Xa hoi hoc The gioi xd hgi hgc, s6 3 (i43). 201 s 129
XA H O I H O C 6 TRUNG QUOC TRU'6C 1949
BUi T H £ CUdNG*
Tom tdt: Trudc ndm 1949, xd hgi hgc Trung Quoc dd lieng Id mgt nen xd hgi hgc lan trong boi cdnh the giai khi dy. Bdi viit giai thieu su hinh thdnh vd phdt triin cua xd hoi hgc hi$n dgi a Trung Quoc tie ban ddu din trudc khi co su thay ddi chi do xd hgi ndm 1949, ve mat dinh che vd nghiin cuu. Sau gdn 20 ndm hinh thdnh chdm rdi, chit yiu dich thudt vd gidi thiiu xd hgi hgc Au-My, vd nhdt Id sau Cdch mgng Tdn Hgi 1911, xd hgi hgc a Trung Quoc phdt triin nhanh ve mat dinh chi, dua xa hgi hgc vdo dgy dgi hgc, md cdc khoa xd hgi hgc, thdnh lap hgi nghi nghiip, xudt bdn tgp chi. Dong thai, xudt hi?n hdng logt cong trinh nghiin cieu xd hgi hgc thuc nghiem, ddn din nhiiu cong bo ddy dn tugng. Hgp tdc gitta xd hot hgc My vd Trung Quoc sdm dien ra mgnh me trong ddo tgo, nghien cuu, trao doi hgc gid, vd xudt bdn.
Tit khda: lich sd xa hpi hpc, xa hpi hpc Trung Qudc, xa hdi hgc qudc te.
Nhgn bdi: 13/8/2018 Gui phdn bi?n: 20/8/2018 Duy^t ddng: 8/9//2018
I. Md d4u
Tim hiiu lich su xa hdi hgc d Trung Qudc nua ddu the ky 20 gdy ngac nhien Idn, it nhdt la vdi tdi. Cd IS mgt sd nha xa hdi hgc Vi$t Nam nghi gidng tdi, vdo the k^ 19 va niia ddu thi ky 20, cdc nin xd hpi hpc "ldn" (metropolitan sociologies) gdm xd hdi hpc Phdp, Anh, Dire, va My, mpt sd nudc khac ciing da phdt trien xa hpi hpc, nhung xa hpi hgc cua hp "nhd hon", va trong dd khdng cd Trung Qudc. Nhung tdi dd di tu nggc nhien nay den ngac nhifin khdc khi tim hiiu nhung chdng dudng ciia xa hdi hgc Trung Qudc.
Mpt vai tac gid, nhu Richard P. Madsen hay Ambrose Yeo-Chi King, trieh ddn nhan xet cua nha nhan hgc xd hdi Anh Maurice Freedman viet vao thap nien 1960 nhu sau: "Cd thi ndi rdng, trudc Chiln tranh Thi gidi ldn thii hai, ngoai Bdc My va Tay Au ra, thi Trung Qudc la noi md xd hgi hgc bimg nd nhdt tren the gidi, it nhdt ciing la vl mat chdt lugng hi thuc" (Trieh lgi theo Madsen, 1985:1379; Kmg, 1978:39). Day khdng phai la dilu dang ngac nhien sao.
Bai viit budc ddu gidi thieu sg hinh thdnh va phdt triln cua xd hgi hpc hien dai d Trung Qudc tir ban ddu den trudc khi cd sg thay ddi ehl do xa hdi ndm 1949, vl mdt dinh che vd nghien cuu.
' Viin Khoa hgc xd hgi vitng Nam Bg. Vi^n Hdn ldm Khoa hgexd hgi Vi^t Nam.
130 Xd hgi hgc d Trung Quoc truac 1949
Phuang phap su dgng d bdi viit ndy Id phdn tich tdi lipu dd cd. Lugng tdi li^u v l xd hdi hgc Trung Qudc thdi ky dd tdi thu thdp dugc cdn it, nhu ban dgc thdy trong myc tdi lieii tham khdo. Tdc gia bai viet cd mpt hgn che ldn khi tim hieu chu d l nay Id khdng bilt tieng Trung, chua tung cd dip lam vipc lau d mpt vipn nghien ciiu hay trudng dgi hpc d Trung Qu6c. Vi vdy, xin ban dpc ghi nhd han c h i cua bai viSt .
2. P h a n ky ljch sir
Tga de bdi viet ggi nen phdn ky lich sii. Vgy xa hgi hpc hipn dgi d Trung Qudc bdt dau khi nao, trdi qua may thdi ky? Hau het tac gid ddng y, xa hdi hpc hipn dgi Trung Qudc khdi ddu td cudi t h i ky 19, nhung chua nhdt tri vdi nhau ve thdi diem cu the hon.
Ming Yan cho rdng xd hgi hgc hi6n dgi Trung Qudc trai ndm giai dogn: tiSp nhgn (1895-1913), dinh c h i hda (1913-1930), m d rpng (1930-1949), dinh chi (1949-1979), va tdi xdy dgng (td 1979 trd di)^. Nhu vdy, thdi kj' xem xet d day (tir ddu dSn 1949), theo Ming Yan cd ba giai doan.
Sau khi trinh bay lich su va dgc diem cua x3 hpi hpc hien dgi Trung Qudc cho din 1949, ket ludn cua Sun Pen-Wen (Sun Benwen) ciing ndi den ba giai dogn. Ong viet:
"Trudc het, nd chgm chgp trai qua mpt giai dogn dich thugt vd dien gidi xd hpi hgc Au- My. Tiep theo, nd trdi qua giai doan nghien ciiu vd khdo sdt mdi, thogt dau do cac giao su My thgc hien, sau dd Id cdc nhd xd hdi hgc Trung Qu6c tiln hdnh. Cudi cung, nd dat tdi giai dogn tdng hgp cdc ly thuyet xa hgi hgc vd iing dgng cdc nguyen ly xa hpi hpc vao cdng tdc xa hpi va qudn ly xa hgi. Nhung xa hdi hpc Trung Qudc cung mdi chi d budc ban ddu cua giai dogn nay thdi. Sg phat trien tiep tuc chti y l u phg thupc vdo lao d6ng va no luc cua cdc gidng vien va sinh vien xa hpi hgc" (Sun, 1949:251)^.
3. T h u d b a n d a u t n r d c va sau Cach mang T a n Hgi 1911
Cu6i t h i ky 19, gidi tri thiic Trung Qudc bdt ddu bilt d i n xd hgi hgc thdng qua m6t sd bai bdo vd sdch dich ciia sinh viSn du hgc v6. Theo Li Hanlin va cdng sg, nhfing sinh vien du hpc trd ve tgo nen hai trudng phdi, "Trudng phai phuang Tay" Id nhfing ngudi du hpc chdu Au vd Hoa Ky, "Trudng phai phucmg Ddng" la nhfing ngudi du hgc Nhgt Bdn.
Hp tgo nen hai kenh dich thudt vd gidi thipu xa hpi hpc khdc nhau, song hanh nhau (Li va cpngsu, 1987:613).
Theo Ming Yan, nam 1895 cd the xem la thdi dilm md ddu cua xa hpi hpc Trung Qudc khi Yan Fu ddng bdi nhan d l "Yuan qiang" (On strength) tren td Zhi bao d thanh
^ Xin ghi nhan b day sy giup d& qu^ biu cua TS. Stella R. Quah (National University of Smgapore) vi TS.
Jack Barbalet (Australian Catholic University) da giii tii Ii?u cho toi.
' Bii viet cua Ming Yan n5m 1989. Nay da g^n 30 nam, du phSn ky thinh vii giai do^n. C6 thi da c6 tii lifu mdi hon dl cap vi^c niy mi toi chua bilt.
^ Bii bio Sun Pen-Wen xu^t ban b My thing 3/1949, c6 Ig ong viit xong vi giii ding tit cu6i 1948. Trong khi d6, thing 1/1949 Dang Cpng sin Trung Quoc da chiem dupc Peking vi ngiy 1/10/1949, tuygn bo thinh l^p Nhi nu6c mdi. Khi n6i giai doan thu ba min chi dang bat d^u, tt6ng dgi vio nS lyc ciia cic giing vien vi smh vien thiic diy nen xa h$i hpc nu6c nhi tilp tyc phSt Oiln, 6ng kh6ng the ngd ring chi ngay sau dd.
xa hOi hpc d Trung QuIc budc vio giai do^n thu tu, Ming Yan gpi li thdi "dinh chi" (suspension).
Biii Thi Cudng 131
phd Tianjin (Thien Tan) so ra ngay 4/3/1895, gidi thi$u xa hdi hpc ciia Herbert Spencer (Ming Yan, 1989:4). Ld mdt trong nhung nhd yeu nudc va cdi each tam huylt, Yan Fu trdn trd tim ldi giai cho xa hpi Trung Qudc dang con khiing hodng. Ong chu truong tim giai phdp d t u tudng phuong Tay. Sau nhiing ndm dich cac trieh doan, nam 1903 dng hodn thanh va xuat bdn toan bp tdc pham "The Study of Sociology" cua Spencer. Sinh vi6n du hpc Nhdt Bdn ("Trudng phdi phuang Ddng") cd ddng gdp khdng nhd vdo sg nghiep dich thuat vd gidi thipu xa hdi hgc. Trong sd chin tdc phdm quan trpng dugc dich va xudt bdn hdi dd, thi bay dich tu tilng Nhdt (Li va cgng su, 1987:613-614).
Nhung chua cd ddng thugn trong cdc nha nghien ciiu lich su xa hpi hpc Trung Qudc vl thdi dilm vd sg kien cg t h i dugc xem la khdi ddu xa hdi hpc hien dgi Trung Qudc. Mdt so hpc gid day thdi diem ra ddi xa hpi hpc hien dai Trung Qudc xa hon khi nhdc din sg kipn nam 1891 Kang Youwei da dgy mdn "qun xue" (nghien cdu cdc tap thi) d trudng Wanmu Caotang (mpt logi trudng tu kiiu cu) tinh Guangzhou (Quang Chdu). Kang Youwei cho rdng "Khi dgy m^t hgc thuyit hay mdt sg viec, ta phdi ldn trd Igi lich sii cua n6, nghidn cdu sg tien hda cua nd, vd ddnh gid nd bdng each so sanh vdi chdu Au vd My"
( I n c h lai theo Li vd cgng su, 1987:616).
Ngugc lgi, trong bdi viet khdng xudt ban ndm 1986 nhan d l "Lich sii xa hgi hpc Trung QuIc", Chen Dinghong cho rdng xd hdi hgc Trung Qudc khdi ddu ndm 1898, khi Yan Fu ddng mpt trich dogn dich tir cu6n "The Study of Sociology" cua Herbert Spencer tren td Guowen d thanh phd Tianjin (Ming Yan, 1989:27-28)'*. Ambrose Yeo-Chi King neu them vipc xuat ban vao nam 1903 ban djch cua Ma Chuan-wu tac pham cua Spencer
"Principles of Sociology" va bdn dich cua Wu Chien-Chang cdng trinh cua Franklin Henry Giddings "The Principles of Sociology" (King, 1978:37)^. Theo King, xa hpi hpc xudt hipn d Trung Qudc Id mdt phdn trong phong trao tan hgc day tam huyet cua gidi tri thdc noi len trong nhfing ndm cudi trieu dai nhd Qing (Thanh).
Yan Fu dd sii dung thugt ngfi "Qun xue" ("nghien ciiu cac tap t h i " hodc " q u ^ hpc") d l dich thudt ngfi tilng Anh xd hgi hgc. Tan Sitong Id ngudi ddu tien dung thuat ngfi "shehui xue" trong cudn sach "Ren xue" ("Nghien ciiu ve tir thien"). Ming Yan cho ring "shehui xue" cdc dich gia mugn tu tieng Nhdt (Ming Yan, 1989:4). Sim Pen-Wen (1949:247) nhdc d i n sg kipn trong tac phdm dich mpt cudn sdch cua xa hpi hpc Nhdt Bdn ndm 1902, Chang Ping-Ling sd dung thuat ngii "khoa hpc v l xa hdi" hay "xa hdi hpc".
Trong ban djch ndm 1903 cdng trinh cua Spencer "Study of Sociology", Yan Fu chgn tga dl tilng Trung "Qun Xue Yi Yan" (Tri thdc v l cac nhdm) (Dai, 1993:91)^
* DSn Ui mpt s6 tic gii Trung QuIc, Bettina Gransow c6n n6i din nhitng thdi dilm xa hon nfta. Bi cho tiing ttr nam 1881/1882 Yan Fu da nghien curu Spencer vidng da d^yxah^i hpc tir 1891. Ding thdi, trong thin gian niy da xuit hi?n nhihig bin djch xa hpi hpc diu tien tir tieng Nhit (Gransow, 1985:140-141).
* Cu6n sich cua Giddings do Mcmillan Company xuat bin lan dau nim 1896. Cho den 1914 tii bin 14 lin.
Tin diy du "The Principles of Sociology: An Analysis of the Phenomena of Association and of Social Organization".
^ Theo Tong Lam (2011:8-9), do trong th?ip nien dau the ky 20 ngiy cing nhieu quan chiic vi sinh vien Trung Quoc du hpc Nh^t, nSn din din "shehui" (xa h^i) thay thi cho "qun" trong vifc chuin h6a djch thu^t ngtt "xa hpi" tir ngon ngtt Au-MJ. Nhung tic gii n6i them, vi|c sii dyng "shehui" c6n giiip hpc gii Trung
132 Xa hgi hgc d Trung Quoc trudc 1949
Giua cac hpc gia cd y kien khac nhau ve sg kipn dua mdn xa hdi hpc vdo dgi hpc thdi ky trudc Cdch mgng Tan Hgi 1911. Theo Sun Pen-Wen (1949), trong thdp nien 1900, hai dai hpc da ghi xd hdi hgc vdo chuong trinh gidng dgy, vd mdn ndy ldn ddu tien xuit hien trong chuong trinh gidng day dai hpc d Trudng Chinh tri qudc gia Peking (Bdc Kinh) nam 1906. Nhung Sun Pen-Wen cho rdng tuy dugc dua vao thilt k l chuong trinh giang day d hai dgi hpc, song khdng cd bdng chiing cho thdy ngudi ta da thgc sg dgy mdn xa hpi hpc d ddy. Theo Dai Kejing (1993:91) vd Li Hanlin vd cdng su (1987:613), thi mon xa hdi hpc dua vdo ddu tien d Dai hpc St. John, Shanghai (Thugng Hdi), nam 1906 do nhd xa hdi hpc My Arthur Moun phu trach. Nam 1908, xa hdi hgc xudt hien trong chuong trinh giang day cua Dai hpc Nanyang d Shanghai va cua Touetiao Xurtang d Tianjing.
Nam 1910, Dai hgc Tdng hgp qudc gia Peking dgy mdn xa hdi hgc trong mgt ndm cho sinh vien nam thd ba. Du thgc t l t h i nao, nhiing ghi chep sii lipu tren cho thdy trudc Cach mgng Tan Hgi 1911 gidi tri thuc dai hgc da biet ro ve xa hgi hgc qudc te duang thdi vd co y dinh (hogc thgc sg da) dua xa hdi hgc vdo giang dgy cho gidi tre. Ta thdy gidng day xd hdi hpc d Trung Qudc khdng cham han cac nudc kw-M^ Id bao. O My, giao trinh xa h^i hgc ddu ti6n do Albion Small dua ra nam 1890 (Calhoun, 2007:20-21).
Ke tu dd, xd hgi hgc d Trung Qudc phat trien mgnh qua tung thap nien, lan lugt t i viec dua vdo gidng day, den thdnh lap cac khoa xa hdi hgc, thdnh lap hdi, xudt ban tap chi vd nghien cuu thgc nghiem.
Theo Sun Pen-Wen, chi trong thdp nien 1910, thdp nien ddu tien sau Cach mang Tdn Hgi 1911, cd khoang nda ta sach ve xa hpi hpc. Ddy cung Id thdp ni6n nd r§ nhiing phong trao xd hdi, trong do cd phong trdo tdn vdn (khoang nam 1915-1921) ma dinh dilm Id phong trdo Ngd Td 1919 do Tsai Yuan-pei va Hu Shih khdi xudng. Phong trdo nay c6 cdng ldn truyen bd -vdo Trung Qudc thanh tgu triet hgc, nghe thudt, cdng nghp, khoa hpc tg nhien vd khoa hgc xa hgi Au-My. Gidi tri thiic quan tam d i n nhiing truyin ba cua phong trdo ndy ve tu tudng xa hgi, cac vdn de xa hgi va xa hgi hgc. Mdt loat sdch khoa hpc xd hpi Au-My dich vd xuat ban. Ambrose Yeo-Chi King ddnh gid, "sau khi sinh thanh nudc Cdng hda, nhdt la thdi ky phong trao tan van hda todn qudc 1919, trong mdt ngudi Trung Qudc, xd hdi hpc dugc xem Id mpt trong nhfing net dgc sdc cua vdn hoa phuang Tdy vd dugc cac co sd gido due hien dai thda nhgn va chdp nhgn nhu Id mdt phin quan trgng cua n i n hgc thudt phuong Tdy" (King, 1978:37-38).
Cac dgi hgc cua cac nhd truyin dao Thi6n Chiia da di ddu trong viec dua mdn xd h§i hpc vdo chuang trinh dao tgo, trong viec thanh lap cac khoa xa hgi hgc, va dan ddt nhung nghien cdu thgc dia dau tien d Trung Qudc. Tai sao? Mgt sd nha nghien ciiu cho rdng cac dgi hpc Thien Chua gido sdm dua mdn xd hpi hpc vao chuong trinh la d l phgc vu cho mgc tieu tdng cudng truyin dgo. Wong Siu-lin viit: "Bdi vi cdc gid tri va nhfing sdp xIp xa hdi Trung Qudc truyen thdng gay trd nggi cho no Igc [cua cdc thdy truyin dgo] cai ngudi Trung Qudc sang dgo Thien Chua, nen hg khdng ngdn nggi chip nhan nhan quan xa hpi hpc nhdm md xe nen vdn hda Trung Hoa "mpt each khdch quan" d l gd bd nin van QuIc dyng nen mpt khung khi dien ngon gin vdi nhihig khii nifm khic nhu dan tpc, chii quyin nhan dan, hifin phip luan, von pho biSn trong thai d^i Meiji (Minh Trj).
Biii Thi Cuang 133
hda ay khdi ddn chung" (Wong Siu-lin, Sociology and Socialism in Contemporary China, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979:13, dan lai theo: Qi, 2016:3).
Ddy Id mdt luan dilm ph^ bien trong nhieu cdng tnnh nghien cum v l chu de tuong tu, ma tdi chia se mdt phdn. Nhung theo tdi, cdn cd thi gidi thich bdng nhiing ludn dilm bd sung khdc nua. Theo Ritzer, khdc vdi cdc nhd xa hpi hgc Tdy Au cd xu hudng bdo thd, cac nhd xa hgi hgc My ngay td dau gdn bd vdi chu nghia tg do, vdi gidi phdng xa hdi. Hp xdc tin xa hdi hgc cd t h i gdp phdn ddc Igc cdi biln xa hgi (Ritzer, 2011:190-193). N l u dpc trgc tiep nhiing dn phdm thdi dd, ta thay ro nhieu tdc gid thai dy gdn nhu khdng tach biet giua hien dgi hda xa hdi vd truyen dgo Tin Ldnh (Chdng hgn, xem: Gamble,1921: vii- xvii). Nen gia thuyet cua tdi la, nhieu gidng vien My trong cac dai hgc truyin dgo d Trung Qudc nhihig nam trudc va sau Cdch mang Tan Hgi 1911, cdm nhdn rd nhu cdu ndng bdng phai thay ddi trong xa hdi Trung Qudc dang con khiing hodng, hg tin rdng cung nhu d MJ, mgt nen xa hdi hgc Trung Qudc cd the ho trg hieu qua cho thay ddi mang tinh each mgng dy. Vi vdy, cac dgi hgc truyen dao My d Trung Qudc da tich cgc truyin bd khdng chi Tin Lanh md cd khoa hgc xa hgi.
4. Hinh thanh dinh che: Mon hpc, khoa, hpi va tap chi
Cd su heu ro rang hon ve gidng dgy xa hpi hpc sau Cach mgng 1911, khi mdn xd hdi hgc thuc sg dugc day d nhieu dgi hgc danh tieng. Cao dang Shanghai dgy xa hpi hgc tir 1913. Day la trudng cua cac nha truyen dao My. Sg kien nay cd le la 1^ do de Ming Yan phdn ky lich su xa hdi hgc, khi tac gia nay coi sg kien bat ddu giang day mdn xd hgi hpc la ddu mdc chuyin sang giai dogn thu hai, giai dogn dinh che hda ngdnh xa hdi hgc.
Luc ddu, mdn nay dam nhiem bdi gidng vien My tir Dgi hpc Brown.
Ndm 1916, Dgi hgc Qudc gia Peking dua xa hpi hpc vao chuang trinh, va Kang Poa-Chung (Kang Baozhong) Id giang vien bdn dia dau tien dgy xa hpi hpc d dgi hpc. Cao ddng Qinghua (Thanh Hoa) cd mdn xa hpi hpc vao nam 1917 do gidng viSn My ddm trdch. Mpt lan sdng cdc dgi hpc Trung Qudc theo nhau md mdn xa hdi hgc, luc ddu phdn Idn do cdc nhd xa hgi hpc My sang giang dgy. D i n 1925, tdt cd dai hpc Thien Chua giao d Tmng Qudc d i u cd mdn xa hdi hpc trong chucmg trinh.
N I U thap nien 1910 dien ra lan sdng dua mdn xa hgi hpc vao chuang trinh giang day dai hgc, thi thdp nien 1920 chiing k i l n Ian sdng thanh lgp khoa xa hdi hgc trong dgi hgc Trung Qudc. Hai trudng ThiSn Chua giao, Dgi hgc Huajing cua Shanghai vd Dai hpc Yanjing, cung thanh lap khoa xd hgi hgc vdo nam 1913^. Ndm 1921, Dai hpc Amoy thdnh lap Khoa Xa hgi hgc vd ljch sii. Cung ndm, Dai hgc Yenching (YSn Kinh), mdt trudng Thien Chua giao, thdnh lap Khoa Xa hdi hpc vd cdng tdc xd hpi, cd sg dong td chdc cua hgc gid My. Ngudi ta cho rdng Dgi hpc Yenching Id trudng cd chuong trinh dao tao xd hdi hpc tdt nhdt thdi bay gid d Trung Qudc. Dgi hgc Trung ' 6 My, Khoa mang ten xa h6i hpc dau tian xuit hi?n d Dai hpc Kansas nam 1889 (Ritzer, 2011:189).
Khoa xa hpi hpc diu tien b Nhlit thinh l^ip nam 1893 d D^i hpc Dl quIc Tokyo, nay li Dai hpc Tokyo (So, 2017:56). Nhu vay, c6 ve nhu Trung QuIc chi di cham hem My vi Nhat khoang mpt the h? cic nhi xi hOi hpc ma thoi. Cac tic gia neu nhung chi tilt khi khic nhau. Ambrose Yeo-Chi King lai cho ring Khoa Xa hpi hpc diu tien ra dm nim 1914 is Dai hpc St. John d Shanghai (King, 1978:38).
134 Xa hgi hgc a Trung Qudc truac 1949
uong Qudc gia (National Central University) thanh ldp Khoa Xa hgi hpc nam 1927, nhung dgy xa hdi hgc tir 1920.
Din 1930, cd 16 dgi hgc cd khoa xa hdi hgc (rieng, hodc chung vdi khoa hgc chinh tri, Uch sir hay nhdn hgc). Nam 1948, 21 tren tdng sd 49 dai hpc cd nudc cd khoa xd hpi hgc (rieng hogc chung cung ngdnh khdc), vdi 140 gidng vi^n va khodng 600 smh viSn.
Nam 1949, sinh vien len d i n 975 ngudi. Nhilu khoa khdc cung dua xd hdi hgc vao chuong trinh nhu la mdn hpc bit bupc (Sun, 1949:248; Dai, 1993:91).
Li Hanlin vd cpng sg (1987:617-618) cho rdng thdi ky xa hgi hpc Trung QuIc trudng thdnh (thap nien 1920-1940) cd nhfing biln ddi quan trpng. Thii nhdt, cho den 1916 da sd gidng vien xa hpi hgc Id ngudi nudc ngoai (phdn ldn la ngudi My). Nhxmg tir sau 1922, gidng vien ngudi Trung Qudc timg budc thay the hg, dam nhiem vai trd chinh.
Thir hai, chuyin td su dgng giao trinh nudc ngodi sang gido trinh do cdc nha xa hpi hpc ban dia bien sogn, sii dung du lieu Trung Qudc va thdo lugn cdc vdn d l cua xa hOi Trung Qudc. Thd ba, chuang ginh mdn hpc khdng cdn bd hep d nhdp mdn ma gdm ca cac mon Iy thuyit, phuang phap, va chuyen nganh. Thd tu, chinh quyin ngdy cdng quan tam den xd hdi hpc^ Ndm 1938, Bg Gido due quy dinh xd hdi hgc la mdn bdt huge cua sinh vien ngdnh van chuong, lugt va giao due. Ndm 1944, Bd dua ra cac quy dinh v l nhfing mon bdt bugc gong cdc khoa xa hdi hgc.
Nam 1922, Yu Tianxu, giao su Dai hgc Chudn mgc quoc gia Peiping (Peiping National Normal University), sang lap Hdi Nghien ciiu xa hgi hgc Tnmg Qudc, xuat ban td "Tgp chi Xd hdi hgc Trung Qudc" hai thang mdt sd (Chinese Journal of Sociology). Do it hpi vien nen hdi gidi tan sau vai nam. Nam 1927, Khoa Xa hpi hpc Dai hgc Yianjing ra tap chi "Sociological World" do Giao su Xu Shilian ldm Tdng bien tap. Tgp chi nay ra dugc mudi sd trong giai dogn tdn tgi cua nd tu 1927 d i n 1936 (Li va cgng sg, 1987:618).
Sun Pen-wen cimg mdt sd hgc gid d Nanking (Nam Kinh) va Shanghai lap ra Hpi Xd hdi hgc vung Ddng Nam vdo ngdy 11/10/1928 (Southeastern Sociological Society), tap hgp cdc nhd xa hdi hgc lam viec d cac tinh Ddng Nam Tnmg Qudc. Ndm sau, Hpi xudt ban td Tap chi Xd hdi hgc bdn sd mgt nam do Sun Pen-wen lam Tdng bien tap.
Trong khi dd, d Peking, Tao Menghe d Dgi hgc Peking va Xu Shilian d Dgi hgc Yianjing cung sang Idp mdt hdi xd hdi hpc. Din thdng 2/1930, hai hgi ndy hgp nhat thanh Hpi Xa hgi hgc Trung Qudc (All-China Sociological Society) ttong mgt dai hdi d Shanghai, vdi sg tham dg cua hon hai trdm dai bieu vd khdch mdi (Hsu, 1931:283)^
Thyc ra, quan hf gi&a chinh quyen vi xS hpi hpc khong hi su6n sS, mi li ci m^t qud trmh thang tram.
Cho den giiia th^p nien 1920, chinh quyen xem m^t so in phim vi tap chi xi hpi hpc nhu li lo?i in phim cip tiln. Nhilu ngudi xem "xa hpi hpc" ding nghTa vdi "chii nghta xa h^i", xem nhi xa h^i hpc ding nghTa li nhi tu tuong cip tiln. Mpt s6 nhi xi hoi hpc bj bit hojic bj de dpa s6 bit (Hsu, 1931:289).
' HOi Xa hOi hpc My (American Sociological Society) thinh l$p tru6c d6 25 nam, 1905 (Ritzer, 2011:199).
HOi xa hOi hpc Diic (Deutsche Gesellschaft filer Soziologie) thinh l$p nam 1909 (https://www.soziologie.de/dgs/). Hpi Xa hOi hpc Nhat Bin (Japan Sociological Society, JSS) thinh lip nam 1914 (So, 2017:56). Hpi X3 hOi hpc Nga thinh l^ip nim 1916, trudc Trung QuIc gin 15 nSm (Titarenko and Zdravomyslova, 2017:22). C6n HOi Xa hpi hpc quoc gia b Finland thinh lip nam 1940, cr Norway nam 1949, d Thyy Dien thi din tan nam 1961 (Koniordos and Kyrtsis, 2014:308).
Biii Thi Cudng 135
Tu khi thanh lap d i n trudc khi bung nd chiln tranh Trung-Nhdt ndm 1937, Hgi t l chuc dugc sau hdi nghi thudng nien d Nanking, Peking, vd Shanghai. Thdm chi ngay trong thdi chien, Hpi ciing td chuc dugc cudc hgp Idn thu bay vdo ndm 1943 Idn lugt d Chungking, Kunming, va Chengdu (Trung Khanh, Cdn Minh vd Thdnh Dd). Vdo thdi diem ndy, Hgi cd 132 hOi vien. Chi hai ndm sau khi k i t thuc Chiln tranh T h i gidi thd hai, Hpi nghi ldn thu tdm to chuc tgi Nanking, Peking, Canton (Qudng Ddng), vd Chengdu trong cung ngay 1-2/10/1947. Den thdi diem nay, Hdi cd 160 thanh vien. Hpi nghi thudng nien Idn thii chin va Id cudi cung trudc Cach mang 1949 dien ra ndm 1948 d Nanjing, Peking, vd Chengdu vdi chu de "Xa hgi hgc hai thdp nien qua" (Li va cpng sg, 1987:618-619)^**
Nhihig sg kien teen cho thay sg ldn mgnh va tinh chuyen nghiSp cda Hdi cimg nhu quyet tam va nd Igc cua cac nhd xa hdi hpc Trung Qudc. Ming Yan (1989) ddnh gia cao vai ttd cua Hdi ttong viec phat trien nganh xd hdi hpc d Tmng Qudc trudc 1949. Nhd cd Hdi, xd h^i hgc Trung Qudc trd thanh mdt thgc t h i ban lam thdng nhdt va ban sdc riSng.
Hdi la dien ddn tu dd phd bien thdng tin va tri thuc xd h^i hgc den mgi khoa xa hpi hpc tten cd nudc.
Ve mat tgp chi va an pham, con sd gay cho ta nggc nhien ldn. Tap chi dau tien ve nghien cuu xd hdi hgc mang ten "New Society" xudt hien ndm 1919 (Li vd cdng sg, 1987:616). Tgp chi cua Hpi Xa hdi hgc vimg Ddng Nam ra tu 1929. Den ndm 1947, ca nudc cd 11 tgp chi khoa hpc xa hdi, bdn trong sd dd Id tieng Anh, va hai ttong sd do la chuyen ve xa hdi hgc. Ciing vao thdi diem nay tten thi trudng cd tdi ban 1.000 cudn sach ve xd hdi hgc vd cdc bd mdn gan. Nhieu cdng trinh cua cdc nhd xd hgi hgc Trung Qudc dd dugc gidi thipu d Anh vd Hoa Ky (King, 1978:38).
5. Nghien cuu thuc nghidm
Song song vdi dich thudt va xay dgng dinh che, nghien ciiu thuc nghipm sdm xudt hien. Li Hanlin vd cgng sg cho rdng nghien cuu xd hdi hgc thgc nghipm d Trung Qudc trudc 1949 cd ba giai dogn. Dd Id giai dogn ban ddu 1919-1925, giai dogn thii hai 1926- 1937 vdi nhung cdng ttinh dd so, giai dogn thii ba 1937-1949 ndi len vdi cac nghien cOru cpng ddng (Li va cdng sg, 1987:622-624).
Thgc ra giai dogn ddu ma Li Hanlin va cdng sg d l cap cd t h i phdi ddy sdm hon vai ndm. Chinh Id cdc nha xa hdi hgc My di ddu trong viec dan ddt nhfing nghien ciiu thgc nghipm ddu tien d Trung Qudc. John Stuart Burgess la mpt ttong nhihig giang vien Mj?
ddu tien d Dgi hgc Tshing-hua. Ong gidi thieu va cd vu nghien cim thgc nghipm d l lam rd cdc v i n d l xd hdi cua Trung Qudc, td dd tim kilm giai phdp hien dgi cho v ^ d l . Ong dgy phuong phdp khao sat dinh lugng cho sinh vien va cimg hg tiln hanh mgt khdo sat dinh lugng vao ndm 1914-1915 v l nhiing culi xe keo (rickshaw coolie) d Peking. Su sdch ghi nhdn ddy la khao sat xa hOi hgc thuc nghiSm ddu tiSn d Trung Q u d c " . Nhilu sinh viSn
" Hoi tii ho?t dpng b Taiwan nam 1951. Vio nam 1979, Hpi c6 250 thinh vien (O'Hara, 1979:344).
" Trong cu6n sich tham gia vdi Gamble, thi Burgess vi Gamble c6n n6i din mgt khio sit thyc nghi?m nila vl tha phuimg hpi (Gamble, 1921:xiv).
136 Xa hgi hgc a Trung Quoc trudc 1949
tham gia khao sdt dinh lugng vdi cdc nhd xd hdi hgc Mp sau dd du hgc vd ttd ve, tgo n6n mdt "phong ttao khao sdt xa hdi" d Tnmg Quoc thgp nien 1920-1930 (Candela, 2015:367;
Tong, 2011:3).
Ndm 1917, C. G. Dittmer giang dgy d Cao ddng Tsing-Hua tien hdnh mgt khao sat dinh lugng vl thu nhdp va chi tieu cua ngudi ddn d vung ven Peking. Mdu khdo sat bao gdm 195 gia dinh sdng d hon mudi lang dugc chgn ngau nhien (Dittmer, 1918).
Ndm 1918-1919, Sidney D. Gamble vd John Stuart Burgess ldm mdt nghien ciiu 15 thang d Peking, sau dd trinh bay k^t qud trong cudn sach "Peking A Social Survey", Nha xudt ban George H. Doran cho ra ddi nam 1921. Cdng trinh gdm 538 trang, bao qudt mot dai chu dl rdng ldn tir lich su, dia Iy, ddn sd, dinh che, den y te, gido due, tdn gido, thuang mai, giai tri, te nan xa hpi, nha tu (Gamble, 1921). Tu cdng ttinh nay, ddc gia ngdy nay cd thd biet dugc vd van sg kien va sd lipu thdng ke thgc chdng ve ddi sdng xd hpi Peking dau the ky 20.
Daniel Harrison Kulp II nam 1925 xuat ban sach "Country Life in South China: The Sociology of Familism. Volume I. Phenix Village, Kwangtimg, China" dua tren kSt qua khdo sat trudc do khi dng day hgc d Shanghai College. Ddy la mgt khdo sat toan dipn lang Phenix d tinh Kwangtung, Nam Trung Qudc. Vdo thdi dd, Kulp da thau hieu y nghia quan trpng cua viec hieu biet sdu ve Idng d Trung Qudc. Ong viet: "nhu cau ve dfi lieu vd giai thich vS ldng chua bao gid Idn nhu hien nay. Tdm quan trgng chien luge cua ldng trong ddi sdng qudc gia hien nay dang ngay cdng dugc thda nhgn. Cdc nha giao, nha trayen dao, chinh tri gia va quan chuc Nha nudc da hieu dugc rang Idng la xuang sdng ciia Trung Qudc" (Kulp, 1925:vi). Thgc tien chinh tti-xd hgi lien quan d6n ndng ddn va ket qua nghien ciiu Idng xd sudt the ky 20 sau nay d khdp cac nudc Ddng A vd Ddng Nam A da chiing td nhan xet cua Kulp sau sdc din muc nao.
U'ng phd vdi ngn ddi Ian rdng d Bdc Trung Qudc ndm 1920-1921, hang loat uy ban ciiu trg ra ddi. Hg cung thanh lap nen Uy ban Ciiu ddi qudc tl Trung Qudc (China Intemational Famine Relief Commission). Td chuc tu thipn nay yeu cdu J. B. Taylor (Dgi hpc Yanjing) vd Carroll B. Malone (Dgi hgc Qing Hua) thgc hien m^t nghien ciiu. Hpi ddng gui yeu cdu den 22 dai hpc, cudi ciing chpn dugc 61 sinh vien tfi chin co sd dai hpc tham gia dpi khao sdt. Nghien cuu diln ra nam 1922, khao sat 240 lang d ndm tinh Chihli, Jiangsu, Shandong, Anhui, va Zhejiang (Trgc Le, Giang Td, Son Ddng, An Huy va Chilt Giang). Bao cao dugc in lai nam 2012 d Trung Qudc, in lgi ndm 2013 d My'^-
Ndm 1923, John Lossing Buck (Dgi hpc Nanking) khdi sg khao sat gia dinh ndng dan, xudt bdn thanh sach "Chinese Farm Economy: A Study of 2866 Farms in Seventeen Localities and Seven Provinces in China" ndm 1930'^ Ddy la m^t khao sat
Carrol B Malone and J. B. Taylor. 2012. The Study of Rural Chinese Economy. Pekmg: China Intemational Famine Relief Commission. Carrol B. Malone and J. B. Taylor. 2013. "Study of Rural Chinese Economy". Chinese Social and Political Review. VIl-4: 88-102; VIII-l:196-227; vni-2:230-263.
^^ John Lossing Buck. 1930. Chinese Farm Economy: A Study of 2866 Farms in Seventeen Localities and Seven Provinces in China. University of Nanking. https://www.amazon.com/Chinese-Farm-Economy- Seventeen-Localities/dp/BOO 1LNQ A7 W
Biii Thi Cudng 137
rdt ldn, nhu tieu dl cho thdy, bao gom 2.866 hd gia dinh tai 17 khu vgc trong bdy tinh Trung Qudc.
Nam 1923, Chen Ta chi dgo sinh vien Dai hpc Qinghua thgc hien mdt khdo sdt 147 h6 sdng d lang Chenfu gdn Peking va qudn Xiuning tinh Anhui. Cudc dilu tta ndy dugc xem la md ddu cho nhihig khao sat thuc nghidm do cac nha xa hpi hpc Trung Quoc ddc lap tien hanh khdng cd su tham gia chu chdt ciia hpc gid nudc ngoai (Li vd cpng sg, 1987:622). Ndm 1924-1925, Li Jinghan lam mOt nghien ciiu thgc nghiem vl hoan canh cua culi xe keo tte, chi tieu cua cdng nhan, va tinh hinh gia cd.
Giai dogn thii hai, theo phan ky cua Li Hanlin vd cpng su, trai ddi mudi ndm, tir 1926 din 1936. Thi hd ddo tgo d nudc ngodi ddu tien khi vl nudc bdt tay vdo nghien ciiu cac vdn dl d Trung Qudc trong thgp nien 1920-1930 giup hp ngd ra nhung hgn chi cua cdc khai ni^m khoa hgc xa hgi nudc ngoai, thdi thuc hp ddy len phong trdo "lara cho xa hdi hpc ttd nen Trung Qudc" (Trung Qudc hda, sinification) bdng each phdt triln cac khai niem va Iy thuyit ban dia, cdng nhu ddy manh nghien ciiu thgc nghiem (Candela, 2015:369; Sun, 1949:249-250).
Giai dogn nay cd mdt sd net dang chu y. Thu nhdt, noi len phong trao "khao sat xa hgi" rdng ldn dang nggc nhien. Trong thdi gian 1927-1933 cd 9.000 cugc khdo sdt xa hdi d Trung Qudc. Luu y, ttong vai thdp nien ddu thi ky 20 ma cac sii gia gpi la phong ttdo khao sat xa hdi d My chi cd 3.000 cudc dieu tra xa hdi (Tong, 2011:4; Li va cpng sg, 1987:623).
Thii hai, xuat hien mdt sd co sd nghien cuu, it gidng day hon md tap trung vao san xuat tti thiic thgc nghiem mdi. Nam 1926, Quy Giao due vd van hda Trung-My thanh lap Vien Dieu tra xa hdi d Peking (Institute of Social Investigation, ISI), ban lanh dgo gdm Tao Menghe, Chen Ta, va Li Jinghan. Nam 1928, Vien Hdn lam Trung Qudc (Academia Sinica) thanh lap Vien Nghien cuu xd hdi (Institute of Social Research, ISR) d Shanghai sau chuyen xudng Nanking. Den 1934, ISI sap nhgp vdo ISR. Chen Ta, mpt nha dan sd hpc hang ddu d Trung Qudc, thanh Idp Vien Nghien cuu Dieu tra dan sd qudc gia d Dai hpc Tsing-hua ndm 1938. Trong thdi gian tdn tai cua ISI ttudc khi sap nhdp vdi ISR, Giam ddc Vien Tao Menghe da chi dgo thgc hien vai khdo sat ve chi tieu sinh hogt (cost of living) cua cdng nhan d Peking vd Tien-tsin'''. Hien tugng thanh Idp cdc don vi tap trung vdo nghien ciiu cho thdy xa hgi hgc Trung Qudc vdo thdi diem dy hoan toan ddng hanh, khdng cham han xd hdi hgc d cac nudc di trudc.
Thd ba, giai doan ndy xudt hien nhfing khdo sat xd hdi quy md ldn. Ndm 1927, Franklin Lee (Dai hpc Tsing-Hua) xudt ban cdng trinh "Gia dinh ndng thdn vung ven Peking". Nam 1933, dng cdng bd cudn sach "Khdo sdt xd hdi toan dipn Ting-Hsien tinh Hopei (Hd Bdc)". Theo Sun Pen-Wen (1949:249), day la cdng trinh vl ndng thdn Trung Qudc dd so chua timg cd. Dga tren sd lieu mdt khao sat Idn d Ting-Hsien, cd mau 5.255 hp gia dinh, 30.642 nhan khau, cudn sach gdm 17 chuong, 828 trang, md ta va phdn tich
^^ Tao Menghe. 1926. Livelihood in Peking: An Analysis ofthe Budgets of Sixty Families. Shanghai Commercial Press (Din l^i theo Sun, 1949).
138 Xa hgi hgc a Trung Quoc trudc 1949
bao quat ddi sdng ndng thdn, nhu dan sd, hdn nhdn, gido dgc, sue khde, chi tieu, gidi tri, tin ngudng, phong tuc, nhd d, thui khda, tai chinh, cdng nghiep, ndng nghiep, thuong mgi, tin dung, vd cd vl nan ddi d Ting-Hsien. Hai ndm sau (1935), tdc gid cd bdi tten td Chinese Social and Political Review gidi thipu vl dg dn nghi6n ciiu nay''. Ndm 1954, su dung dfi lieu cua dg an nghien cdu Ting-Hsien, Sidney D. Gamble xudt ban mpt cdng trinh d My' -
Nam 1930, Khoa Xa h^i hgc Dgi hgc Yenching thgc hi$n khdo sat d thi trdn Ching- Ho gdn Peking, dga tren dd cdng bd chuyen khdo "Ching-Ho: Mot phan tich xa hpi hoc"''. Day la cdng trinh su dgng phuong phap nghien cuu cpng ddng, md td va phan tich bao quat nhilu mat, nhu lich su, dia ly, smh thdi, dan sd, hdn nhan, gia dinh, gido dye, tdn gido, sd hfiu rudng dat, td chdc kinh te, chinh tri.
Tfi 1929 din 1933, tten cuong v'l Vipn trudng Vien Khoa hpc xd hdi - Vi$n Han lam Trung Qudc (Academia Sinica), Chen Hansheng thgc hien mpt khdo sdt ndng thdn Idn d tinh Hebei, Jiangsu va Guangdong (Ha Bdc, Giang Td va Quang Ddng). Khdo sat cua dng bao gdm vdn dl phan phdi rupng ddt, mdi quan he giua tu ban nudc ngoai va bp may quan lieu. Tfi dfi lieu thuc nghipm, Chen Hansheng xuat ban mgt sd sdch phdn tich tren quan dilm Marxist, nhdn mgnh tinh niia phong kiln nua thupc dia cua xa hpi Tnmg Qudc va kit ludn vdn dl co ban d ndng thdn la sd hfiu ddt (Li va cdng sg, 1987:623;
Porter va Ross, 2003:505).
Nam 1930, Li Jinghan thgc hien cdng trinh ndi tilng ciia dng vl Dingxian bao quat tdi 17 chu dl rpng ldn cua ndng thdn. Cdng trinh nay la mpt phdn hfiu ca cua phong ttao xdy dgng ndng thdn d tinh Hebei do Yan Yangchu chu tri ttong khudn khd cua Hpi Khuyin hpc nhan dan Trung Qudc nhdm thuc day gido dgc co ban, chuyen giao tri thiic khuyen ndng, ve sinh, va tg quan ndng thdn (Li vd cgng sg, 1987:623; Porter vd Ross, 2003:505). Viec ket hgp chdt che gifia cdi each xd hdi vdi xd hdi hgc thgc nghipm dugc Li Hanlin vd cpng sg xem la net dang chu y thii tu trong giai dogn nay.
Giai dogn thu ba cua nghien ciiu xa hdi hpc thgc nghiem, theo phdn ky cua Li Hanlin va cpng sg, diln ra trong thdi ky 1937 din 1949 va dugc xem la giai doan cua cac nghien ciiu cgng ddng. Dga tren dfi lieu nghiSn cuu trudc dd tai mgt Idng, nam 1939 Fei Xiaotong xudt ban cudn sdch "The Peasant Life in China" ma Bronislaw Malinowsky xem Id mgt ddu dn cua phuong phdp dien dd. Sau khi du hpc Anh ttd vl, Fei thanh Idp mpt don vi nghien ciiu vdi chu truang tien hanh nghien cuu cgng ddng mdt cdch h?
thdng. CJ day, Li Hanlin vd cgng sg cung de cap din nhiing nghien ciiu diln da vl cdc tdc ngudi thilu sd tren miin nui. Dd la cdng trinh ciia Lin Yaohua vl ngudi Yi (1943), cua Wu Zheling vd Chen Guoyun ve ngudi Miao, cda He Xiangfeng vl ngudi Xikang, cua
" Lee, Franklin C. H. 1935. An Analysing of Chinese Rural Population. Chinese Social and Political Review. Vol. 19. No. 1. March 1935:22-44 (Din l^i theo U.S. Bureau ofthe Census, 1958:98).
" Gamble, Sidney D. 1954. Ting-Hsien. New York: Institute of Pacific Relations (Dan l?i theo U.S. Bureau ofthe Census, 1958:97).
" Young, Cato, Leonard Hsu, John Stuart Burgess, and et al. 1930. Ching-Ho: A Sociological Analysis.
Peiping: Yenching University (Dan lai theo U.S. Bureau ofthe Census, 1958:98).
Bui The Cudng 139
Xin Yitang (1944) vl ngudi Luo, cua Yu Xiangwen ve cac bd lac d Tibet (Li vd cdng su, 1987:624).
0 Vien Nghien cdu dan sd qudc gia, tfi nam 1939 Chen Ta dilu tra dan sd d Cheng Kong Hsien, sau do d Kunmin City, rdi d ba huyen (hsien) quanh hd "Tien" thudc tinh Yunnan (Vdn Nam). Ong sd dgng dfi li$u dl viit nen cudn "Population in Modem China"'^. William F. Ogbum timg danh gia day Id "sg khdi ddu cua dilu tta dan sd hien dai d Trung Qudc"'^. Nam 1947, td American Journal of Sociology danh toan bp Volume 52 nhu Id mdt chuyen khao bd sung de dang cac bdi nghien ciiu cua Chen Ta vl ddn sd Trung Qudc^°.
Theo Ming Yan (1989), trudc 1949 da tdn tgi xd hdi hpc Marxist song song vdi xa hdi hgc "hdn lam" phuang Tdy. Lucie Cheng vd Alvin So (1983) cung cdp mdt tong quan so bd vl lich su xa hpi hgc d Trung Qudc tnrdc 1949, nhin theo Idt cdt hai ddng xd hgi hpc chinh, xa hpi hpc hdn ldm phuang Tay vd xa hpi hgc Marxist, dgt trong mdi lien he vdi bdi canh chinh tri-xa hdi.
Khoa Xd hdi hgc Dai hpc Shanghai thdnh lap ndm 1923 chiu anh hudng mgnh cua Dang Cdng sdn Trung Qudc (thanh lap nam 1921). Li Da (Lidazhao) vd Qu Qiubai Id nhiing nhd Idnh dgo tham gia sang lap Ddng. Cd hai da tham gia dgy xa hdi hpc d Peking va Shanghai, no lgc truyen bd xd hdi hpc Marxist trong sinh vien dgi hpc. Nam 1927, Mao Zedong thuc hien cdng trinh "Bao cao khao sat phong trao ndng dan Hunan (Hd Nam)"^'. Cdng trinh cua Chen Hansheng de cap d muc tren dugc phan tich tten quan diem Marxist. Chen Hansheng bj sa thai khdi Vien Han Idm khoa hgc Trung Qudc do hoat ddng cdng sdn cua minh (Porter vd Ross, 2003:505). Ndm 1935, Li Da cdng bd dn pham cd khuynh hudng Marxist "Mdt phac hpa xa hdi hpc" (Ming Yan, 1989:6). Do bdi cdnh chinh tti, m^t sd nhd xa hdi hgc Marxist Trung Qudc da tim each truyen ba va giang dgy y tudng xd hdi hgc Marxist cua hp dudi thudt ngfi "xd hdi hgc mdi". Chdng han, cdng ttinh cua Ma Che-min "Shin she-hue-hsueh" (xa hpi hgc mdi) nam 1937 va ciia Li Ta "Shin she-hue-hsueh Ta-Kang" (Phac hpa xa hpi hpc mdi) nam 1947 (King, 1978:45).
6. Gidi thipu xa hpi hpc thi gioi, phat triin Iy thuyet va chuan hoa thuat ngu* nganh
Phdn tren da dl cap mgt sd cdng trinh gidi thieu xa hpi hoc thi gidi d Trung Qudc trong thgp nien 1900-1910. Minh Yan xIp giai dogn dau tien cua lich su xd hdi hgc hien dai d Trung Qudc mang dgc tinh "tilp nhdn", keo dai din 1913. Sun Pen-Wen cung xdc dinh giai dogn ddu mang ddc tinh "dich vd dien gidi xa hdi hpc Au-My". Thgc ra, qua din thgp nien 1920 va sau dd, hudng hoat ddng ndy van tiep tuc mgnh me. Sun Pen-Wen (1949:250) da liet k6 mgt logt bdi bdo hay sdch, dich hodc gidi thieu, ly thuyet xd hdi hgc
^^ Ta Chen. 1946. Population in Modern China. University of Chicagp Press.
" "The beginning of modem census-taking in China", dan lai theo Wu Xiaogang, 2012:3.
" Theo https://www.joumals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/IO.1086/219906.
" v l mOt phin tich c6ng trinh niy cua Chu tjch Mao Zedong, xin xem: Jiefangjun Bao, 1968.
140 Xd hoi hgc a Trung Quoc truac 1949
d nudc ngoai vao Trung Qudc. Tac phdm cua Charles A. Ellwood "Sociology and Contemporary Social Problems" dich ra tilng Trung ndm 1920. Cdng ttinh cua Emile Durkheim "The Rules of Sociological Method" do Wang Li gidi thieu vdi cdng chdng Trung Qudc nam 1925^^. Nam 1935, Huang Lishuang djch cdng trinh cua Pitirim Sorokin
"Contemporary Sociological Theories". Sun Pen-Wen xuat bdn cuon "Cdc Iy thuyet vdn hda ttong xd hdi hpc" ndm 1927. Fei Xiaotong dich "The Theory of Culture" cua Bronislaw Malinowski vd "Human Types" cua Su Raymond William Firth^^.
Nhu dl cap d tten cho thdy, thoat ddu ngudi Tmng Qudc dich vd dien gidi cdc tac phdm xa hdi hpc cua chdu Au, Hoa Ky vd Nhdt Ban. Khdi sg nghien cdu thgc nghidm tten dat Trung Qudc la cac nha nghien ciiu Au-My, ciing vdi sinh vien ban dia. Tu gifia thdp nien 1920, sinh vien xa hdi hpc Trung Qudc du hpc ttd ve hodc dugc ddo tao ttong nudc bdt ddu ddc lap hodc hgp tdc (chfi khdng cdn ddng vai ttd ttg giup) triln khai nghien ciiu thgc nghipm. Trdi nghiem khdo sdt thuc dia thuc ddy hg tiep tgc phdt trien cac khai niem, ly thuyet va phuang phap xa hpi hpc Au-My. Ddng thdi hg bdt ddu khdi qudt cdc du lieu thgc nghipm tich luy ngdy cdng nhieu. Ket qua, mdt mdt ra ddi nhiing chuyen khdo thuc nghiem mang tinh Iy thuyet va he thdng hon, mat khac, ra ddi nhfing cdng trinh mang tinh ly thuyet dga tren phan tich khai quat du lipu thgc nghiem va thdo luan cac van de xa hpi Trung Qudc.
Ndm 1928, Shu Yisong cdng bd dn phdm "Cac nguyen tdc cua xa hdi hpc". Theo Li Hanlin vd cdng su, cudn sdch ndy ddnh ddu thdi diem cdc nhd xa hpi hpc Tnmg Qudc khdng cdn don gian sao chep xa hpi hpc ngogi nfia md bdt dku xdy dung nhihig ly thuyet rieng cua minh (Li vd cdng su, 1987:620).
Ndm 1929, Sun Pen-Wen tap hgp chin nhd xd hdi hgc chu ch6t d Trung QuIc dk ra mpt series gdm 15 cudn ve mpt chiun cdc chu dl va xa hdi hpc chuyen nganh nhu co sd van hda, tdm Iy hpc x§ hdi, td chdc xa hpi, bien ddi xd hdi, kilm soat xa hgi, xa hpi hpc ndng thdn, xd hdi hgc dd thi, lich su xd hdi hpc, phuang phap nghien ciiu. Nam 1931, 6ng tap hgp chung vao mpt bg mang ten "Mpt phdc thdo xa hdi hgc". Theo Li Hanlin vd cpng sg, ddy la cdng ttinh xa hgi hgc dd sp nhdt cho din thdi dilm dy, chira dgng mot logt chii de trong mdt he thdng nhat qudn, chu trpng thu thgp dfi lipu va phan tich cac vdn dl xa hgi ttong nudc, dugc gidi khoa hgc xd hpi Trung Qudc ddn nhgn. Bp sach khdng djnh cdc nhd xd hdi hgc Trung Qudc dd sdi mpt budc dai tten con dudng ddn tpc hda cac Iy thuyit xd hpi hgc (Li vd cdng sg, 1987:620). Ndm 1935, Sun Pen-Wen xudt bdn "Nhimg nguyen ly cua xa hgi hgc" md phdn phu luc la hang tram thudt ngfi. Nam 1940, Bp Giao dgc sir dgng Idm giao trinh cho cdc dgi hpc (Li va cgng sg, 1987:620-621).
Cong trinh niy d Vi?t Nam mii den giOa th$p nifin 1990 mdi djch xuit bin lin diu, Dinh Hing Phuc djch i?i vi Nhi xuat ban Tri thiic cho ra mit nim 2012 "Cic quy tic ciia phuang phip xi h^i hpc". Nhin chung, vi$c dich gioi thi^u xi hpi hpc kinh diln a Vi?t Nam rit ngh^o nin, ngo^ii trir cac tic phim cua Mic, Engels vi Le Nin.
" Sun Pen-Wen li?t ke ra tdi hon 40 tic gii Au-MJ dugc dich ra tilng Trung (Sun, 1949:247-248).
Biii Thi Cudng 141
Nam 1924, Gu Fu xudt bdn "Xa hdi hgc ndng thdn", dugc xem la dn phdm ddu tien ve chuyen nganh ndy. Ong dl cap den hodn canh ndng dan, cdc vdn dl ndng thdn vd nhimg con dudng cai each. Ndm 1929, Wu Jingchao xudt bdn "Xd hdi hgc dd thi", gidi thipu trudng phai Chicago va phdn tich cdc vdn dl dd thi Trung Qudc. Nam 1932, C. I.
Yin xudt bdn cudn "Cac nguyen tdc xa hdi hgc". Nam 1934, Chen Ta xudt ban "Cac vdn de ddn sd". Ndm 1946, Li An-Chih cd sach gidi thipu vl xa hgi hgc tri thuc. Sun Pen- Wen cho ra mdt cudn "Xd hdi hgc d Trung Qudc duong dai" ndm 1948. Ben cgnh sach, nhieu nha xd hdi hgc Trung Qudc ciing viet hang logt bdi tgp chi gidi thieu vl xd hdi hgc the gidi ttong nhi8u ITnh vgc khdc nhau.
Trong dich thudt va gidi thieu xd hgi hpc the gidi, vd rpng hon trong su nghiep phat trien mdt bp mdn khoa hpc, mpt ndi dung quan trgng la chudn hda he thdng thudt ngfi. Nam 1929, Sun Pen-Wen Iga 334 thuat ngu xa hdi hpc dl dich sang tilng Tnmg.
Sau do, den ndm 1935, dng nang len thdnh 416 thugt ngfi va dua vdo phdn phu luc cda cu6n sach "Nhung nguyen tdc cua xa hgi hpc". Cudn nay tai bdn cd sua chfia vdo ndm 1945. Ndm 1938, Vdn phdng Qudc gia vl thu thdp vd dich thudt cho thdnh lap mdt uy ban xem x^t chuan hda thugt ngfi xa hpi hpc, bao gdm 25 nhd xa hdi hpc tu nhilu td chiic ddo tao tren cd nudc. KSt qud boat ddng cua Uy ban nay Id cho ra ddi nam 1946 mpt cudn sdch bao gdm 1.818 thudt ngfi xd hgi hpc (Sun, 1949:250). Do ldn cua cudn sach chuan hda thudt ngfi xd hdi hgc thgt dang kinh ngac, xet trong bdi cdnh thi gidi va Trung Qudc khi dy.
7. Tam kit
Tim hieu xa hgi hgc Trung Qudc tu budi ban ddu den gifia thi ky 20 ggi md nhiing ngac nhien ly thu. Ngudi ta thay xd hdi hgc d Trung Qudc ra ddi khdng qud chdm bao nhieu so vdi My. Cd hgp tac va hd trg mat thiet ngay tu ddu vdi cac nha xa hpi hgc My^"*.
Xa hpi hpc trai qua cac giai dogn, trudc het la dich gidi thipu mdt sd tdc pham nudc ngoai cd nen xa hpi hpc di trudc. Tiep theo la dua vao chuang trinh giang dgy dgi hgc. Tu do phdt trien dinh che bdng vipc thdnh lap cdc khoa xd hgi hgc, lap hpi, ra tgp chi chuyen ngdnh. Cac trudng dgi hgc theo nhau phdt trien nhanh xa hgi hgc. Song song dd la nghien ciiu thgc dia, nhieu ve sd lugng, ldn vl quy md, an tugng ve chdt lugng, y nghia ve tac dpng xa hdi.
Qi Xiaoying (2016) cho ring giai dogn ddu xa hgi hgc d Trung Qudc tiep nhdn xd hdi hpc Au-M^, nhung tu thgp nien 1930 ngay cang ban dia hda (Trung Qudc hda) do khdt vgng van dung xd hOi hgc vao cai each xa hgi. Sun Pen-Wen, vao thdi cua dng, cung ndi din khuynh hudng md dng gpi la tdng hgp cdc Iy thuyit xa hdi hgc dien ra trong giai dogn ba cua xa hgi hgc d Trung Qudc (Sun, 1949:250-251).
" Mpt s6 thanh ni£n Tmng Qu6c cQng du hpc 6 Anh nhu Fei Xiaotong (1910-2005). Ngay sau khi c6 chfnh, t n r Q S f v r M ; X g Y T n ' &
142 Xd hgi hgc a Trung Quoc trudc 1949
Ming Yan cho rdng xd hdi hgc hipn dgi d Trung Quoc trudc 1949 cd ba ddc diem:
cdy ghep, thgc nghiem, va dinh hudng cd nhdn^*. Thogt ddu, gdy ttdng xa hpi hpc Au-Mj, sau dd dugc "Trung Qudc hda". Cdc dgc diem ay the hi^n ttong thgc te rdng vdo nSm 1947 cd 143 gidng vien dgi hpc nganh xd hdi hpc. Trong dd, 12 gidng vien ngudi My vd 71 gidng vien Trung Qudc dugc dao tao d nudc ngodi, chiem 8 3 % tong sd gidng vien xd hpi hpc. Nhin chung, hg nhdn manh vdo thgc nghiSm, thgc chdng, thu thdp dfi lipu cdp mdt tfi thgc dia. Phan ldn nghien ciiu tien hdnh cd nhan (hodc cd sinh vidn tham gia), va phdn ldn an pham diing ten ca nhan (Ming Yan, 1989:6-7).
Tim hieu sg phat trien ngogn mgc cua xd hgi hgc d Trung Quoc nira dau the ky 20 ggi md vai cdu tta Idi nhung cdn dan den nhieu cau hdi han. Vi sao d Trung Qudc ttong bdi cdnh cdch mang, chien ttanh, vd loan lgc sudt nfia ddu the ky 20 md bd mdn xa hgi hgc lai ra ddi va phat trien nhanh chdng? Nhfing ngudi liSn quan (chinh tri gia, quan chiic hanh chinh, tti thuc, sinh vien, qudn Iy dgi hgc vd gidng vien ngudi My) da nhgn thuc thi ndo, phdi hgp nhau ra sao, de dan den nhung no Igc ddn dap nhu vdy? Neu khdng cd sg diit gay dai 1949-1979, phai chdng ta da sdm dugc chdng kien xa hpi hpc Trung Qudc trd thdnh nin xd hdi hgc ldn tren the gidi (sau Phap, Anh, Ddc, vd Mff^l Sg hgp tdc giiia cdc nhd xa hdi hpc My, Nhdt, Anh va Nga vdi cdc nhd xd hgi hpc Trung Qudc ttong thdi ky nay the ndo, dan den nhiing anh hudng vd ket qud gi? Tdc ddng qua Igi gifia xd hpi hpc va nhfing bien chuyen xd h^i to Idn d Trung Qudc nira ddu the ky 20: Xd hdi hpc chiu dnh hudng bdi cdnh xa hpi nhu t h i nao, vd nd gdp phdn vao biln ddi xd hdi ra sao? Nhung cau hdi nghien cuu tren va nhieu nua mdi gpi mdi quan tdm cua cac nha xd hdi hpc, Tnmg Qudc hgc vd su hgc d Viet Nam.
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