qud tdt nhat sau diiu tri ciing chi cd thi duy tri thim sic sdng mgt khodng thdi gian rdt ngdn".
Nhu vgy, "quyin dugc chdt" la radt quydn CO ban cua mgi cdng dan vd Hen quan chat chd ddn vdn de nhdn quyen (quydn con ngudi). Do vay, "quydn dugc chdt" duong itiiien gan bd chat che vdi con ngudi vd phai do con,ngudi hodn todn ty do quyet dinh.
Phdp Mat can phdi ghi nhan, tdn trgng, bao
(18). Minh Nguyen, Tiin sT 104 ludi da radi binh yen trong tieng nhac Beethoven, https://suckhoe.vnexpress.
net/tin-tuc/suc-khoe/tien-si-104-tuoi-da-ra-di7yen-binh- tro,ng-tieng-nhac-;beelhoven-3747833.html, tmy cap 29/3/2019.
(19). Bao di|n tii Vnexpress, Ddi vg chdng gid ditng quyen tra lu di dugc ra di ben nhau, https;//vn express.net/suc-khoe/doi-vo-chong-gia-dung-quyen- tro-W-de-duoc-ra-di-ben-nhau-3627496.html, tray c^p 29/3/2019.
(20). Bao di^n tu Vnexpress, Hai em be a Bi ra di bdng cdi chit em di, hpps://vnexpress.npt/suc-khoe/hai- em- be-o-bi7ra-di-bang-cai-chet-;em-air3790178.html, truy cap 30/3/2019.
(21). Nguyin Vinh Hung, tldd, ti. 46.
TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 5/2019 NGHIEN CVV - TRAO DOI ve quyen hgn ,tMeng lieng vd cao quy ndy,.
Do vdy, tMit nghT quy dinh "quyin duge chet" tgi Viet Nam cdn gdp phin giiip cho he thdng phdp ludt trd ndn diy dft, hoan tMdn va phyc vy tdt nhit cho con ngudi.
Tuy nMen, nhu da ndi, khdng it ngudi phan doi "quydn dugc chet" nen vi^c quyet dinh cho phep "quyin dugc chet" d Viet Nam cin cd sy nghien cuu kT luong. Ben cgnh dd, cin phai cdn nhdc vd xem xdt ddn cac vin dl nhu trinh do van hod, y thftc phdp ludt efta chft thi thyc tM va ngudi dan ndi ehung vd "quydn duge ehet" d Viet Nam. Bdi vi cd thi se ed trudng hgp lgi dung quydn ban nay de gay tM?t hai din quyin, lgi ich hgp phdp cfta ngudi khac hay cua Nhd nude.
Vi du: "cd thi xudt hiin tinh trgng gia dinh ngudi binh se trdn trdnh nghia vti chdm sdc, nuoi dudng ngudi binh. Trong trudng hgp ndy, lugt an td lgi Id cong cu tiip tay cho hanh vi giit ngudi cd chii dich, khuyen khich hdnh vi bdt hiiu trong xd hgi "F^^ Cftng cd the cd cdc trudng hgp itiiu "nhimg nguai dang ddi di?n vdi nguy ca v& ng, trdn ng hogc yi phgm phdp lugt nghiem trgng lgi dung qj^in hgn ndy".^ ^ Do vdy, vide dp dimg "quyen dugc chet" se mang ddn nhiing tac ddng tich cue va cd tab dgng tieu cyc doi vdi xa h§i Viet Narri. Dd gdp phin ban che cdc tae dgng tieu cUc cfta vide dp dyng
"quyen dugc chet" vdo Viet Nam, can xem xet kl cdc dieu kidn dp dyng nhu sau:
- v l dieu ki$n dp dyng "quyen dugc chit"
Trudc hdt, cdn khang dinh "quyin dugc chet" van cdn kha xa lg vdi nhilu ngudi Vi?t Nam nen chinh vi thi, sir tdc ddng, dnh hudng cua nd tdi xa hOi se rit Idn. Trdn thyrc te, ngay tgi cdc qudc gia quy dinh vd "quyin dugc chet" deu quy dinh rat chdt che cdc dieu kidn, trinh tu, thft tyc dl mdt ngudi cd thi dugc chdt mgt cdch hgp phdp. Theo dd, yd ca ban, cdc didu kidn bat bude ddi vdi mdt ngudi xin phep dugc chit nhu sau:
Thdng thudng, vi$c tien hanh xin phep duge ehet duge cMa thdnh hai dgng Id: "chet chft dgng" vd "chdt thy ddng". Trong dd, ddi vdi Mnh thiic "chdt chft dgng" se "phdi hoi dii bdn diiu kiin: Mgt la ngudi binh mdc b$nh nan y vd khong thi chiu dung dugc ndi dau thi xdc; hai la qua kiim tra, hgi ddng y khoa xdc dinh cdi chit ciia ngudi dy Id khdng thi trdnh khdi trong mdt tuang lai gdn; ba Id benh nhdn ddng y chet trong tinh trgng tinh tdo; bdn la cdc bdc sT true tiip diiu tri xdc djnh khdng cdn khd ndng diiu tri gidm dau.
Khi ddp ung cdc dieu kien ndy thi b?nh nhdn dugc "chit" bdng thudc an thdn, rdi sau dd la thudc ldm ngicng tim, ngimg phdi".'^^^ Nhu vdy, hinh thftc "chit chft ddng" dugc tiln hanh vdi s\r trg giftp cua, mgt bdn thft ba dl ngudi bdnh cd thi ra di nhe nhang.
Cdn ddi vdi hinh thftc "chdt thy ddng",
"ngudi binh phdi dap iing ba diiu ki^n: b^nh nan y giai dogn cudi, khdng thi hdi phuc vd ddng y ngung diiu tri (su ddng y lap thdnh (22). Bao di^n tu Vnexpress, Ludt su phdn bdc de
xudt "qtiyen dugc chit", htqjs://ynexpress.net/phap-Iual/
Iuat-su-phan-bac-de-xuat-quyen-duoc-chet-32046 78.html, tmy cap 27/3/2019.,
(23). Nguyin Vinh Hung, tldd, tr. 46.
(24). Bao Tu6i tre, Qttyhi dugc chit khdng khd thi a nuac ta hiin nay, https://tuoitre.vn/quyen-duoc-chet- khong-kha-thi-o-nuoc-ta-hien-nay-1134088.htm, truy clip 25/3/2019.
TAP CHl LUAT HQC SO 5/2019 NGHIENCUV- TRAODOI van bdn bdi nguai benh khi cdn tinh tdo hogc
d\ca vdo yiu cdu cua tdt cd thdnh viin gia dinh niu ngicdi binh khdng cdn tinh tdo, sdng thuc vdt)".^^^^ So vdi Mnh thftc "chit chft ddng" thi hinh tiiftc "chit tiiy dgng" dugc tiln hanh khdng Cdn nhd ddn su ho trg cua ben thft ba rad benh rtiidn se tu cham dftt tdn tgi kM khdng mu6n nhd sy giftp dd cfta cdc thilt bi y tl nhim duy tri keo ddi su sdng.
Tuu tnmg lgi, cai chet hgp phap phdi ddp ftng cac didu kidn co ban nhu: "Ngudi do da dua ra yeu cdu chdm dut cudc sdng mdt cdch chu ddng vd tu nguyin; ngudi dd dugc coi la cd du ndng luc tdm thdn di dua ra quyit dinh sang sudt vi viec diiu tri ciia minh; ngudi do dugc nhdt tri la dang bi dau dan khdng thi chiu dung dugc vd tinh trgng khong cd triin vgng cdi thiin ".^^**
Cdn tgi Viet Nam, do phap lugt hidn nay chua quy dinh vl "quyin dugc chit" nen chua cd dilu kien cy thd ddi vdi cdc trudng hgp mong mudn dugc chdt. Tuy nhien, neu nhu "quydn dugc chit" trong tbdi gian tdi dugc Qudc hdi Viet Nam thdng qua tM can quy dinh chi tidt, chat che vl cdc dilu kien ddi vdi chft thd mong mudn thuc Men quyin hgn dgc bi?t nay. Trong dd, can luu y, chu till raong mudn thue Men "quyin dugc chet"
bit huge phai dap ftng tit ca cdc dieu kien do phap ludt quy dinh. Qua nghidn cftu ki cdc vin dl nhu tinh tuang ddng cua he thdng
(25). Bao Tuoi tre, Quyin dugc chit khdng khd thi a nude ta hiin nay, tldd.
(26). Bao dien tu Dantri, Cdc nu&c thuc hi?n "qityin dirge chit" nhu thi ndo?, https://dantri.com.vn/suc- khoe/cac-nuoc-thuc-hien-quyen-duoc-chet-nhu-the- nao-1430868730.htm, truy c§p 24/3/2019.
phdp lugt Men nay vd thuc tidn tM hdnh phdp lugt hay tft su tdc ddng, cM phdi cfta cdc yeu td Hdn quan din trinh do vdn hod, y thftc phdp ludt cfta ehft thd thuc tM va ngudi ddn ndi ehung, cd thd quy dinh cdc didu kidn cy thd dl cd till dugc chit mdt cdch hgp phdp tgi Viet Nam nhu sau:
Dilu kien thft nhdt Id vl do tudi cfta ngudi raong mudn tiiuc hi?n "quydn dugc chit". Qua tim Mlu eho thiy, tgi mdt sd qftle gia nhu Vuang qudc Bi: "nam 2014, Bi dd sua ddi lugt di cho phep mgi benh nhdn bdt ki tudi tdc dugc tu quyit dinh cdi chit.
Trudc khi tiin hdnh cdi chit em di, binh nhdn phdi trdi qua bdi kiim tra ddnh gid ndng luc tinh thdn; niu dudi tudi trudng thdnh cdn cdn su ^dng y cua cha me"S Tuy nhien, trong thdi gian diu dp dyng
"quyen duge chdt" tai Viet Nam, ngudi cd nguyen vgng dugc chet phai la ngudi cd day dft ndng luc hdnh vi ddn su. Tftc Id, can quy dinh bit huge ngudi dugc chdt phdi Id ngudi tu dft 18 tudi trd Idn (khdng thugc cdc trudng hgp mit nang luc hanh vi dan su, ngudi cd khd khan trong nhgn thftc, lam chft hdnh vi hoac hi hgn ehd nang luc hdnh vi dan su).^^^' Ndi each khae, ngudi dugc chdt da hoan toan CO khd nang tu nhdn thftc vd quylt dinh dugc mgi hanh vi cua rainh. Hon nfta, tgi thdi dilm quylt dinh se chit tiii ngudi dd phai trong tinh trgng hodn todn minh man, sdng sudt, tinh tdo va phai tu tay ldm van ban cam kit vl -^ nguydn mong mudn dugc chet cua
(27). Bao dien tu Vnexpress, Hai em be a Bi ra di bdng cdi chit im di, tldd.
(28). cac dik 22, 23,24 Bo luSt dan su nam 2015.
TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 5/2019 NGHIEN CUV - TRAO DOI hg trudc sy chiing kidn cfta cdng chiing vidn
hogc cdc edn bd tu phdp cd thim quyen. Cdn neu trong trudng hgp vi li do khdng cdn dft sftc khoe dk tu tay yilt cam kit nhung van tinh tao, sang, suit tiii nhihig ngudi tbgn tMch eua ngudi dd se phdi cftng I|p cam ket tmdc su chung kiln cfta cdng chftng vidn hoac edn bg tu phap yd bdn than ngudi mong mudn ehdt phdi bieu lg dugc y cM, ndu nhu khdng till tu ki tdn dugc tM van phdi didm cM. Trong trudng hgp ndy cdij cd tdi tMdu 02 ngudi lam chiing (nhftng ngudi than tMch vdi ngudi dugc chdt hodc hang xpm, t l trudng t l ddn pho, chft, tich hgi cuu cMin binh... nhung phai la ngudi cd ddy du ndng luc hdnh vi dan sy) va ngay sau dd, nhftng ngudi nay se phdi ki tdn vdo van bdn cam kdt tmdc su chiing kidn cfta cdng chftng vidn hodc cdn bd tu phdp.
Ngodi ra, cung can cd quy dinh ddi vdi cac trudng hgp neu ,jihu ngudi bdnh dd vd dang song thuc vat hodc vdi ngudi chua tiianh men mic bdnh nan y giai dogn culi khdng thi cihi chu:a. Cin quy dinh quydn quylt dinh trong eac trudng hgp ndy se thudc vd cd gia dinh va kM quylt dinh phdi lgp thanh van bdn cd ehft ki cfta tat cd cdc thanh vien (nhiing ngudi cd diy du ndng lyc hdnh vi dan sy). Bdn cgnh dd^ ndn chdng doi vdi cdc trudng hgp ndy, can cd quy dinh cu till yl thdi gian sdng thirc vdt ho^c thdi gian ngudi chua tiidnh nidn mac b?nh nan y giai dogn cudi khdng thd cftu chua, \d cM kM nhihig ngudi lara vdo tinh trgng trdn va da keo ddi trong mdt khodng thdi gian hgp li tM nhihig ngudi thdn tiiich efta hg mdi cd thd
cftng quyet dinh vd vide ddng y cho ngudi than cfta hg ra di.
Dieu kien thft hai de cd till thuc Mdn
"quyin dugc chit", do la ban than ngudi mong mudn dugc chdt phdi khdng true tilp hogc gian tidp lidn quan trong mgi giao dich vd tdi ehinh hogc dang, ed nghia vy tra ng vdi cdc chft ng. Ndi cdch khdc, ngudi mong mudn dugc chit phdi khdng cd bit ki khodn ng nan hoae dang trong thdi ki Ihyc hidn cac ngMa vu tdi sdn ddi vdi bdn thft ba (mua ban, sang nhugng, thue khodn,. vay mugn, cam cd, the chap...) hogc vcd nhd nude (ng thud, pM hay cdc ngMa vu tdi cMnh khdc). Dieu ndy nhdm trdnh trudng hgp nhftng ngudi cd tinh lgi dyng "quyen dugc chdt" dd tron ng.
Dilu kidn thft ba, ngudi moi^ mudn dugc chdt khdng vi pham phap ludt hoac dang trong thdi Id bi tmy td, xet xu hay dang chip hdnh cdc, logi hinh phgt khdc nhau.
Dilu nay cdn till hidn s\i khdch quan, cdng bdng ddi vdi mgi cdng ddn trong xd hdi vd thi Men rd tinh nghidm minh cua phdp luat.
Ghi din kM ngudi mong mudn dugc ehet khdng cdn bit ki ngMa vu vdi nha nude tM hg mdi cd quyin tu quylt dinh van dd tdn tgi hay khdng ton tgi.
Didu kien thft tu, ngudi raong mudn dugc chit phdi dang radc cac can b^nh hiem ngheo ddn mftc cac benh vidn tuydn trung uong cfta Viet Nam ddu xdc nhgn khdng thd cftu chfta. Nen chang quy dinh cin tdi thilu sy xac nhgn cua hai benh vidn tuydn trung uang vd, trudng bgp ngudi b?nh da khdng thi cftu chfta. Mat khdc, Bd y te can phdi hgp vdi Bg tu phdp,, Bg cdng an, Toa dn
TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 5/2019 NGHIEN CifU -TRAODOI^
nhdn dan tdi cao vd Vien kidm sdt nhan ddn toi cao dl ciing ngMen cftu, hudng dan cy thd ddi vdi trudng hgp xdc dinh mdt ngudi khdng edn kha nang cftu chfta dd cdc bdnh vien va ngudi bdnh cd ca sd thuc M?n theo.
Bdn cgnh do, cung ndn dy lieu ddi vdi mdt sd trudng hgp nlu xet thdy chua dft sy tm tudng tM CO quan nhd nude cd tham quyen cd thd dd nghi tidp tyc xet ngMem, gidm dinh kit qiia tft mdt co sd y te khdc. Trong dd, eo sd y tl thft ba phdi Id ca sd y td dat dudi su qudn ll true tilp cfta Bg cdng an hoae Bd quic phdng vd ciing phdi cd day dft trang tMdt hi cftng nhu trinh do chin dodn nhu mdt benh vien tuyen trung uong.
- Ve phuang phdp tidn hanh "quyen dugc chdt" tai Viet Nam:
"Quylh dugc chit" radc dft co gid tri rat Idn ddi vdi ban than ngudi dugc chet vi nd giftp cho ngudi dugc chdt ed the ra di nhe nhdng, era ai trdnh su khi dau keo dai. Tuy nMdn, vin dl d ddy Id chft thd nao se chiu trdch nMdra b5 trg eac benh nhan mic bdnh Mim ngheo kM hg mudn cham dut cudc sing. Cd thi thdy ring, dft cho vide giftp dd nhimg ngudi benh tat dau ddn ddn mftc khdng the tidp tyc cudc sdng cd thd gidi thodt ttong sy nhe nhdng va nhanh chdng ludn chfta dung cdc gia tri nhdn vdn, nhdn dao sdu sic, thi nhung ddy lgi la mdt cdng vide dae bidt ma cd Id rit it ngudi rhudn thuc hidn hoac khdng dam thuc Men vi nMdu Ii do. Vi thi, dl vide dp dyng tgi Viet Nam dugc thudn lgi tM cin tim Mdu, ngWen cftu va hge hdi kinh nghiem tu cac qudc gia dang ttiln khai "quydn dugc chit".
NgMdn ciiii cho thiy, hidn nay, tai mdt sd qudc gia dd sdng tao ra cdc phuong phdp dl ngudi bdnh cd thd thudn lgi, nhanh chdng, dan gidn chim dftt cugc sdng ma khdng can phai cd sy h5 ttg cfta nhilu ngudi. Vi du: tgi
"Australia dd cd bdc si sdng tgo ra cd mdy di giup binh nhdn dugc chit nhe nhdng"P^
Tilu bang Oregon ciia Hoa Ky, "ngudi benh tu diing thudc ddc do bdc si cung cdp "P^^ (^
Thyy Sy, nguoi mudn chit "tu md van cho dung dich thuoc dgc truyen vdo ca thi qua dng tiim ddt nai cdnh tc^". ^'' Cftng tai Zurich, Thyy Sy cdn cd phuang phdp tiln hdnh bdng vide ngudi bdnh ty uing thulc ddc theo su hudng din eiia thanh vidn to chftc ttg tft Dignitas.^^^* Hay d Bi, ngudi dugc chdt dugc tiem tiiudc dde de ra di ydn binh.^^'** 6 eac qudc gia nhu "Hd Lan vd Luxembourg, theo ludt cua nhicng nude n^, cugc sdng cua mgt ngudi cd thi dugc chdm dut mdt cdch co cdn nhdc bdi bdc sT hogc cdc nhdn vien y ti khdc. Nguai dugc "chit em di" thudng dugc nhgn mgt liiu thuoc
(29). Thu Thao, Cd mdy giup binh nhdn ra di em di cua bdc sTAustralia, bao di^n tii Vnexpress, https://vn express.net/tin-tuc/khoa-hoc/co-may-giup-benh-nhan- ra-di-em-ai-cua-bac-si-australia-3676887.html, tmy d p 26/3/2019.
(30). Nguyen Huu Due, NghT vi quyin dugc chet, http://nld.com.vn/suc-khoe/nghi-ve-quyen-duoc-chet- 20160901210804634.htm, tmy cap 26/3/2019.
(31). Bao di?n tij Baomoi, L&i tran trSi ciia tiin si 104 tudi ra di bdng cdi chit em di, tldd.
(32): Bao difin tii Vnexpress, Video nhd bdo Ddi Loan chit em di gdy tranh cai, https://vnexpress.net/suc- khoe/video-nha-bao-dai-loan-chet-em-ai-gay-tranh- cai-3888313.html, tray c§p 29/3/2019.
(33). Bao dien tu. Vnexpress, Hai em be a Bi ra di bdng cdi chit im di, tldd.
TAP CHi LUAT HQC SO 5/2019 NGHIENCUV- TRAODOI
gidn ca hodc thudc ngu, liiu cao. gdy rg hgn me yd chit"P'''^ Cdn tgi Viet.Nam, thdi gian gin d&y ciing dd cd ftadri^:-"niu. phdp lugt eho. phip,, bdc.si cd thi giup ngudi b$nh ra di mgt each, thanh than bdng each ket hgp nhieu.bi^n phdp nhu:. cho.thudc, m^, nghe mdt hdi^i nhgc, xem mgt bg phim... "P^^ Day Id cdc ggi y quan ttgng cho cdc nha lgp phdp tgi Vi^t Nam vd dgi ngu sd thuc Men quyin hgn ddc biet nay ngMen cftu, tim Mdu. Mat khac, cin cd s\f tilp Mc ngMdn cftu, tim Mdu vl nhthig phuong phap thuc Mdn "quyin dugc chit" cho phu hgp nhdt vdi cdc dieu kidn vd hodn canh efta Viet Nam.
Ben canh dd, cin luu y: kM radt con ngudi chit di tM, su lidn quan khdng chi ddi vdi bdn than ngudixhlt hay vdi nhimg ngudi thdn tMch cfta hg ma con lidn quan rit Idn doi vdi cdc ca quan nha nugc cd thira quyin. Bdi le, cdc vdn dd lien quan den nguoi duge chit nhu tdi sdn hogc nhimg ngudi cd Hen quan, phu thudc vdo hg van cdn. Do vgy, sau dd, ve nguydn tac, cac ea quan nhd nude vlin sd phai tidn hgnh cac thi^
tyc phdp H can thidt ddi vdi nhung vdn de kd tren. Hon niia, can dam bag vide mdt ngudi mong mudn nhd din cdi cfi|t nhe nhdng, dm di la hgp phdp tM can qi^^ i^nh.mdt quy trinh tham dinh, kilm tea chat che, ngMem minh vdnhanh.chdng. Theo dd, can quy 4inh ttddi
(34). Bao di$n tii:Daptri, Cdc nude thuc.hiin/'qiiyin dugc chii" nhu thi ndo?, tldd. , (3'5). Nam Phuomg, De xudt bi sung quyin ditgc chit, b^o d i ^ tii Vnexpress, trich liti eua TS. Nguyin Huy Quang, Vv phap ch^ (BO y tfi), ht^s://vnexpress.net/
tin-tuc/thoi-su/de-xuat-bo-sung-quyen-duoc-chet-320 4054.html, truy c§p 26/3/2.019. '
nM^m cfta cdc ca quan nhu cd quan cdng ah^
tod- dn nhdn d ^ vien kiem sdt nhdn ddn vd chfnh quyin (Ka phuong noi ngudi' raong muon dugc chit dgng cu trft ttong' vide phoi hgp kilm tta, xdc minh va quylt dinh cho phdp ngudi.dugc ehet cd thd thyc M$n quydn hgn ndy hay khdng. Cin dgc biet luu y, itiidi hgn de cac ca quan ttdn tiln hdnh cdc thft tyc kiem tta xae rainh phdi. quy dinh. rat rd rang vd ve nguyen tie, qua ttinh xae minh vd quylt dinh cho phep ngudi dugc chit phdi hudng'din s\r nhanh chdng;'thugn tien, ttanh gdy pMen hd, ric rdi cbo'ngudi dugc chdt ciing nhu tiidn nhdn cfta hg^ Co nhu vgy mdi thi Mdn su vdn minh. Men dgi cfta phap ludt vd the Men sy quan tdm, h5 ttg tdt nhat eiia phdp lugt doi vdi ngudi dugc chit ;va gia dinh cftahg.
, 2. Kiln nghj quy dinh "quyen duQ'c chef!
trong phSp lu|t Vi|t Nam '
TTJII- nhdt, phap lugt Vidt Nam can sdni quy dinh '*quylndugc chdt" dd'dap ftng nhu ciu, mong^muln ciia-xa hdi. Trong dd, xdy dyng quy trinh xem xet, thira ^nh cdc ho so cfta ngudi mong mudn dugc chdt can phdi nhanh chdng, khoa hgc, chat che vd hudng din vi$c tgo su thugn lgi tdt nhit cho ngudi mong muon duge chdt hogc cfta gia dinh ngudi yeu ciu.
Nhu da trinh bay. Men nay khd nMdu quoc gia ttdn tbi gidi dS quan nidm lgi vl.
"quyin dugc chit" vd gM nhgn quyin hgn ndy ttong he thing phdp luit dl nhftng ngudi cp nhu,ciu, mong mudn cd thd tbyc, hij^n.
Mat khdc, trudc yeueiu vd^ ddi hdi ciia xa hgi hi?n nay, vide edng nhdn "qftyln dugc
TAP CHl LUAT HOC SO 5/2019 NGHI&NCUV- TRAOBdl chdt" tgi Viet Nam la quy dinh phft-hop vd
rit can tiiiet. *^^' Tren thue tl, tft ndm 2005,
"quyin dugc chdt" dd tiing d\xgc Bd y tl ^ xuat vdi Quic hgi nhung Qudc hgi Idii do cdn nhic ehua biit din thdi dilm nao se cho phep.*^'' Hay ngay trong giai dogn xdy dung Bg lugt ddn su ndm 2015, van ed khd nMdu ^ kidn gdp ^ vd vide can bd sung "quyin dugc chit" doi vdi "nhirng ngicdi dang sdng thuc vgt, ung thu giai dogn cudi chiu dau ddn tgt ciing vi the xdc, tinh thdn vd mudn ra dinhe nhdng".^^^^ Cy thd, du thdo'Bg lugt dan sy nam 2015 trinh Qudc hdi khi dd cftng da cd de cdp van dd can ghi nhgn "quydn dugc chlt".*''^' Tii do cho thiy, "quydn dugc chit"
khdng cM la van dd raang tinh xa hdi rdng Idn md cdn la m$t vdn de lien quan rat Idn ddn "nhdn quyen" vd phdp ludt cdn phdi cdng nhgn va bao ve quyen hgn ddc Met ndy.
Trdn thyc tl, raOt bd phgn khdng nhd nhd ldm ludt ciia Vi|t Nam it nMeu da vd dang suy ngM vl vin dd quan ttgng nay. Do vdy, cin nhanh ehdng quy dinh "quyin dugc chit" dl gidi quylt^nhu ciu va mong. mftdn cfta xa hgi, ddc bidt la ttong hodn cdnh sd
(36). Bio di|n tu tuoi tre, Xin quyin dugc chit, nhieu li do chua thi dp dyng, tldd.
(37). T(i Anh, tldd.
(38). Nam Phuong, Di xuit.bo sung quyen dugc chit, bao di?n tii Vnexpress, trich Ifiri ciia TS. Nguyen Huy Quang, Vv phap chi (B$ y te), https://viiexpress.net/
tin^uc/thoi-su/de-xuat-bo-sung-quyen-duoc-chet-320 4054.htail, truy c§p 25/3/20.19. , , (39). B0 tu phap, Cing th6ng tin dien til phiaNam, NSii hay khdng niti bd sung "quyin dugc chit!* trong du thdo. Bg lugt ddn sw sira doi, ht^://ctpn.moj.gov.
vn/qt/tintuc/P^es/nghien-cuu-trao-doi-kinh-nghiem.
aspx?henilb=^34, truy c^p 20/4/2019.
liigng ngudi radc eac cdn benh hilni nghdo dang cd xu' hudng gia tang nhanh chdng.
Bdn cgnh do, cin quy dinh chat che qUy ttinh xem xdt, t h ^ dinh vide cho phep ragt ngudi dugc sft dyng "quydn dugc chef. Cd nhu vgy mdi'ngan ngira dugc cdc hanh vi cfta mdt si ngudi mudn lgi dung quyen bgn ddc biet ndy dl thyc Men cdc hanh vi cd thi Vi phgm phdp ludt hogc ldm phuang hgi ddn quyin, lgi ich hgp phdp efta ngudi khdc.
Th^ hdi, can md rdng cdng tac tuydn truyin, gidi thieu vl. "quyin dugc chet" den ddng ddo ngttdi dan '
M^ic dft vide cdng nhdn "quyen dugc chit" Id rdt van minh va nhan dao nhung, khdng it ngudi cdn chua Mdu hdt hogc vdn edn mang ngng tu tudng bdo thu, lgc Mu tidn quylt lidt phdn dii quyin hgn ndy. Bdi v^y, ttdn thyc te, khdng cM tgi Vidt Nara rad
"trin thi gi&i vdn con mot bgphgn xd hgi phdn ddi".^'^^^ Trude mit, cin t l chftc nhilu chuang trinh tuydn truyin, phd bidn, gidi tM?u ve "quyin duge chdt" vdi rauc dich qudng bd rdng rdi quyen ban ndy din ddng ddd mgi tang lap nhdn dan. Trong dd, ddc Met cdn chft y diy mgnh tuyen truyin, gidi tiiidu "quydn dugc chdt" din cdc viing ndng thdn, vimg sdu, vftng xa...; d nhiing nai it dugc tilp can vdi radi trudng vdn hoa, gido dye vd phap lugt. Mdt khac, cin khdng dinh
"quyin dugc chit" la quyin chft khdng phai Id ngMa vu, vi vdy vide ai cd lya chgn quylt djnh tiiuc M?n hay khdng hodn todn phu thu^c vdo cMnh bdn thdn hg vd ngay cd khi
(40). Nguyen Vinh Hung, tldd, tr. 46.
TAP CHi LUAT HQC SO 5/2019
muln thuc Men tM cdn phdi ddp ung rit nhilu dilu kidn chat chd vdi sy xem xet, thim dinh ki ludng cfta cdc co quan nha nude cd thim quyen.
Thic ba, cin khuyin khich thdnh Idp eac tochtotegtft .
Mdt ttong nhihig ylu td quyet dinh dd
"quyen dugc chet" dugc Qudc hgi thdi^ qua vd triln khai t h u ^ lgi ciing nhu cd the ttg giftp tdi da va M$u qud cho nhftng ngudi mong mudn duge chit chfnh \k ein ed nhung to chftc nhan dgo thuc M?n vifc giftp dd, ho ttg (hay cdn ggi Id td chftc ttg tft). Bdi nhu da phan tich, ddy Id cong vide rat dgc bidt md it ngudi dam tiiyc Men. Tuy nMdn, xet din cung, vide giftp dd nhiing ngudi mong mudUi mdn mdi chd dgi duge ehet vd dd hgp phdp thi hodn todn khdngphai la vide ldm vi pham phdp ludt hay ttdi dgo dftc xa hgi. Do vay, nlu "quyen dugc chdt" dugc cdng,nhdn tai Viet Nam tM se cd rdt nMeu ngudi ngMa M?p, diing cdm giftp do, ho ttg nhiing ngudi cd nguydn vgng dugc ra di mdt cdch tiianh than, nhe nhdng. Mac dft vdy, day lgi khdng phdi Id bdnh ddng cfta tirtig cd nhan md cmi cd cac td chftc chuydn nghiep de ciing thuc M?n cdng viec ndy. Trong dd, Viet Nam ed till ngMdn cftu, hbc hdi cdc md Mnh td chftc ttg tft ciia mdt so qudc' gia dd cdng nhdn
"quyin dugc chdt" ina trong dd, didn Mnh nhu rad Mnh Dignitds chuyen h5 teg nhiing ngudi mong muln dugc chdt cfta Thyy Sy M?n nay. Mdt khdc, Idii thanh lgp cac td chftc ttg tft tM cung cMnh cdc t l chfte ndy se' gdp phin quan tegng de tuydn truyen, gidi thieu vl "quyen dugc chit" din ddng ddo
NGHIEN CdV - TRAO Bdi ngudi dan ban. Tft dd, cang nMlu ngudi Vift Nam tin tudng vd ftng hd "quyin dugc chet" Id quyin nhan dgo vd khdng the tMdu teong ddi song ciia con ngudi./.
TAI L I E U THAM KHAO 1. Bap ngudi bao ve tjuydn Igi, Tnmg,ucmg
Hdi luat gia Viet Nam, Quyen aini.tic.theo
• Lugt nhdn quyin qudc ti, phdp ludt d mgt sd qudc gia vd ggi md cho Viet Nam, http://nguoibaovequyenlqi.eom/User/Tho,.
ngTin_CMTiet.aspx?MaTT=15420i6529 4079288l&MaMT=25
2., Bdo tdng Hch sft - vdn hod, Dgi hgc khoa hgc xa hdi vd nhan vdn, Dgi hgc qudc gia Thditii phd Ho CM Minh, Tuyin ngdn dgc lap 2/9/1945 - bdn ticyin bo ve nhdn quyin d Viet Nam, http://baotang.hcm ussh.edu.vn/?ArticleId=cb7ed36c-f0af-
•4b 10-b876-a6c,702db5567
3. Bg tu phdp, Cdng thdng tin dien tft pM'a . , Nam, Nen hay.khdng nen bd sung "guyin dugc chit" trong du thdo Bg ludt ddn su sira ddi, http://ctpn.moj.gov.vn/qt/tintuc/
' Pages/ngMen-cuft-trao-doi-kinh-nghiera.
aspx?ItemID=34 '
4: Nguyen Huu Dftc, NghT ve quyin dugc chit, bdo di?n tft Ngudi lao dgng, httpr//nld.
com.vn/suc-khoe/ngM-ve-quyen-du6c-chet- 20I60901210804634.hhn ' 5. Nguydn Vmh Hung, "Cdn bd sung "quydn
dugc chit" vdo ttong Bg ludt dan su nam 2015", Tgp chi khoa hgc phdp li, sd 9/2018.
6. Mmh Trang, Quyin dtfgc chit, https://dan luat.thuvienphapluat.vn/quycn-duoc-chet- 1437I2.aspx
