TAP CHl KHOA HQC TRL-QNG DAl HQt HONG P i t • S 6 48.2020
TAC DONG CUA DAU TU" TR^C TIEP NU*dC NGOAI (FDI) DEN s y PHAT TRIEN KINH TE - XA HQI CL A TINH THANH H 6 A
GIAI DOAN TU 2010 DEN NAV
Nguven Van T h g ' TOM T A T
Ddu lu tryc liep nudc ngodi (FDI) dang cd vai trd hit sire quan trgng trgng qud trinh phdt triin kinh te - xd hgi cua tinh thanh Hda, trong nhirng ndm qua FDI da gdp phdn thuc ddv nin kinh te cua linh tang Irudng vdi loc do cao; ca cdu kinh ti chuyin dich mgnh theo hudng cdng nghiep hda, hi^n dgi hda; tgo ra nhieu viee ldm. ndng cao chdl luxmg nguon nhdn lyc cua Tinh. Ddng thdi ddu tu true tiep nudc ngodi Id kenh vd cung quan trgng Irong chuven giao khoa hgc, cdng nghe gdp phdn ndng cao ndng luc egnh tranh cua nen kinh ti trong bdi cdnh hgi nhgp... Bin canh nhirng mdi lich cyc dd trong qud trinh thu hiil FDI d Thanh Hda ciing dang tgo ra nhirng tde dgng tiiu cue nhu: mat cdn ddi trong phdt trien ben virng nen kinh ti. d nhiem moi Irudng.
Tit khda: Ddu lu tryc liep nudc ngodi (FDI). kinh te. xa hgi, Thanh Hda.
I . D A T V A N D E
Ddu tu tryc tiap nude ngodi (FDI) Id mgt ngi dung boat dgng yong kinh ta ddi ngoai ciia mgt qudc gia, gdp phan quan trgng vao phdt Irian kinh la ciia mdi qudc gia noi chung va timg dja phuang ndi riang. Nghj quyai Dai hgi Dang lodn qudc Ian thii XII cua Dang cgng sdn Vipt Nam tren ca sd tdng kat thanh tyu ciia 30 nam ddi mdi va thu hiit ddu tu tryc tiep nudc ngodi, Ddng la da nhdn manh "nang cao hieu qud thu hut ddu tu tryc liap nudc ngoai, chii ygng chuyan giao cdng nghe. trinh dg qudn ly lien tien va thj trudng lieu thy chii ygng lya chgn va cd chinh sach uu ddi ddi vdi cdc dy dn ddu tu nudc ngodi, cd trinh dg qudn ly vd eong nghe hipn dai, ed vj tri hieu qua yong ehudi gid trj todn cdu, ed lien kat vdi doanh nghipp trong nudc" [3]... Trong dieu kien hien nay, ddt nude ta dang day mgnh Ihyc hipn cdng nghipp hod, hien dai hod dat nude, cdn phdi tap trung huy dgng vd sir dung CO hipu qua cac ngudn lyc, yong do FDI la ngudn luc quan trgng da day nhanh qud trinh cong nghiep hod, hipn dgi hod ddt nude.
Thanh Hda la mgt tinh dang Uong qua trinh phdt trian, do dd cdn ed nhu cdu rat ldn ve nguon von da thuc hipn tran dja ban. Tran co sd chinh sach ddu tu cdi md thong thoang eua Viet Nam vd sy van dyng Iinh boat, sang tgo chinh sdch dd ciia Thanh Hda, bang sy nd lyc phan ddu cua loan Ddng bg vd nhdn dan yong tinh, bang cdc co cha, chinh sdch uu tian phdt men cong nghipp, Thanh Hda da dat duge nhilu kat qua quan ygng uong thu hiit dau tu tryc tiep CLia nudc ngoai. Tuy nhien, ben canh nhiing tac ddng tich cue cua FDI dan phdt trian kinh ta - xa hgi. FDI d Thanh Hda ciing eo nhiing tac dgng khdng mong mudn, hogt dgng ciia cdc doanh nghipp FDI d Thanh Hda da vd dang ddt ra nhieu vdn de ly ludn vd thyc tian cdn duge kian gidi, tgo ca sd khoa hgc cho viec hogeh dinh nhimg giai phdp, ca che chinh sach cy tha, thich hgp yong timg giai dogn da FDI cd ldc dgng tieh cyc dan phdi trien kinh te - xa hgi theo hudng ban viing ed ve kinh le - xa hdi va moi trudng uong thdi gian tdi.
Khoa Ly lugn Chinh trj - Lugt. Tnrdng Dgi hoc Hong Due
TjJ* CHi KHOA HQC T R U ^ G DM HQC HQvt. IH i^sOJ*^
2. NQl DLNG
2.1. Dae diem tinh hinh dau tir tryc tilp nirdc ngoai (FDI) d Thanh Hda gia' doan 2010 den nay
Tir ndm 2010 den nay Thanh Hda Uiu hut duge ban 70 doanh nghipp FDI ddu tu vdo dja ban yong tinh, cac doanh nghipp FDI dang ed nhiing ddng gdp quan ygng trong phdt tnen kinh ta - xd hgi ciia tinh. Trong 9 ndm qua, khu vyc ddu tu nudc ngoai cua linh dd khdng dinh vi tri ciia minh va dang yd thdnh mgt bg phdn quan ygng ciia nin kinh tl. gdp phdn tich cyc vdo chuyen dich ea cau kinh la ciia Thanh Hda theo hudng cdng nghipp hod - hipn dgi hod.
Bang L So doanh nghipp FDI vd so von dau tu dirge cap ph^p tu ndm 2010 den ndm 2018 tai Thanh Hda
Nam 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Tong so
So d\r an du(?c cap phep
11 5 2 4 10 7 11 10
u
74
Tong so von dang ky (Tri?u USD)
81.93 42.10 28.50.
79.50 88.43 43.97 155.60 3.059.40 103.00 3682.43
Tong so von thvc hi?n (Trieu USD)
81.93 23.58 1.55 1.38 1.76 1.56 7.47 197.92
15.26 332.41
(Nguon: Nien gidm thong ke Thanh Hoa. ndm 2018) Qua sd lipu bang 1 chiing ta Uidy rang lugng doanh nghiep FDI duge cdp phap tii ndm 2010 dan nay khdng ngimg Idng len, diau ndy ehiing minh mdi trudng dau tu lgi Thanh Hda ngay cdng hap dan doi vdi ede nha ddu tu nude ngodi.
Ddc diam ndi bat nhdt cua dau m tryc tiap nudc ngodi lgi Thanh Hda la hdu bet cdc doanh nghipp FDI diu din ni cdc nude chdu A, ngoai Nhd may Lpc hda ddu Nghi Son cd quy mo ldn \oi so vdn dang ky !en din hon 1 Ity USD cdn lgi tdt ca diu ed quy md nhd.
Hipn tgi Thanh Hda cd 98 dy dn FDI duge cap phep, trong dd cd tdi 82 du an din hi cac nudc Chdu A chiam 83.6"^, cdc dy dn FDI den tir ede chdu lyc khdc chi chilm 16 4°/ [21 Cdc dy an FDI d Thanh hda chii yeu ddu tu vdo trong ITnh vyc cdng nghiep ehl biln may mgc va da gidy. Cd rdt it dy an FDI dau ttr vdo trong ITnh vyc ndng nghipp, gj^o due va y te. day la nhirng ITnh vyc ma Thanh Hda dang rdt edn phdt trian.
2.2. Nhihig tac dgng ciia dau tu true tiep nudc ngodi den phat trien kinh te - xa hoi cua tinh Thanh Hda
2.2.1. Nhiing ldc dgng tich cyc cua FDI din phdt tnin kinh ti - xa hgi eua tinh Thanh H' Tac dgng den chuy in dfch ca cdu kinh li cua Tinh
Trong nhirng ndm vua qua FDI dd cd ldc dgng khdng nhd din chuyin djch ca "
kinh t l yen dia ban tinh Thanh Hda, dua kinh le ciia Tinh chuyan djch theo hudne c*
nghipp hda, hipn dai hda.
TAP CHi KHOA HQC TRL ONG DAl HQC H 6 \ G PL C - SO 48.2020
Bieu 1. Gid trj tong tong san pham tren dia ban tinh theo khu vyc kinh te
B Ndng. Um nghiqi va thuy'
Nhin vdo bieu dd 1 chiing ta thay rang Uong giai doan tir 2010 dan 2018 co c^u kinh te eiia tinh da cd sy chuyan djch manh me. Cu the: Mgt Id. Gid yj yong nganh ndng, ldm, ngu nghipp khdng lang bo^c lang khdng ddng ka, nam 2018 so vdi nam 2010 ehi lang 120%; Hai la, Gia trj ede ngdnh cdng nghipp, xdy dyng lian tuc tang cao qua cae nam dgc bipl Id Irong nam 2018. So vdi nam 2010, nam 2018 gia trj yong ngdnh cong nghipp vd xdy dyng tdng 266%; Ba la. Gia trj ngdnh thuang mgi, djch vy cd sy tang mgnh, nam 2018 so vdi nam 2010 tang tdi 181%.
Nhu vgy, giai dogn 2010 - 2018, ea cdu kinh te cua Tinh da cd su chuyen bian tich cyc theo budng ly trgng nganh ndng, ldm, ngu nghipp gidm dan, tang ty trgng nganh cong nghipp, xdy dyng va dich vy, thuang mgi cd xu hudng tang lan, diau ndy tha hipn ro dehd neu ndm 2015 ty trgng ndng nghipp chiem 15,5, eong nghipp chiam 47,6 vd xdy dyng - dieh vy la 36,8% vd nam 2018 Id 10,1% - 51,9% - 38% [7]. Cd duge sy chuyin djch CO cdu kinh ta ndi yen khdng tha khdng ndi dan vai Ird ddng gdp eiia FDI yong sy phdt yian kinh le - xa hgi ciia tinh.
Tde dgng cua FDI din hogt dgng .xudt nhgp khdu
Cimg vdi vipc chuyan dich ea cau kinh ta theo hudng cdng nghipp hda, hien dgi hoa;
nang cao trinh dg cdng nghe d tinh Thanh hda, boat dgng FDI d Thanh Hda cdn thuc day mgnh mehogt dgng xudt khau phdt trian yan dia ban linh. Cy the, ket qud hogt dgng xuat khdu cua Tinh yong giai dogn 2010 - 2019 dgt duge kat qud hel siic quan ygng.
Bieu 2. Gid tri kim ngach xuat khau cua tinh Thanh Hoa giai dogn 2010 - 2019
2010 2011 2012 20L1 2014 20 17 iOIS 2019
FAP CHI K H O \ HQC T R U I N G D»l HQC H 6 N G Dl C ^ J ^ t j i H i ^ "
Bieu 2 cho chiing la Uidy bian dgng trong kim nggch xudl khdu cua tinh Thanh Hoa g''"
dogn 2010 - 2019, cy Uil: Kim nggch xudt khdu nam 2010 tran dia ban linh la 132 ty ddng.
mgt nam sau dd lang lan 559 t\ ddng tuang duong vdi tang 423" o. Budc sang nam 201- gi tri kim nggch xuat nhap khdu ed budc tang dot bian len 1528 ly ddng so vdi nam 2010 tdng 1175%. Nguyen nhan cd su tdng dgt bien dd Id yong ndm 2012 cae dy dn FDI da duge cap phep tir cdc ndm trudc di vdo boat dgng gdp phan cho hogt dgng xuat nhgp khau tang len [ 1 J.
Ddc bipt yong giai doan 2018 vd 2019 kim nggch xuat khau cd sy biing no neu nhu ndm 2018 dgi 6664 ly dong thi ndm 2019 ude dgt eiia kim nggch xuat nhap khau lan tdi 9713 ty ddng. tdng 7358% so vdi nam 2010. Nguyen nhan cua sy tang cao nhanh chdng ndy la do vao thdi dilm ndy ngodi sy tang len ciia cdc doanh nghipp FDI con do nguyen nhdn dd Id nhd may Lgc hoa ddu Nghi Son (do Nhat bdn ddu tu) di vao hogt dgng, day Id nguon thu ngdn sach rdt Idn ciia linh [1].
Nhu vdy. kim nggch xudt khau yong ca giai dogn 2010 - 2019 tren dja bdn linh Thanh Hda cd xu hudng tdng manh, dn djnh. De eo duge kit qud nay yong hogt dgng xudl khdu yan dia bdn linh, khdng ihl khdng ka din ldc dgng tich cyc tii cae hogt dgng ddu tu FDI yan dia bdn tinh yong giai doan nay.
Tac dgng cua FDI den phdt triin ngudn nhdn lire
Trong thdi gian vira qua ciing \di sy tang len ciia sd lugng cdc doanh nghiep FDI tren dja bdn tinh Thanh Hda eiing da tac ddng tieh eye den phat trian ngudn nhan lue cua tinh tren cac phucmg dipn: Vipc lam, thu nhap, trinh dp tay ngha ciia ngudi lao dgng yan dja bdn linh. Cy the:
Thir nhdt. Tao viic ldm cho ngudi lao dgng
Cac hogt dgng FDI tren dja ban linh ngdy cdng tgo ra nhieu viec ldm ban cho lao dgng tren dja bdnlinh. Keu nhu ndm 2010 boat dgng FDI mdi chi tao duge 27.505 vipc ldm cho ngudi lao dgng. dgt 1.2% trong tdng sd lao dgng dang lam viec trong nin kinh t l quoc dan. thi den nam 2019 khu vue ddu tu nudc ngodi da tao ra 135.000 viec lam dgt 5,6%
irong tdng sd lao dpng dang ldm \ iec. Chinh nhd dieu nay md lam cho lao dgng thdt nghipp Iran dia ban tinh giam xudng ddng ke, neu nhu nam 2010 s6 lugng lao ddng that nghipp yen dja bdnlinh la 197.000 ngudi chiam 8,6% lao dgng, thi din ndm 2019 so lugng lao dgng thdt nghipp gidm xudng chi cdn 104,000 ngudi chilm 4,2% yong tdng so lao dgng todn iinh. \ h u vdy, thu hill von ddu tu tryc liap nudc ngodi Id mgt trong nhiing nhan td quan ygng giiip tinh Thanh hda gidm ly lp lao dgng that nghiep, tao ra nhilu vipc ldm cho lao dgng dja phuang ddy Id siic ep vl mat xa hgi ma Thanh Hoa rat nhilu ndm trudc chua ed bdi toan da gidi quyat [4].
Thir hai. Tdng thu nhgp eho ngudi lao dgng
\ i c c ngudn von FD! ngdy cdng ddu tu nhilu vdo linh Thanh Hda da tao ra nhilu cone an \ iec ldm cho ngudi lao dgng. ddng thdi ciing ldm eho thu nhgp ciia ngudi lao dgng khdng ngimg tang len. Uieo dilu tra cua Sd lao dgng vd thuang binh xa hgi tinh Thanh Hda thu nhap cua lao dgng dang ldm vipc uong cdc doanh nghipp ed vdn ddu hr nudc ngoai tren dia bdn tinh Thanh Hda cd Uiu nhgp binh qudn dau ngudi cao gap hai ldn mire luang i6i thilu do nhd nudc quy dinh. Thyc te khi cdc doanh nghipp FDI duge yian khai tren dia ban, cdc nha
T ^ P c m KHOA HQCTRLCWG DAl HQC H 6 N G Dl C - S 6 4 8 . 2 0 2 0
ddu lu nudc ngoai da eo nhiing chinh sach uu tien tuyan dung lao ddng dja phuang vdo ldm vipc trong nhiing doanh nghipp ciia nhd ddu tu. Vi vdy, sd lugng lao dgng cd vipc ldm tai dja phirong khdng ngimg tdng len. Ban egnh dd, cdc cdng ty cd vdn dau tu nude ngoai da ed nhiing cam kat ve cdc chinh sdch vd cha dg ddi ngd ddi vdi ngudi lao ddng, day chinh la ylu t l giup ngudi lao dgng yan lam lam vipc vd gdn bd Idu ddi vdi cdng t\.
Bdng 2. Thu nhap binh quan mot thdng cua ngirdi lao dpng trong doanh nghiep Dan VI tinh: 1000 dong Nam
2010 2015 2016 2017
Doanh nghiep Nha nuoc 3.548,3 6.610,0 7.160,0 6.519,0
Doanh nghiep ngoai Nha nuoc
2.020,8 3.983,0 4.303,0 4.677,0
Doanh nghiep FDI 2.429,09
4.494,0 5.018,0 4.814,0 (Ngudn: Nien gidm thdng ke Thanh Hoa, ndm 2018) Tir bdng 2 chung ta co tha thdy thu nhap binh quan ddu ngudi trong doanh nghipp FDI yen dja bdn tinh chi thap ban so vdi thu nhap trong doanh nghipp nha nudc va cao hon so vdi doanh nghipp ngodi nhd nude. Trong khi so lugng lao ddng ciia linh Thanh Hda yong khu vyc kinh te Nha nude ndm 2019 chi chiam 5,0%, khu vyc ngodi Nha nudc chiem 89,9% vd khu vyc FDI chiem 5,1%. Nhu vay vipc thu hiit duge nhiau nguon von dau tu nude ngodi yong thdi gian vua qua d tinh Thanh Hda dd gdp phdn khong nho vdo vifc giai quyet vipc ldm, Idng thu nhgp cho ngudi lao dgng, kich thich ngudi lao dgng khong ngimg hgc tap ndng cao trinh do chuyen mdn nghiep vu, gdp phan giiip linh Thanh Hoa yong viec gidi quyat cac van de xa hgi dang tdn tai d tinh md tii trudc ddy la mdt bdi todn tinh Thanh Hda chua gidi quyat duge.
Thirba, Ndng cag trinh do ky thugt chuyen mdn cho ngudi lao ddng
Vdi cac dy dn FDI, khi ddu tu vdo TharUi Hda, cae chii ddu tu khong chi dau tu bang tian md hg eon ddu tu nhirng may mdc, yang thiat bj vd hon nira la cdc ky thudt, chuyen mon, cae kien thirc. kmh nghipm ve qudn ly... Ddc biel, trong cdc dy dn FDI thudng yeu cdu lao dgng phai cd trinh do chuyan mdn cao. Dieu nay budc Thanh Hoa phai ddo tao ngudn nhan lyc ddp iing yeu cdu cua nhd ddu tu. Thyc te yong nhung nam qua sd lugng lao dgng da qua ddo tao khong ngimg lang lan. neu ndm 2010 tdng so lao ddng da qua ddo Igo dtinh dat 16,2% yong ling s6 2.073.000 lao ddng thi din ndm 2018 con s6 ndy da dat 23,2"o yong tdng so 2.240.000 lao dgng cua linh [1].
Tde ddng cda FDI din ngudn thu ngdn sdch ciia dia phuang
Mgt yong nhirng tde dgng hit siic quan ygng ciia hogt dgng FDI dd Id ddng gdp vao ngdn sdch ciia tinh Thanh Hda yong thdi gian vira qua. Nau nhu yong 2010 - 2011 ddng gdp ciia nguon thu tir boat ddng FDI yong tdng thu ngan sdch ciia linh dao dgng yong khodng 4%, ddy la giai dogn ma hogt dgng thu hiit ddu tu nudc ngodi d tinh Thanh Hoa mdi dua vdo khdi dgng, sd lugng doanh nghipp ed vdn ddu tu nudc ngodi, mdt sd dy dn FDI mdi d giai dogn ddng ky chua di vdo hogt ddng. Nhung dan giai doan 2012 dan 2016
T » P CHi KHOA HQC TR1/6NG PAl HQC H 6 N G P I I ^ ^ ^ > i g j H . °
ddng gdp ciia FDI ddi vdi tdng thu ngdn sdch yen dia bdn tinh ed sy lani: cao dpi hien (2016) dgt tdi 23% uong tdng ngudn Uiu ngdn sach eiia tinh Thanh Hda, da> la giai dogn md tinh Thanh hda thu hiit duge nhiau nha ddu tu nudc ngoai vai tiing so vdn FDI tdng len, ddng thdi day Id giai dogn md mgt so doanh nghipp FDI trudc dd di vao hogt dgng [5]-
Bang 3. Tinh hinh thu ngdn sach tren dia bdn tinh Thanh Hda giai doan 2010 - 2019 Dan vi tinh: Ty ddng ' Tone thu ngan sach
Nam ^ - . . . cua tinh 2010 ' 5.289 2011 5.098 2012
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 LToc dat 2019
6,633 6,478 8,680 12,595 13,106 13,418 23,182
D6ng gop tir doanh nghiep FDI
176 207 560 757 2,071 2,450 2,180 889 2,382 25,922 1 4,000
Dong gop cua doanh nghiep FDI (% )
3,3 4,0 8,4 11,6 23,8 19,4 16,6 6,6 10,2 15,4
(\gu6n Thong ke cdc chi tiiu tdi chinh, thdng 10 ndm 2019) Nhu vgy. xai \ e ly ygng dong gdp vao ngudn thu ngdn sdch eiia tinh, chiing ta thdy rang nguon thu tir FDI khdng ngimg tang len hdng ndm ddng gdp ngay cang nhilu cho ngdn sach ciia dia phuang. dieu nay da chimg minh hipu qua cua vipc thu hut von ddu tu nudc ngodi Iran dia ban tinh Thanh Hda. Trong diau kipn ngdn sach dja phuang cdn hgn hpp thi day la mgt trong giai phdp quan trgng d l thiic ddy phdt yiln kinh t l tinh Thanh Hda, sdm dua Thanh Hda trd thanh mgt tinh phdt Irian ciia cd nudc, gdp phdn ddy nhanh qua irinh cdng nghipp hda, hipn dai bda ddi nudc noi chung va ciia dia phuang ndi riang.
Tac dgng cua FDI din viec hinh thdnh cdc khu cdng nghiep
Trong nhiing nam qua hogt dgng FDI da thiie ddy vipc xay dyng cac khu cdng nghipp lgp trung d Thanh Hoa. Ddy la van de thay rd net nhdt khi xem xet cac lac dgng ciia hogt dgng FDI tren dia bdn tinh. Cimg vdi vipc day manh boat dpng thu hiil FDI linh Thanh Hoa dd \a\ dyng cdc khu kinh te. khu eong nghipp tap trung dap img yeu cau ciia cac nhd ddu tu nude ngoai. Cdc khu kmh te, khu cdng nghipp ndy cung da xac dinh cac ngdnh nghe lap trung khai thde theo djnh hudng tir cdc dy dn FDI. Cy thi:
Khu kinh ta Nghi Son: Ngdnh nghe uu tian san xudt la phdt iriln cdc neanh ed nghipp; lgc - hoa ddu, thap vd ca khi cha tgo, sdn xudt vdt hpu xdy dyng, nhiat dien xudl hang lieu dimg, che bian ndng ldm thiiy san ...
Khu cdng nghipp Ll Mim Uu lien phdt trien cdc dydn img dung cdng nghe cao h"
tgo va gia cdng ni ngudn nguyen lipu uong linh, sii dung nhiau lao dgng va sdn "t caemdt hang xudl khdu cd gid mkinh ta cao; nhom ngdnh sdn xuat hang tiau dime H"
may. gidy da: che bian ndng, ldm. thuy sdn; Idp rap co khi. dipn di. thilt bj vien ihone '
148
TAP CHl KHOA HQC T R t 6 N G P.AI HQC H 6 N G DLTC - S 6 48.2020
Khu cdng nghipp Dinh Huang: LTU tien sdn xudt Idp rap hang dien ni, vien Uiong;
may m$c, bao bl; sdn xudt dd gia dung, thu cdng my nghp; ehl biln ndng lam sdn thyc phdm, thiic an gia siic, gia cdm; cdc ngdnh co khi cha tgo, lap rap vd djeh vy.
Khu cdng nghiep Bim San: l/u tien sdn xuat vdt lipu xdy dyng, be tdng diic sdn, ggchngdi.cokhi, che bian hdng ndng ldm san, bang may mac...
Khu cdng nghipp Lam San: LTu lien sdn xuat mia dudng va cdc sdn phdm sau dudng;
giay, bgt giay, cha bian lam sdn, thyc phdm; ca khi che tgo, Idp rdp; phdn bdn, bda chat.
Co the ndi nau Thanh Hda trude ndm 2000 mdi chi co mdt cym cong nghipp manh miin (Dinh Huang) thi den nay da cd 01 khu kinh ta vd 07 khu cdng nghipp vdi dipn tich rgng ldn, lgp yung d nhiau vj tii khdc nhau, la nhiing vi yi thudn tipn cho giao Uiuang vdi ede dja phuong khdc. Phat trien cdc khu cdng nghipp yen ddy dau cd sy ldc dpng eiia vipc ihiic ddy thu hiit ddu tu nude ngodi d tinh Thanh Hda. Day chinh Id tde dgng thdy ro eua cdc hogt dgng FDI doi vdi vipc hinh thdnh cac khu kinh la, khu cdng nghipp yen dja bdn tinh Thanh Hda.
2.2.2 Nhirng tde dgng tieu cue ciia FDI den phdt trien kinh te - .xd hgi cua Tinh Cimg vdi nhiing ddng gdp tich eye do hogt dgng thu hiil vdn ddu tu nudc ngodi mang lgi yong thdi gian vira qua, thu hiit vdn ddu lu nude ngodi cung cd nhirng ldc dgng tiau cyc din sy phdt trien kinh ta ciia tinh Thanh Hda. Cu tha:
Ve kinh te
Thir nhdt. mgc du doanh nghipp FDI thudng dp dyng cong nghe tian lien hon so vdi cdc doanh nghipp yong nude, song eho dan nay trinh do cdng nghp ciia cae doanh nghipp FDI khong phdi hodn todn hipn dai nhu mong mudn eiia tinh, do dd ldc dgng tdi ndng cao trinh dg cong ngh? yan dja ban tinh eiia FDI la ban che. Cdc dy dn FDI yen dja bdn linh Thanh Hoa chu yeu ed quy md nhd vd vira den tir cac nha dau tu Chau A. Mgt sd Tap dodn c6 danh tiing hon ddu tu vao Thanh Hda nhung thudng khdng xudl phat tir cong ty mp md tir ede cdng ly con thugc tha hp thu hai hoac thii ba (ehi nhanh) d cdc nude khde dau tu vdo nudc thu ba la Vipt Nam nan quy md khdng qua ldn vd trinh do cdng nghp khdng eao, ban che tinh lan loa.
Cdc ngdnh cdng nghiep do cdc dy an FDI lao ra chii yeu la cdng nghiep gia cdng, may mac, che bian... il co cdng nghipp che tgo, chua tao ra nhieu sdn phdm cdng nghe cao, ehua dau tu nhieu cho vipc doi mdi cdng nghp, hoat ddng R&D chuyan giao cdng nghe con bgn che.
Thir hai. mac du FDI da gdp phan thiic day lian kat hgp tde vdi eac doanh nghipp khac trong san xuat kinh doanh, nhung nhin chung cdc dy dn FDI mdi chi tap trung phdt Irian bdn thdn nd, chua gdp phdn ddy mgnh cdng nghiep phy yg.
Thu ba. sy phdn bd ciia FDI rat khdng ddng dau theo ngdnh yan dja ban, gay hgn cha ve hipu img lan toa. Theo ca cdu theo ngdnh, FDI dang tap Uung chu yau vao cdng nghipp (chiam 90%), yong khi nganh djch vu vd ndng nghiep chi chiam 10%.
Thir tu, mgt so doanh nghipp FDI vdn dang Igi dyng ke hd ve chinh sdch, phdp luat ciia Vipl Nam de thyc hipn hdnh vi gian Ian thuang mai. chuyan gia, ka khai Id hoac lgi nhugn Uidp, nan ddng gdp rdt ban ehl ddi vdi ngudn ngdn sdch eua Nha nude vd cua tinh.
Theo bdo eao ciia Cong an tinh Thanh Hda, tii nam 2010 dan nay da phat hien nhiau doanh nghipp FDI Igi dyng chinh sach uu ddi ddu tu, budn bdn nguyan liau. phu lieu nhdm trdn Uiue nhu lgi dyng van da gia cdng vdi nguyen vat lipu, phy lieu, mdy mdc vdi thue suat 0% de dua djnh miic tieu hao idn hem mire tieu hao thyc ta va sau dd bdn cdc sdn pham dd ra thj trudng. gay bat dn \ e an ninh kinh tl.
T.AP CHi KHOA HQC TRI (f\C. DVI H(.K HOM. IH (^^OjgiJlJ^"
Thir ndm, Tde dgng dan cac doanh nghiep yong nudc dang hogt dgng tren dja ban.
Thyc le cho thdy sy ldn tgi ciia cdc doanh nghipp cd von ddu tu nude ngodi mgt t"?* ^*^P phdn khdng nhd irong \ ipc thiic ddy phdt trien kinh te xa hgi tinh nhd, song nd cung '"''"Sr lgi nhiing ldc dgng tiau cyc khdng nhd ddi vdi cdc doanh nghipp dia phuong. bai mgt thyc ta cdc doanh nghipp dja phuong thudng yeu ve von, cdng nghpvd trinh dp quan ly do do sire ep egnh tranh cua doanh nghipp FDI vdi doanh nghipp dja phucmg Id khdng nhd. Thyc te ehiing minh khi cdc doanh nghipp FDI ddu tu vao ITnh vyc may mac, day da iron dja ban tinh Thanh Hda da ddy hang loat eac doanh nghiep may vua vd nhd ciia linh di dan ddng cira, theo sd lipu thdng ke ciia sd ke hogeh vd ddu tu Thanh Hda yong giai doan 2010 dan nay dd ed gdn 20 doanh nghipp may cua dia phuang da phdi ddng cua sdn xuat do khdng egnh tranh duge vdi cdc doanh nghiep cd vdn dau tu nudc ngodi. Tir thyc te dd Thanh Hda can xdc djnh ban egnh vipc day manh thu hut vdn ddu tu true liep nude ngodi dau tu vdo nhirng ITnh vyc mui nhgn cua linh nhdm tdng sire canh tranh, thi ben canh dd vipc phdt trien cdc doanh nghipp dja phuong ciing bet siic quan trgng nhdm tgo them vipc lam, tang thu nhap, bao \ c nhimg ngdnh nghe truyen thdng eiia dja phuang [6].
Vi vdn de xa hgi vd moi truang
Thir nhdt. Quan he chu - thg trong eac doanh nghipp FDI van cdn cd nhiing cdng thdng nhat djnh. Trong nhieu doanh nghiep FDI thudng xuyan thuc hipn che dg ldm tang ea, lang gid, trong khi dd thu nhap khdng tuang ximg vdi thdi gian va eudng dg lao dgng, quyan lgi ve an sinh xa hgi, md try cdt la BHXH. BHYT eiia ngudi lao dgng khdng duoc dam bao dan den dinh cdng, gay mdt dn djnh chinh trj vd Ugt ty an lodn xa hgi yen dja ban [4].
77iii- hai. Mac dii cdc FDI dd cd ed gang nhat djnh chdp hdnh cdc quy dinh v l BHXH, BHYT cho ngudi lao dgng. song do muc lieu liet kipm chi phi da ldm eho mot sd doanh nghipp FDI tim cdch co linh yon ydnh dong BHXH, hoac dl cham dirt hgp ding lao dgng khi can thilt.
Thir ba. cdc doanh nghipp FDI idc dgng dan mdi trudng sinh thdi. Trong nhiing nam vua qua ciing vdi sy phat yien eiia cong nghiep d tinh Thanh Hoa da tac dgng lieu cyc din mdi Irudng sinh thdi ciia dja phuong. Vdn dl nay da duge nhilu nhd khoa hgc quan tdm, do Id nhihig dy dn FDI iren dja ban tinh Thanh Hda se dan din nhirng tac dgng Ueu cyc din mdi Uudng sinh Uidi ciia linh. Mac dii trong thii tue dau tu hien nay, Thanh Hda quy djnh cy the gdm bdn cam kit ve bdo \e mdi trudng. Tuy nhien, vi chay theo lai nhudn cung vdi nhimg quy dinh chua chat che cgng vdi sy ylu kem trong qudn ly cua don vi chd qudn da tgo ra nhirng tac dgng tiau cue doi vdi viee gdy ra 6 nhiem mdi trudng sinh thai tren dia bdn Thanh Hoa.
Theo ddnh gid eua Sd Tdi nguyen vd Mdi trudng Thanh Hda, nhirng ndm gdn ddy nhieu doanh nghipp, eo sd sdn xudl yan dia bdn trong dd cd doanh nghiep FDI do rh theo lgi nhugn hg eo tinh thdi ra mdi trudng nhimg chdt ddc hgi, khdng qua xir lv la h moi uudng sinh thdi bj 6 nhiem, mac dii tinh da bi xir phgt hdnh chinh trong cdc v ' rt*
lien quan den bdo \ e miii irudng. luy nhian vipc nay van con ton lgi.
Sdng ddo Nha Le. kenh Bde Id mdt minh chimg cho sy d nhiem mdi trudne n ' ' Thanh Hda. hp Uidng sdng ddo Nhd Le duge xdy dyng nham cung cdp nudc tudi t "
ehdng hgn. chdng lyt cho huypn E)dng Son vd thdnh pho Thanh Hod. Tuy nhien sdn rf' ' chdy yong thdnh pho Thanh Hod id noi liep nhdn nudc thdi ciia thdnh phd va cac khu ' ^
nghipp quanh thdnh phd Thanh Hda ''
T » P CHl KHOA HQC TRt'ONG DAl HQC H 6 N G DIjC - S 6 48.2020
Bang 4. Chi so chSt lirgng nirdrc (WQl) cua song 6ko TT
1 2 3 4 5
Vitri Cau Cdc xa Dong Hirong Cau treo xa Dong Huong Kenh bac nui Mat Sofn, P.Dong Ve Cau Bo phuong Dong Ve Cau Thang Son xa Dong Himg
Chi so WQl sons dao nam 2016 Dot 1
53.46 55.16 79.63 78.52 92.25
Dm 2 66.87 77.53 96.36 72.88 83.69
Dot 3 ' Dm 4 68.03 1 54.48 79.06 78.09 72.90 79.15
29.93 81.24 42.53 56.72
D 0 5 59.68 55.85 92.53 91.30 97.13
Dpi 6 16.42 15.15 73.00 16.83 17.53 (Ngudn. Bao cdo quan irdc ndm 2016. Sd Tdi nguyin \a .\16i truang Thanh Hoa) Chat lugng nudc sdng ddo nam 2016 theo miic danh gid WQl, duge phan bipl rd. Ddi vdi sdng la noi eung cap nude nhu kanh Bac vd cdu Thang San, nudc song duge su dyng tot cho myc dich cap nude sinh boat (tha hipn la mdu xanh nude bian va mau xanh Id eay). Doi vdi song la ncri tiap nhdn ngudn thai cua dan cu vd cdc khu cdng nghipp xung quanh thi chdt lugng nude sdng d Cdu Cdc, Cau treo Ddng Huang, Cdu Bd chi dimg cho mye dieh tudi tiau vd cdc myc dich tuang duang khdc (tha hipn la mdu vdng). Riang dgt 6 nam 2016, nudc song tgi 4/5 vj tri da bj d nhiem ngng (the hien la mdu do), tgi kenh Bac nudc song la mdu vdng.
Chdl lugng nudc sdng dao duge phan anh qua cdc thdng sd d nhilm dae tnmg nhu:
N02-, Fe va Tdng dau md. Hdm lugng cua cae thdng sd ndy vugt GHCP miic Bl theo QCVN08:2008/BTNMT.
Hdm lugng N02- lgi tdt ed cdc vj tri quan trdc cd gia tri dao ddng tir 0.025 -0.1527mg/i, diu vugl GHCP. Trong dd, tai Cdu Coc (dgi 1), Kenh Bde (dgt 4), Cdu B 6 (dgt 3, 5), Cau Thdng Son (dgt I) hdm lugng niyil vugl GHCP muc A2 tu 1.18 - 1.95 Ian. Tgi Cau Coc (dgt 2, 5, 6), Cdu yeo Ddng Huang (dgt 1, 2, 3, 4, 5), Cdu Bd, Cau Thdng Son (dgt I, 2, 4, 6) diu vugt GHCP miic B1 tir 1.03 - 3.82 ldn. Cac dot cdn lgi ndm yong gidi bgn eho phep [7].
Hdm lugng Fe xuat hipn d ed 5 vi tri quan trac, chu yau Id vdo dgt 4, 5, 6. Tai Cdu Cdc (dgt 2, 3, 4, 5), Cau treo Ddng Huang (dgt 5). Kanh Bde nui Mat San (dot 4, 5, 6), Cau Bl (dgt 4, 5), Cdu Thdng San (dgt 4, 6) vugt GHCP muc Bl tir 1.09 - 2.98 Idn [7].
Tgi cd 5 vj tii quan ydc, do nude sdng ddo cd nhieu vdng ddu md nen ham lugng ting ddu md deu vugt GHCP miic A2 theo QCVN 08: 2008/BTNMT. Tgi cdc vi tri Cdu Coc, Cdu yeo Dong Huang, Kenh Bac, Cdu Bo va Cdu Thdng Son vao cdc dot quan trac, hdm lugng tdng ddu md vugt GHCP miic A2 tir 1.47 - 4.2 ldn.
Hipn nay. tinh Thanh Hda co 472 cym cong nghiep. lang nghe. Ddc biet Thanh Hda c6 khu kinh tc trgng diem Nghi Son va 7 khu cdng nghiep (Ll mdn, Bim Son, Lam San, Hodng Long va Dinh Huang - Tdy Bde ga) yong do cae khu kinh ta Id ddng luc da phdt tiien cae nganh cdng nghipp mui nhgn, nhung eiing chira dyng nhimg nguy ca ldn gay d nhiem mdi trudng nau nhu khdng duge kiam sodt chat cha.
3. KET LUAN
Thanh Hda ndm d khu vuc Bde Trung Bg, yong nhiing nam vira qua ngudn vdn FDI da vd dang gdp phdn tich eye, eo hieu qua yong qud ninh phdt trien kinh te - xa hgi ciia tinh. Ddy Id dgng lyc thue ddy mgnh me cho qua trinh cdng nghipp hda, hien dai hoa ciia tinh. Tuy nhian, qua trinh thu hiit FDI nhdm phat triin kinh ll - xa hgi eua tinh Thanh Hda ludn mang tinh hai mat. ban canh nhung tac dgng tich cue eua ngudn vdn FDI dan sy phat trian kinh te
151
T ^ P CHt KHOA HQC TRUtnSG D-»l HQC H 6 N G IU < J ^ t ^ j g i ^ "
xd hgi ciia tinh nhu: Gdp phan phat trian cac nganh cdng n ^ i e p ciia tinh; FDI gdp phdn tw sung ngudn ngdn sdch ciia linh; thuc da\ chuyen djch eo edu kinh ta. thuc day hogi dgng xu^
nhj^ khdu; ndng cao trinh dg ky thudt cwig nghp cua cdc doanh nghipp trong tinh; g^^P P ^ ^ hinh thdnh cdc khu cdng nghiep, khu kinh te tgp tmng; ddng thdi ddy mgnh qua trinh nang cao trinh dg tay nghe cua ngudi lao ddng ciing nhu trinh dg eiia ngudi qudn ly. Ben egnh nhiing tac dgng tich cue dd qud trinh hogt ddng eua FDI d tinh Thanh Hda ciing bgc Ig nhimg han cbl edn khdc phuc dd Id: Hipu qua phai trian ky thugt chua cao; siic ep ciia cdc doanh nghipp FDI doi \ di cdc nganh nghe truyan thdng eiia tinh; d nhilm mdi trudng sinh Uidi ldc dgng din mdi uudng sdng... Do dd nghien ciiu tde dgng eua FDI de dua ra gidi phap trong qud trinh phdt iriln kinh ll - xa hgi bin viing id rat cdn thiet d Thanh Hda hipn nay.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[1] Cyc Thong ka Thanh Hda (2019). Niin gidm thong ki 2018, Nxb. Thong ke, Hd Ngi.
[2] Cdng Thong tin dipn tir Thanh Hda (2020), Ddnh gid phdt triin kinh ti den ndm 2020.
[3] Dang Cpng sdn Vict Nam (2016), Vdn kien Dgi hgi dgi biiu tgdn quoc lan ihuXH, Nxb. Chinh trj Qudc gia, Hd Ndi.
[4] Sd Lao dpng Thuang binh vd Xd bgi Thanh Hoa (2019), Bdo cdo thu nhgp vi?c ldm, thdng 9.
[5] Sd Tai chinh Thanh Hda (2019), Bdo cdo nguon thu ngdn sdch hdng ndm.
[6] Sd Kl hogeh va Ddu tu Thanh Hoa (2018), Bdo cdo linh hinh hogt dgng cua cdc doanh nghiep iren dia bdn tinh Thanh Hda.
[7] Sd Tdi nguyan vd Moi trudng Thanh Hda (2016), Bdo cdo quan trac mdi trudng.
THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI) ON SOCIO - ECONOMIC DE\ ELOPMENT IN THANH HOA PROVINCE
IN THE PERIOD FROM 2010 UP TO NOW
Ngujen V a n T h u ABSTRACT
Foreign direct investment (FDI) is playing a very important role in the socio- economic de\elopment of Thanh Hoa province Over the past years, FD! has contributed to boosting the province's economy at a high speed; economic structure has been shifted strongly towards industrialization and modernization; creating more jobs, improving the quality of human resources of the province. At the same time, foreign direct investment is an extremely important channel in the transfer of science and technology, contributing to improving the compeliliveness of the economy in the context of integration The process of attracting FDI in Thanh Hoa is also creating negative impacts such as: sustainable economic de\elopment. ecological environment pollution, etc. Therefore, promoting positive impacts and limiting negative impacts, polarity of FDI is one of the most imponant tasks for the socio-economy of Thanh Hoa today.
Ke>T>ords: Foreign direct investment (FDI). economic, society. Thanh Hoa.
• Ngdv ngp bdi: 7/11/2019; Ngdy giri phdn hiin. 12/11/2019: Ngay duyet ddng: 4/3/2020