HOI nghi Khoa hgc /h' niem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam - Hd Noi 10/2010
XAC DINH RANH GI61 NGOAI THEM LUC DIA VIET NAM
( P H A N P H I A
BAC) - THEO KHIA CANH KY THUAT
TS. Do Chien Th^ng. TS. Nguyen The Tiep, TS. Phung Van Phach, TS. Hoang Van Vu-ong, ThS. Doan The Hu^ng, ThS. Tran Anh Tuan, ThS. Tran Trong Lap
Vien Dia chat va Dia vat ly bien Email: dothangv(a^yahoo.com
F
Tom tat:
Bdo cdo ciia nuac Cong hda xd hdi chit nghia Viet Nam (Viet Nam) vi viec ma rdng mot phdn them luc dia ciia nuac Viet Nam: Phia bac (VNM-N) ndm ngodi phgm vi 200 hdi ly dugc xdc dinh tir ranh giai duang ca sa ciia Viet Nam. Hai
bdo cdo khdc cua viec ma rdng thim luc dia dugc tham khdo thim dd Id vimg trung tdm (VNM-C) vd thim luc dia ma rdng phia Nam (VNM-S). Them luc dia dugc ma rdng ciia Viet Nam bao gdm: Phia Nam (VNM-S) cimg dugc tham khdo tir "Khu vuc xdc dinh trong di xudt chung Viet Nam - Malaysia vai Uy ban ranh giai them luc dia liin hgp qude vi nhirng ranh giai ciia them luc dia, diiu 76, khodn 8, cdng irac Liin hgp qude vi ludt biin 1982 (UNCLOS 1982) lien quan den phia Nam biin Ddng (Nam Trung Hoa). Ciing vai bdo cdo VNM-N, hai bdo cdo riing re vd tdch biet ndy dd hodn chinh di xudt ciia nirac Cdng hda xd hdi chii nghia Viet Nam.
Abstract:
This Submission made by the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Vietnam) represents a partial submission in respect of Vietnam's extended continental shelf: North Area (VNM-N), which lies beyond 200 nautical miles (M) measured from the territorial sea baselines of Vietnam. Two other components of the Vietnam 's extended continental shelf are referred to as Vietnam 's extended continental shelf: Central Area (VNM-C) and Vietnam's extended continental shelf: South Area (VNM-S). The Vietnam 's extended continental shelf: South Area (VNM-S) is also referred to as the "Defined Area " as it appears in the Vietnam - Malaysia Joint Submission to the Commission on the limits of the continental shelf pursuant to Article 76, Paragraph 8 of the United Nations Convention on the Law
of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS 1982) in respect of the southern part of the East Sea (South China Sea). With VNM-N submission, these two additional, separate and partial submissions complete the Socialist Republic of Vietnam Submission.
1. Nhung van de chung ve phap Iv va ky thuat theo quy dinh ciia Cong udc luat Biin 1982
Viec xay dung Bao cao qude gia ve ranh gidi ngoai thim luc dia vugt qua 200 hai ly phai tuan thu cac quy dinh ciia Cdng udc Luat biin 1982 neu trong Dilu 76 va Phu luc II, Ban hudng dan v l khoa hgc va ky thuat ciia Uy ban Ranh gidi thim luc dia (CLCS/11) va Cac quy tac vl thu tuc ciia Uy ban (CLCS/40).
/ . / . Them hie dia
Dilu 76 Cdng udc Luat bien 1982 quy dinh thim luc dja cua qude gia ven biin la sir trai dai tu nhien ciia lanh thd dat lien eiia qude gia dd ra din bd ngoai cua ria luc dia. Qude gia
Tieu ban: Khoa hgc cong nghe Bien ISBN: 978-604-913-015-1
EsltUish biseiini (lith#r nofmalof itfiigtiil
ven biin se xac dinh bd ngoai cua ria luc dia khi ria luc dia vugt qua 200 hai ly tinh tir dudng CO sd lanh hai bang :
- Mot dudng ndi cac diem xac djnh nhd ra xa nhat, phii hgp vdi khoan 7, ma tai moi dilm dd bl day tr^m tich it nhat bang 1% ciia khoang each ngan nhat tir diem dd den chan ddc luc dia; hoac
- Mot dudng ndi cac diem xac djnh, phii hgp vdi khoan 7. nam each chan ddc luc dia mot khoang each khdng qua 60 hai ly.
Theo quy djnh cua Khoan 7 cua Dilu 76, chieu dai ciia mdi doan thang ndi cac diem xac dinh gin nhdt khdng dugc vugt qua 60 hai ly. Ranh gidi ngoai them luc dia ciia mot qude gia khdng dugc vugt qua :
- 350 hai ly tinh tix dudng co sd lanh hai;
hoac
- 100 hai ly tinh tir dudng dang sau 2.500 met nude.
Quoc gia ven bien cd ranh gidi them luc dia vugt qua 200 hai ly
kl tir dudng ca sd lanh hai phai trinh Bao cao
len Uy ban Ranh gidi them luc dja (Uy ban RGTLD) do Cdng udc 1982 thanh lap de xem xet
O , • I , , Fool of
va dua ra khuyen nghi. Y kien ciia
Uy ban ve ranh gidi them luc dia la y kien cudi ciing va ed gia ^^\' tri bat budc\
250011 isoMih * lOOM
Thickness Sedimenit WlOOd
7.5. Tom tdt quy trinh xdc dinh ranh giai them luc dia theo Dieu 76 Cong u&c Ludt biin 1982
Bao gdm cac cdng viec sau:
• Do dac xac dinh va vach dudng co sd diing de tinh chieu rdng lanh hai.
<• Tinh toan xac dinh va the hien dudng khoang each 200 hai ly tinh tir dudng co sd.
••• xac dinh chan ddc luc dia theo dinh nghia ciia Dieu 76 la nai la diem thay ddi Idn nhat cua do ddc tai nen ddc.
••• xac dinh cac diem cd be day tram tich bang Wo khoang each tinh tir chan ddc luc dia de vach duang Gardner.
• xac dinh cac diem nam each chan ddc luc dia 60 hai ly va khoang each giiia cac diem nay khdng vugt qua 60 hai ly de vach duang Hedberg.
• Tinh toan xac dinh va the hien dudng cd khoang each 350 hai ly tinh tir dudng ca so.
*l* Do dac xac dinh dudng dang sau 2500 met.
Dieu 76 Khoan 4 Cong uoc Luat bien 1982 Dieu 76 Khoan 5 Cong uac Luat bien 1982
HOI nghi Khoa hgc kv niem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam - Hd Noi 10 2010
thirc).
*> Thi hien dudng cd khoang each 100 hai ly tinh Mx dudng dang sau 2500 met.
<* Kit hgp duang Hedberg va duang Gardner de vach dudng Formula (dudng Cdng
• Kit hgp dudng 350 hai ly tinh tir dudng co sd va dudng 100 hai ly tinh tir dudng dang sau 2500 met dl vach dudng Constraint (dudng Gidi han).
*> So sanh dudng Cdng thirc vdi dudng Gidi han, doan nao cua dudng Cdng thirc vugt ra ngoai dudng Gidi han thi ranh gidi them luc dia dugc lay theo dudng gidi han, doan nao ciia dudng Cdng thirc nam phia trong dudng Gidi han thi ranh gidi them luc dia lay theo dudng Cdng thirc.
**** Vach cac dudng bien gidi them luc dia vdi cac qude gia ke can va ddi dien.
2. Dac diem dia chat va su- keo dai tu nhien cua them luc dia Viet Nam
• • • • • • •
Ria luc dia Viet Nam, tiep giap vdi bon trung Bien Ddng, la sir md rdng cua them luc dia nen Sunda trai dai tir Ddng Duong den Tay Borneo. Sir hinh thanh va tien hda dia chat cua ria luc dja lien quan mat thiet den sir tien hoa kien tao ciia Bien Ddng tir Paleocene mugn den Miocene giua. Ria dat lien Viet Nam cd hinh the tuang ddi don gian vdi hinh the mot sudn luc dia phat trien dien hinh cho cac ria luc dia kieu rift, trong khi dd ria Dia Khdi Tmdng Sa phuc tap hon. 0 day, cac pha tach gian tao rift da tao nen mot viing vd chuyen tiep rdng Idn (hay cdn ggi viing vd luc dia md rdng) ma ngay nay chim sau dudi nude bien, nhung dia hinh phan di dang ke dac trung bdi cac the hinh ndn (cd the la niii lira), cac khdi nghieng theo kieu dia hinh cuesta, cac sdng niii va cac am tieu d dd cac ran san hd rat phat trien.
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Them Sunda da tirng nhan ngudn cung cap tram tich tir viing nen mdng Mesozoi trai dai tir Ddng Duong qua Malaya cho den tan tay Sarawak. He thdng sdng chinh da cung cap tram tich cho cac ddng bang chau thd bao gdm sdng Mekong, Rajang va Bara, ciing vdi Chao Phraya chay qua phan trung tam Thai Lan.
Ngoai cac he thdng chau thd nay, them Sunda ngoai khoi Viet Nam chira dung mot loat cac be tram tich Oligocene-hien dai.
Chiing la sir hien thj ciia cae che &o tao rift chiem mi the trong sudt thdi ky De Tam cua khu virc nay.
Lich sir tao rift cua Bien Ddng va ria luc dia ciia Vict Nam cd mat trong mot khu vuc rdng Idn ciia viing nude sau cd nhieu khdi nang cao va cac mang trung.
Mot vai trong chiing cd ngudn gdc tir niii lira trong khi mot sd khac lai lien quan den Hinh 1: Bdn do kiin tgo Bien Ddng Viet Nam cac dia hinh cuesta don nghien ngudn dii't
gay phan anh cd dia hinh thdi tao rift. Cac chirng cir vl thach hgc va dia vat ly cho thay ring ben dudi Dja Khdi Trudng Sa la vd luc dia
Tieu ban: Khoa hgc cong n^he Bien ISBN: 978-604-913-015-1
cang gian va tao rift. Tai lieu dia tang va cau tnic ciia ria luc dia bao quanh Bien Don thay rang ea cac ria luc dia nay cd chung mot lich su tram tich va tao rift chung.
2 C ho
Hinh 2: Mat cat cdu triic kiin tgo tdng quan ngang qua Biin Ddng
Nhilu bang chirng dja chat minh chiing cho sir keo dai lien tuc ciia luc dia Viet Nam tir viing thim din noi ket thiic vd luc dia, va dd ciing la sir keo dai tu nhien cua luc dja Viet Nam den mep cua ria them luc dia.
1. Su phat trien cua chau thd thdng qua cac chau thd chinh nhu Mekong, cho thay tinh lien tuc cua tram tich tir them den sudn luc dia va tdi ddng bang bien tham.
2. Tinh lien tuc ve kien tao la ket qua cua su hgp nhat hay giap ndi cua cac dia khdi vd luc dia thdng qua cac qua trinh va cham luc dia.
3. Minh giai tdng hgp tai lieu dia chan, trgng luc va tir trudng tir cac chuyen khao sat dja vat ly va tir cac tuyen cua GEODAS phan anh rd rang dac trung khac nhau giiia cac viing vd tao rift va viing vd dai duong, tir dd giiip ta xac dinh dugc ddi chuyen tiep luc dia-dai duong COT. Minh giai dia chan cho thay sir xuat hien rdng rai cua bat chinh hgp Miocen giu:a (MMU) nhu mot be mat bao mdn va nang cao md rdng cd tinh khu vyc trong khap viing, chi ra sir lien tuc dja tang va lich sir dia tang/cau tnic hgp nhat cua Viet Nam.
4. cac mat cat dia chan ciing chi ra rang mot sir tuang ddng ciia cac kieu mdng rift giira cac be ben dudi them luc dia va Dia khdi Trudng Sa. Dieu nay chi ra rang cd mot sir lien tuc ve dia chat ciia cac cau tnic tir khdi luc dia Viet Nam den phan ngoai cua ria luc dia.
3. Dir lieu dtfac sir dung
Du lieu dugc sir diing trong bao cao gdm 4 nhdm chinh: do sau, dia chan, trgng luc va ftr. Cac sd lieu tren cd the la cac sd lieu dugc do true tilp tren biin bdi cac co quan cd lien quan cua Viet Nam hoac do cac to chirc quoc tl da cdng bd.
cac sd lieu do true tiep tren bien dugc thue hien bdi cac dan vi: Doan Do dac va bien ve hai dd (Hai quan Viet Nam) - phan do sau don tia va da tia; Tdng cdng ty Tim kilm va Tham dd Dau khi (Tap doan Dau khi qude gia Viet Nam) - phin tham dd dia chdn, trgng luc, hi va do sau don tia.
Hgi nghi Khoa hgc ky' niem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam - Hd Noi 10/2010
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Hinh 3: Sa dd tuyin do sdu dan tia, tir. trong lire vd dja chdn dirge tiin hdnh bai Cdng ty tham dd ddu khi (CSL07 mdu dd, CSL08 mdu
xanh).
Hinh 4: Birc tranh todn cdnh vi do sdu khu vuc Bien Ddng (ngudn Gebco).
cac sd lieu nay sau dd dugc xir ly va minh giai bdi cac dan vi: Doan Do dac va bien ve hai dd - phan sd lieu do sau; Fairfield Vietnam va Tdng cdng ty Tim kiem va Tham dd Dau khi - phan sd lieu dia chan; ARK (Vuong qude Anh) va Vien Dia chat va Dia vat ly bien (Vien Khoa hgc va Cdng nghe Viet Nam) - phan sd lieu tir va trgng lire.
Trong bao cao ciing da sir dung cac sd lieu do cac td chirc qude te da cdng bd va dugc Uy ban Ranh gidi them liie dia chap nhan nhu:
• Sd lieu do sau da tia cua National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) - chuyen khao sat RC2614;
• Sd lieu do sau sd cua General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) - phien ban 20090202 vdi ludi sd lieu 1 phut x 1 phut;
• Sd lieu di thudng tir ATa cua Community Clinical Oncology Program (CCOP) - cdng bd nam 1994.
4. Chan doc luc dja va dudng chan doc luc dia + 60 hai ly 4.1. Chdn doc luc dia
Viec tim ra chan ddc luc dia dugc thue hien bdi viec xac dinh cae diem ma tai do cd sir thay ddi Idn nhat ve do ddc tai nen ddc luc dia.
Tai nhiing nai cd sir thay ddi Idn nhat vl do ddc tai nen doe luc dja ma khdng phai la chan ddc luc dia, khi do chiing tdi xac dinh chan doc luc dia dua tren nen tang cac bang chirng ngugc lai.
Tieu ban: Khoa hgc cong nghe BiSn ISBN: 978-604-913-015-1
Tat ca cac mat cat do sau dugc sir dung de xac dinh chan ddc luc dia (FOS) deu dugc Igc va san bang theo cdng cu Igc Fourier Transform trong phan mini CarisLOTS, nham dat dugc cac mat cat mem mai han cho viec phan tich chan ddc.
Khi tat ca cac cdng viec neu tren da dugc thue hien nham ve nen mat cat xac djnh chan ddc luc dja vdi hudng cua cdc mat cat do phdi dam bdo vudng gdc vdi cdc duang ddng sdu ndm tgi diim thay ddi lan nhdt ve do ddc tgi nin ddc luc dia.
Mdi dilm chan ddc se cd mot md ta chi tiet kem theo ve viec phan tich cac mat cat do sau, thdng tin ve dao ham bac hai cung nhu cac bang chirng ngugc lai khi can thiet. Nen do sau dugc sir dung trong cac hinh ve se chi ra hudng ciia ciia cac mat cat xac dinh chan ddc;
cac dudng dang sau va cac hinh anh phdi canh 3 chieu, chiing chi dugc xem nhu la each trinh bay bdi le cac dir lieu nay khdng phan anh diing ban chat thue sir ciia day bien trong khu vuc.
Hinh 5 cho thdy dilm FOSOl dugc xac dinh tai diem cd sii thay ddi Idn nhat ve do ddc tren mat cat tuyin CSL08-01. FOSOl la hinh trdn mau dd d phAn tren. Mat cat dg sau mau xanh va mat cat dao ham bac hai mau dd d phan phia dudi. Hinh 6 bieu dien phdi canh ba chilu ciia FOSOl nam tren dir lieu do sau ciia tuyin CSL08-01, vi tri dugc lira chgn tai chan ciia bai can Macclesfield.
Vi tri ciia cac dilm chan ddc ftr FOSOl din FOS07 va cac mep phia bien va phia dat lien cua nen ddc luc dia dugc the hien tren hinh 7.
4.2. Duang chdn doc luc dia + 60 hdi ly
Dudng cdn cd ten ggi khac la dudng cdng thirc Hedberg. De do dac khoang each 60 hai ly tinh hi chan ddc luc dia chiing tdi sir dung cdng cu "Envelope of Arcs from Normal Points" trong phan mem CARIS LOTS. Tren hinh 8 the hien cac cung chan ddc luc dia + 60M.
5. Diem 1% chieu day tram tich
Mdng tram tich d viing tmng tam ciia Bien Ddng cd the dac tmng cho mai vd dai duang. Mdng dac tmng bdi ldp phan xa go ghe bien do cao ma nd chi ra dang ciia dia hinh.
Mdng thudng xuyen nhd len mat day bien nhu la nui ngam d bien dugc tach ra. 0 mot vai cho mdng va ldp tram tich de len nd bi bien dang va nhd len va trong nhirng viing dd dac biet cd the cd he sd phan xa dang ke trong mdng. De tranh danh gia sai ve chieu day tram tich. ldp phan xa ciia mdng dugc coi nhu la mai ciia ldp phan xa mat gd ghe cd bien do cao, nd tuong ling vdi mdng ciia ldp phan xa phan tang rd ret dugc nhan biet rd rang nhu la ldp tram tich de tren (Hinh 9).
Hgi nghi Khoa hgc h'' niem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam - Hd Noi 10 2010
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Tieu ban: Khoa hgc cong nghe Bien ISBN: 978-604-913-015-1
CDP No 5000
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Hinh 9: Mdng cua lap phdn xg phdn tdng rd Hinh 10: Cudi phia Bac ciia tuyen CSL-8-14 rit vai lap tram tich phia trin a viing cd diem GPl ndm a vi tri CDP 2160
Hinh II: Tap hgp van tdc dd phdn tich tgi CDP 2160 trin tuyin CSL08-14 (GPl). Ddy bien ndm a vi tri 5664ms TWT vd dinh mdng
ndm a 7046TWT
6. Cac dudng gidi han cua them luc dia 6.1 Duang ca sa
Hinh 12: Vi tri cdc tuyin sir dung di xdc dinh sir tiip tuc ciia tdng trdm tich tir chdn ddc den diem 1% chieu ddy trdm tich [1,2].
Vdng trdn do, diem chdn ddc; vdng, diim 1% chiiu ddy trdm tich; xanh, tuyin dia chdn da kinh ciia chuyen khdo sdt CSL-08,
dudng hdng, 3.5kHz tir chuyin khdo sdt RC26I4
Tga do dia ly cua cac diem co sd dugc sir dung trong bao cao de trinh da dugc xac djnh ca ban dua tren cdng bd ngay 12 thang 11 nam 1982 ciia chinh phii nude Cdng hda Xa hdi Chii nghia Viet Nam ve dudng co sd diing dl tinh chilu rdng lanh hai Viet Nam va dugc tinh toan mdi vdi cac dir lieu khao sat nam 2007 (Hinh 13).
6.2 Cdc duang giai han 200 hdi ly vd 350 hdi ly
Cdng cu "Envelope of Arcs from Straight Baseline" trong phan mem CarisLOTS duac diing de tinh dudng gidi han 200 hai ly va dudng bien gidi han thir nhat 350 hai ly (Hinh 14).
Hgi nghi Khoa hgc ki' niem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam - Hd Noi 10 2010
6.3 Duong giai han 2500m +100 hdi ly
Do viec khdng dii du lieu do dac nen dudng dang sau 2500 m tren hinh 15 dugc trich tix bo du lieu GEBCO-1 minute (Centenary Edition of the GEBCO Digital Atlas, do tmng tam dir lieu dai duong Anh (BODC) xuat ban nam 2003). Dudng dang sau 2500m dugc trich tir bd du lieu nay thanh file ASCII text va dugc nhap vao phan mem CarisLOTS.
Chi cac diem do sau 2500m tao nen dudng dang sau 2500m hoan thien nhat dugc sir dung trong viec tao ra dudng 2500m+100M. Sir dung cdng cu "Envelope of Arcs from Normal Points" trong phan mem CarisLOTS, Dudng bien gidi han thir hai dugc the hien tren hinh 15.
6.4. Ket hgp cdc duang bien giai han
cac dudng bien gidi han 350 hai ly va 2500m + 100 hai ly dugc the hien tren hinh 16.
Chung ta thay dudng bien gidi han 350 hai ly nam ve phia bien xa han so vdi dudng bien gidi han 2500m+ 100 hai ly, do vay dudng 350 hai ly dugc sir dung lam bien gidi han ngoai.
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Hinh 13 Hinh 14
Tieu han: Khoa hgc cong nghe Bien ISBN: 978-604-913-015-
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Hinh 15 Hinh 16
Bdng 1. Chieu ddy trdm tich, van tdc vd quang dudng tir chdn ddc ddi vdi diim Gardiner GPl
GPl Tuyen CSL08-14 CDP 2160 15.21647° N 115.19267" E CDP 2160
Day bien
Dinh mdng
TWT [ms]
5664 6028 6280 6495 6654 6844 7046
Vrms [mis]
1501 1517 1549 1590 1617 1683 1751
Vint [m/sl 1501 1747 2176 2519 2475 3230 3317 Chieu day tram tich
Quang dudng tir chan ddc FOS05 [km]
Chieu day tram tich 1% tir chan ddc
Depth [m]
4250 4568 4842 5112 5310 5616 5951 1701 121.370
1.40%
7. Xac dinh ranh gidi ngoai
Viec xac dinh ranh gidi ngoai them luc dja dua tren ba budc xir ly sau:
Hai ranh gidi dugc vach bang each ap dung mdi trong hai quy tac khang dinh dugc su dung de tao mot dudng tdng hgp ggi la dudng theo cdng thirc;
Hgi nghi Khoa hgc kv niem 35 ndm Vien Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam - Hd Noi 10'2010
Hai ranh gidi dugc vach bang each ap dung hai quy tac phii djnh dugc sir dung de tao mot dudng tdng hgp ngoai ggi la bien gidi han.
Dudng tdng hgp trong ciia dudng theo cdng thirc va dudng bien gidi han xac djnh ranh gidi ngoai cua them luc dia md rdng.
8. Ket luan
Tren co sd nhung sd lieu do ve mdi nhat v l dia vat ly va dia chat, dia mao lan dau tien Viet Nam da xac dinh dugc Ranh gidi ngoai thim luc dia Viet Nam theo nhung tieu chi do Lien hgp qude qui dinh.
Khu vuc md rgng ranh gidi them luc dia khu virc BSc Biin Ddng cd: Giai hgn phia Bac Id duong cdch deu cua duang ca sa dirng di tinh chieu rdng lanh hdi cua Viet Nam vd dudng ca sa diing di tinh chiiu rdng lanh hdi ciia nuac Cdng hda Nhdn ddn Trung Hoa; giai hgn phia Ddng vd phia Nam Id cdc ranh giai ngodi ciia thim luc dia dugc xdc dinh trong Bdo cdo ndy phii hgp vai khoan 8 - Dieu 76 cua Cdng uac Ludt Biin 1982; giai hgn phia Tdv Id diratig 200 hdi ly tinh tir dtrang ca sa diing di tinh chiiu rdng lanh hdi nuac Cong hda Xd hdi Chii nghia Viet Nam''.
Viec xac dinh Ranh gidi ngoai ciia thim luc dja Viet Nam ngoai 200 hai ly cd y nghia vd ciing quan trgng trong phat trien kinh tl, bao ve an ninh td qude.
Theo dieu 76 Cdng udc Lien hgp qude v l Luat biin (1982) va Sach hudng dan khoa hoc ky thuat cua Uy ban ranh gidi them luc dja chiing ta da xac dinh dugc viing md rgng ngoai 200 hai ly cua them luc dia Viet Nam khu virc Bac Biin Ddng.
' Muc 1, E.xccut.vc summary of Patial submission in respect of Vietnam" Extended continental Shelf- North Area (VNM-N)
Tieu ban Khoa hgc cong nghe Bien ISBN: 978-604-913-015-1
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TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. sach hudng dan khoa hgc ky thuat cua Uy ban ranh gidi thim luc dia (Ky hgp thir 6, New York, 19/8-3/9/1999).
2. Peter J.Cook, Chris M.Carleton. Continental shelf Limits. Oxford University Press 2000.