Xay du'ng cac gia thuyet ve anh hu'dng cua von xa hoi
va moi tru'ofng trong phat trien y tifofng sang tao thanh doi mdi cua to chufc
NGOYIN MONG THU*
Tom tat
Su sdng tgo vd doi mdi cd the duac thuc Men d nhieu cdp bdc khdc nhau: cd nhdn, nhdm, to chffc vd giffa cdc cdp. Moi cdp bdc sdng tgo deu cd nhffng ye'u td tdc dgng, gid tri vd lai ich rieng Met. Cdc nghien cffu cd khuynh hudng dung thudt ngff sdng tgo (creativity), sdng kie'n (creative idea) cho cdc nghien cffu cdp do cd nhdn vd nhdm. Thudt ngff ddi mdi thudng duac sd dung cdc nghien cffu cdp do td chffc vd cdng ty. Bdi vie't ndy ddt trgng tdm vdo nghien cffu vdn xd hoi vd mdi trudng thdc day sU chuyen hda tff sU sdng tgo trong nhdm thdnh sU ddi mdi cua td chffc. Tren ca sd nhffng nghien cffu trUdc, tdc gid xdy dUng cdc gid thuye't dnh hudng cua vd'n xd hgi vd moi trUdng trong phdt trien y tudng sdng tgo thdnh ddi mdi cua td chffc.
Tuf khda: vdn xd hgi, mdi trudng, y tudng sdng tgo, ddi mdi cua td chffc Summary
Creativity and innovation can be implemented at many different levels: individuals, groups, organizations and across levels. Each level of creativity has its own influences, values and interests. Studies tend to use creativity, creative idea for individual and group studies. The term innovation is often used in organizational and company level studies. This article focuses on the study of social and environmental capital that promotes the transition from group creativity to organizational innovation. Based on prior researches, the author develops hypotheses ofthe influence of social and environmental capital on developing creative ideas into organizational innovation.
Keywords: social capital, environment, creative idea, organizational innovation
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MOT SO KHAI NIEM CHUNG
Khdi niem ve sdng tgo (Creativity) Trong eae nghien effu sff sang tao eiia ca nhan, Amabile (1997) eho rang, sang tao dffde khdi dau tff sff da dang va phong phii trong suy nghi. Cu the hdn, sang tao dffde khdi dau tff mot van de dffde suy nghi, phan tieh va danh gia d nhieu khia canh khae nhau. Sau dd, ngurdi sang tao se tim ra nhffng die'm ehung giffa nhffng khia canh nay, ke't nd'i eae die'm chung dd de trd thanh mdt y tffdng sang tao.
Khdi niem ve sU ddi mdi (Innovation)
Sff ddi mdi la qua trinh ffng dung va trao ddi tri thffe de' thffc hien thanh edng ve viee san xua't ra nhffng san pham, dich vu hay quy trinh mdi dap ffng dffdc muc tieu cua td chffc de ra. Doi mdi ciia td ehffe trong eae nghien effu thffe nghiem dffde danh gia bdi trffdng nhdm va cap tren ciia trffdng nhdm. Ngffdi danh gia dffdc yeu cau danh gia mffe do thffe hien y tffdng sang tao eiia nhdm: (1) Vin dang thff nghiem;
(2) Dang trong qua trinh phat trie'n; (3) Dang dffdc hoan thien; (4) Da lan tda, da phd bie'n, nhffng vin bi tranh luan; va (5) Lan tda rdng rai (Ferlie va edng sff, 2005).
* ThS.. Trirdng Dai hoc Van Hien I Email: [email protected] Ngd\ nuan bdi: 26/09/2018; Ngdy phdn bien: 15/10/2018; Ngdy duyet ddng: 24/10/2018
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Cdc khdi niem ve vdn xd hdi (Social capital)
Coleman (1988) ciing dffa ra nhieu nhan dinh quan trong lien quan de'n vd'n xa hdi. Ong eho rang, vd'n xa hdi nam trong eac md'i quan he xa hdi, ngffdi ta thie't lap va duy tri nhffng quan he nay de tao thuan ldi cho hanh ddng nham tim kie'm ldi ieh. Ngoai ra, trach nhiem, sff mong ddi va ldng tin la eae hinh thffe eua vd'n xa hdi.
Chinh trach nhiem va mong ddi lin nhau da tao nen sff tin eay giffa eac ca nhan trong xa hdi.
Ly thuye't cdu thdnh sU sdng tgo (The componential theory of creativity) cua Amabile (1983)
Ly thuye't xac dinh rang, mdt ngffdi ed nhieu sang kie'n hay sang tao phu thudc vao eae ye'u td', gdm:
Ky nang lien quan de'n ITnh vffc sd trffdng (Domain- relevant Skills); Qua trinh sang tao (Creativity- relevant Processes); Ddng Iffc cdng viee (Task Motivation).
Ly thuye't hdnh dgng sdng tgo cua cd nhdn (Theory of Individual Creative Action) cua Ford (1996)
Ly thuye't nay cho rang, ngffdi lao ddng se can nhac giffa hai lffa ebon sang tao hay tie'p tuc lam nhffng viec mang tinh lap di lap lai theo thdi quen. Ford (1996) dffa ra 3 ye'u toed the anh hffdng de'n van de nay, gdm:
Cam xue (Sensemaking); Ddng Iffc (Motivation); Kie'n thffe va kha nang (Knowledge and Ability). Mdt hanh ddng sang tao eua ea nhan la ke't qua tdng hdp cua 3 ye'u to nay va trong trffdng hdp thie'u bat ky mot trong 3 ye'u td'cd ngbia la ea nhan se khdng tham gia vao qua trinh sang tao.
Ly thuye't ve sU tuang tdc trong sdng tgo cua td chffc (Theory of Organization Creativity) cua Woodman, Sawyer, Griffin (1993)
Ly thuye't nay nhan manh sang tao eua td ehffe la sff tffdng tae phffc tap giffa con ngffdi va td chffc. Ke't qua eua sang tao la san pham, dich vu, y tffdng, thii tue hay quy trinh mdi dffde bat ngudn tff sang tao eua eae ea nhan, nhdm va dac diem mdi trffdng lam viec eua td ehffe...
Ly thuye't mdi trudng cho ddi mdi (Climate for innovation) cua West (1990)
West (1990) de xua't md hinh mdi trffdng eho dd'i mdi cho hai cap do nhdm va td chffc, nd bao gdm nam ye'u td' chinh: Tam nhin (Vision); An toan tham gia (Participative safety); Dinh hffdng nhiem vu (Task orientation); Ho trd eho ddi mdi (Support for innovation); Tan sd'tffdng tac (Interaction Frequency).
KHOANG TRQNG NGHIEN CLfU VA DE XUAT c A c GIA THUYET NGHIEN CLfU
Theo Iffdc khao cae nghien effu eua tae gia, thi sff sang tao ed the la phat kie'n eua eae ea nhan thien tai, nhffng ngffdi lam viee doe lap, nhffng sff ddi mdi ed the' xay ra khi nhffng ngffdi binh thffdng biet each lam viec Cling nhau. Ndi each khac, mdi trffdng lam viec nhdm khuye'n khieh dd'i mdi sang tao va mang Iffdi quan he xa hdi/vd'n xa hdi (ben trong va ben ngoai) nhdm ed vai trd ra't quan trong giiip nang eao nang life
cho ddi mdi sang tao eho doanh nghiep.
Tren ed sd nhan dinh dd, tae gia eung tdng quan tai lieu de xay dffng eae gia thuye't ve anh hffdng eua vd'n xa hdi, mdi trffdng trong qua trinh phat trien y tffdng sang tao thanh ddi mdi eua td ehffe, eu the nhff sau:
Xdy dUng gid thuyet ve dnh hffdng eua vo'n xd hgi trong qud trinh phdt trien y tffdng sdng tgo thdnh doi mdi cda td chdc
Trong mot nghien effu thffe nghiem, Perry-Smith (2014) nhan tha'y rang, khi ngffdi sang tao nhan dffde thdng tin tff eae md'i quan he gan gui (thffdng la thdng tin trong ndi bd nhdm), ho danh It thdi gian phan tieh va tieh hdp nd. Do dd, nhan thffe ngffdi sang tao nhieu kha nang van theo nhffng ldi mdn cii, khdng tao ra y tffdng mdi. Ngffdc lai, khi tie'p nhan kie'n thffc khae nhau tff eac md'i quan he chat Iffdng thap hdn (thffdng tff ben ngoai nhdm), ngffdi sang tao can phan tich, xff ly va tieh hdp thdng tin theo nhieu each khae nhau; nhieu phffdng an dffde dffa ra va sff sang tao ddi dao hdn. Tren ed sd dd, tac gia de xua't gia thuye't I.
Gid thuye't 1: Sd luang ke't ndi giffa cdc nhdm it cd sU ke't ndi thuc day sU hinh thdnh sdng kie'n.
Trong nghien cffu cap do nhdm, eac nhdm ed mffe do gan ke't cang eao, thi sff tin tffdng va sff ho trd lin nhau giffa eae thanh vien cang nhieu (Aral va Van Alstyne, 2011). Cac ca nhan sang tao cam tha'y yen tam chia se y tffdng vi ho cam nhan dffde sff chia se, thau hieu va sff giiip dd lan nhau. Tuy nhien, mffe do gan ke't cang cao khie'n ngffdi sang tao ed khuynh hffdng thay ddi y tffdng de tffdng ddng va phu hdp hdn vdi y tffdng nhdm, dieu nay cd the lam giam kha nang dffa ra y tffdng dac biet cua ngffdi sang tao.
Tren cd sd dd, tac gia de xua't cae gia thuye't 2.
Gid thuye't 2a: Sd luang hgn che mdi quan he gdn gui cd the thuc day viec phdt trien y tudng thay cho mffe do gan ke't cao d ngi bg nhdm.
Gid thuye't 2b: Mffe do gan ke't cao trong nhdm cao giup thdc day viec phdt trien y tudng.
Ca nhan ddng vai trd ngffdi ke't nd'i se kiem soat ddng chay eua thdng tin, giup ho nhan dffde sff ung hd eho y tffdng va sang kien (Burt, 1992; Seibert va cdng sff., 2001). Cd the' nhan tha'y rang, kha
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-"^^?i:S.ya Da baonang ke: no'i cd vai trd quan trong trong giai doan hoan thien y tffdng. Dieu nay se giup ho d l thanh cdng hdn d giai doan hoan thien y tffdng sang tao (Brands va Kilduff, 2013) vi dieu nay giiip ho giam tinh khdng chae chan va quyen the' ehinh thd'ng cua minh. Tren cd sd dd, tac gia de xua't eae gia thuye't 3.
Gid thuye't 3a: Khd ndng phdt trien ke't ndi (tu thdn hay vay muan) thuc day hodn thien y tudng.
Gid thuye't 3b: Vay muan mgng ludi quan he hieu qud han tu thdn phdt trien ket ndi trong qud trinh hodn thien y tudng.
Gid thuye't 3c: Vay muan mgng ludi quan he hieu qud han mdi quan he gdn gui trong viec thdc day hodn thien y tudng.
Mffe do gan ke't cang eao cang lam giam rui ro cam nhan, cang thiie day moi ngffdi hdp tac vi muc tieu ehung (Lingo va O'Mahony, 2010) va tang cffdng chia se thdng tin (Uzzi va Spiro, 2005) de' thffdng mai hda thanh edng. Tuy nhien, mffe do gan ke't qua chat vffa giup dieu chinh cae thanh vien theo dung hffdng cua ngffdi sang tao, nhffng ddng thdi ciing khie'n eae thanh vien gap khd khan khi dffa ra eae y tffdng khac. Cac nghien cffu ve qua trinh sang tao cap do nhdm bac bd cae quan die'm cho rang mffe do gan ke't cao lam giam hieu sua't sang tao (Fuller va Aldag, 1998; Kozlowski va Ilgen, 2006). Cac nghien cffu sau bd sung nhffng nhdm nhd gan ke't cd hieu qua sang tao eao hdn, ne'u ho ed nhffng md'i lien ke't ben ngoai nhdm (Perry- Smith va Shalley, 2014) trong giai doan thffdng mai hda.
Tortoriello va Kraekhardt (2010) cho rang, trong qua trinh tac ddng ciia y tffdng sang tao, sff gan ke't chat ehe trong nhdm cd vai trd quan trong hdn sff da dang ciia eae lien ke't ngoai.
Tuy vay, qua nhieu lien ke't ngoai ed chat Iffdng ed the lam suy ye'u ddng Iffc va ldng trung thanh ndi bd nhdm (Perry- Smith va Shalley, 2014). Cac hen ke't ben ngoai ehi nen ddng vai trd bae eau eho cae thanh vien trong nhdm, cdng vdi nen tang la mdt ca'u triic nhdm gan ke't chat che. Ca hai se la mdt ke't hdp td't nha't cho bffdc lan tda (Tortoriello va Kraekhardt, 2010). Tren ed sd eac nghien cffu tren, tac gia de xua't cae gia thuye't 4.
Gid thuye't 4a: Mgng ludi quan he cua ngudi sdng tgo chdt luang cdng tdt cdng thuc ddy qua trinh Men thuc hoa y tudng
tao.
sai
Gid thuye't 4b: Cdc lien ke ben ngodi cua cdc thdnh vien trong nhdm giup tdng lan tda vd tdng do phu cua y tudng sdng tgo.
Gid thuye't 4c: Cdc lien ket ben ngodi vd sU gan ke't nhdm se thdc day viec thUc Men y tudng sdng tgo (bao gom sdn xudt vd lan tda), trong do, gan ke't nhdm Id quan trgng nhdt.
Xdy dffng gid thuyet ve dnh hffdng eua moi trffdng eho ddi mdi den qud trinh phdt trien y tffdng sdng tgo thdnh ddi mdi cua to ehffe
Mdi trffdng va qua trinh lam viee nhdm ed tac ddng manh me de'n hieu qua thffc thi sang tao. Mac dd ehi mdt vai ngffdi ed kha nang sang tao bam sinh, nhffng phan ldn moi ngffdi deu cd nang Iffe sang tao d mot vai ca'p do nao dd. Mdt nha quan ly xua't sac ludn bie't tap hdp moi ngffdi lai vdi nhau: nhffng ngffdi ed the' dffa ra eae sang kie'n mdi, nhffng ngffdi khdng ngan ngai suy nghi theo phong each mdi va nhffng ngffdi ed du kien nhin de theo dudi edng viee cho de'n khi hoan thanh...
de ed dffde mot tap the lam viec sang tao. Do dd, mdi trffdng lam viee can tranh xuat hien chi trich hay ehe bai khi eac nhan vien dffa ra nhffng y tffdng khdng phii hdp. Vi the, tac gia de xua't gia thuye't 5.
Gid thuye't 5: An todn tham gia tdc dgng tich cue de'n qud trinh chuyen hda y tudng sdng tgo thdnh ddi mdi cua td chffc.
Giao tie'p edi md la vd eiing thie't ye'u trong lam viec nhdm. Mdt vai cdng ty quy dinh eae ky nghi phep hay cho phep nhan vien ed nhieu thdi gian hdn de' lam viee vdi dff an cua chinh ban than ho. Viee td chffc va tham gia vao cac budi hop ban ngoai linh vffc ehuyen mdn, lam viee vdi nhffng nhan vien ciia eac phdng ban khae, eho phep danh thdi gian de di du lich, de thffe hien nhffng hoai bao ea nhan... ed the dem lai ke't qua rd ret trong viee gia tang tinh sang tao va cai thien hieu sua't edng viee. Vi the', tac gia de xua't gia thuye't 6.
Gid thuyet 6: Tan sd tuang tdc tdc dgng tich cue de'n qud trinh chuyen hda y tudng sdng tgo thdnh ddi mdi cua td chffc.
Cac nhan vien can nhan ra ta't ca cac khia canh eua van de rdi tff dd dffa ra nhffng giai phap sang tao. Mdi trffdng lam viee can dffde dam bao rang, moi nhan vien deu thau hie'u tap the dang ed gang dat dffde dieu gi, eiing nhff nhffng mue tieu va mong ddi ciia edng ty la gi. Vi the', tae gia de xua't gia thuye't 7.
Gid thuye't 7: Tam nhin chung cd tdc dgng tich cue de'n qud trinh chuyen hda y tudng sdng tgo thdnh ddi mdi cua td chffc.
Cae edng ty thffdng tap trung vao viec lam the' nao de' nay sinh cang nhieu y tffdng mdi bao nhieu cang td't bay nhieu. Tuy nhien, moi viee khdng ehi dffng lai d dd. Cd rat nhieu y tffdng td't, nhffng quan trong la edng ty can lffa ebon, ddng vien va hien thffe hda cae y tffdng kha thi nha't. Trong cude canh tranh ve sang tao, nhffng y tffdng td't nha't (ed the dd'i lap vdi nhffng y tffdng sang tao dffde de xua't bdi cae ea nhan d ehffe vu lanh dao cao nha't) nen gianh phan thang. Moi nhan vien trong edng ty can phai dffde ddng vien va tao dieu
E or- and Fnrerast Review
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kien de tham gia vao quy trinh nay va chia se thanh cdng chung. Nhffng ye'u td' chinh tri nen dffde ngan ngffa va dd la trach nhiem ciia nha quan ly sao cho moi boat ddng trong edng ty khdng bi ehi phd'i bdi mdt quyen Iffe nao ca. Vi the, tae gia de xua't gia thuye't 8.
Gid thuye't 8: Hd tra ddi mdi cd tdc dgng tich cue de'n qud trinh chuyen hda y tudng sdng tgo thdnh ddi mdi cua td chffc.
Mdi trffdng lam viee can lam sao de khich le moi ngffdi lam viec gan ke't vdi nhau trong tap the. Hay ed gang loai bd cai tdi ban nga trong eae nhan vien.
Mdi trffdng lam viee trong nhdm khdng nen ed khuynh hffdng thien ve mdt vai ea nhan ffu tu, xua't xac trong edng ty. Mdi trffdng lam viee nhdm phai dam bao khdi day tinh sang tao d moi nhan vien va ddng vien ho ddng gdp eho hieu qua edng viee ehung eua edng ty. Vi the, tae gia de xua't gia thuye't 9.
Gid thuye't 9: Dinh hUdng nhiem vu cd tdc dgng tich cvtc de'n qud trinh chuyen hda y tudng sdng tgo thdnh ddi mdi cua td chffc.
KET LUAN
Tren ed sd nhffng nghien effu trffdc, tae gia xay dffng 9 gia thuye't anh hffdng cua vd'n xa hdi va mdi trffdng trong phat trie'n y tffdng sang tao thanh ddi mdi eiia td ehffe. Dffa tren nhffng gia thuye't dd, dinh hffdng nghien effu tie'p theo eua tae gia la xay dffng eae thang do do Iffdng cac nhan to': Doi mdi d td ehffe; Sang tao d nhdm; Mdi trffdng eho ddi mdi va vd'n xa hdi ben trong va ben ngoai nhdm.Q
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