P l i M P A M VAN HHA NGHF THUAT
XAY DUNG DOI SONG VAN HOA
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6 CAC KHU DO THi M 6 | HIEN NAY
PHAM NGOC TRUNG
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fong khoang 10 nam qua, cac khu dd thj mdi (KDTM) mpc len khip nai, gdp phin nang cao chat luong cupc sdng cua ngudi dan va lam cho canh quan cac vung dd thj thay ddi nhanh chdng theo hudng hien dai. Nhung de'n nay, cd qua it cac cdng trinh nghien cuu vl KDTM va qua trinh xay dung ddi sd'ng van hda d KDTM ciing cac van dl lien quan.1. Khai niem KDTM
Trong qua trinh giao luu van hda Viet Phap, tQ diu TK XX, mpt sd dd thj da dupc hinh thanh tren dat nudc ta, tieu bieu nhit la Ha Npi va Sai Gdn. Nhung khu dd thi do ngudi Phap diu tu xay dyng phan Idn cd quy md nhd, dudng phd hep, biet thy thap va so lupng rat han che' chi dii phuc vu cho cupc sd'ng va sinh hoat cua ngudi Phap cung nhung tang Idp tren ciia xa hdi liic dd. Nhimg khu phd Phap lot thdm trong mdt bien ndng dan vdi nhimg lang xa mang theo phong each kien true cd truyin.
Khdng gian van hda dd thi giai doan nay tuy da hinh thanh va cd da'u an nhit dinh trong nhimg dd thj d nudc ta vao thdi diem dd, nhung nd khdng tac ddng sau sic, khdng anh hudng manh me den quan niem thim my va ddi sdng cua nhan dan ta d chdn thj thanh, nd cdn xa la va td ra biet lap vdi con ngudi va van hda Viet Nam. Khu biet thy Tay hoan toan ddi lap vdi nhimg day phd cd tram mac, nhd be, dim am mang dang ve phuang Ddng.
Sau nam 1954, d Ha Ndi xuat hien mdt sd khu chung cu, ma luc dd gpi la cac khu tap thi, nhu Nguyin Cdng TrQ, Kim Lien Trung Ty, Cao Xa La (ciia nha may cao su, xa phdng, thud'c la)... Dd la nhung khu nha cao 4 de'n 5
ting do Lien Xd hoac Trung Qud'c giiip ta xay dyng lam khu nha d tap the cho can bd, cdng nhan vien chQc. Vao nhQng nam 1960-1970, nhung khu nha tap the dd trd thanh diem nhin cho kien trQc Ha Ndi va thu hiit sy chu y cQng nhu niem khat khao ciia nhiiu ting Idp nhan dan vi sy mdi me hien dai, cung nhu tien nghi thuan loi ciia nhimg khu nha chung cu nay Trai qua 40 - 50 nam, de'n nay nhung khu tap the dd da xud'ng cap nang nl, nhung mdt thdi nd da la udc mo cua mdt the' he thdi bao cap.
Den nay, tren dja ban Ha Ndi va cac thanh phd tren ca nudc da xua't hien rit nhiiu khu do
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Sd327 Thang 9-2011y K i E N - T R A O P n i thj, ma ngudi ta quen gpi la KDTM, nhu Lmh
Dam, Trung Hda - Nhan Chfnh, My Dinh, Bac, Nam Thang Long, Ml Tri, Van Quan, Ciu Gie, Phu My Hung... Vay KDTM la gi, gdm nhung dac diim nao, cd gi gidng va khac vdi cic dd thj truyin thdng?
Bing each tiep can da chiiu, ea van hda hpe va xa hdi hpe chung ta cd thi hiiu KDTM theo nhung ndi dung chu y^u sau day. KDTM la mdt quin thi kil^n tnic hien dai tren quy md rdng Idn (hang chye hoac hang tram hec ta), la nai sinh sdng, nai lam viec va vui chai giai trf cua cu dan dd thj va cu dan d cic vung lan can. KDTM bao gdm mdt he thd'ng cac tda nha cao ting (tQ 5,6 ting den 30, 40 ting, hoac cao han nua) dupc thiit ke va xay dyng theo cdng nghe va tieu chuin hien dai, cung mdt he thd'ng cac kiln true edng edng hoan chinh nhu: he thd'ng giao thdng cdng cdng, trudng hpe, benh vien, nha hit, rap chie'u bdng, khu vui chai giai trf, thu vien, sieu thj, nha hang, khach san, ngan hang, quang trudng, vudn hoa, buu dien, tram xang, nha dl xe... 6 day, mdi gia dinh cu trii trong mdt can hd khep kfn vdi eae djch vu ddng bd vl dien, nudc, gas, internet, thdng tin, truyin thdng, bao ve...
Trong KDTM cd sy dan xen ciia cac hinh thQc sd hOu vl bit ddng san: sd huu nha nudc, sd hQu tap thi, sd hiru tu nhan... Diiu hanh mpi hoat ddng d KDTM la chfnh quyin sd tai thdng qua vai trd ciia cac doanh nghiep, doanh nhan cd c6 phin diu tu d day.
Nhu vay, KDTM dupe nha'n manh d quy md rdng Idn, quy hoach hien dai, djch vu ddng bd, khIp kfn, quan ly diiu hanh khoa hpc, dap iing mpi nhu ciu cin thie't ciia nhan dan.
2. Thirc trang ddi song vdn hoa 6 cac KDTM hien nay
Hieu qua to Idn ciia cac KDTM la diiu chung ta khdng cin phai ban cai vi hang chuc KDTM dupe xay dyng vdi hang tram, hang ngan tda nha cao ting mpc len da giai quylt khd khan vl quy dit \&y nha d cho hang van gia dinh cin bd, nhan dan d cic tinh khic din cu tru hoac cic gia dinh tach hd, eae khu phd gian din, giai tda, din bu d cac dy an md rdng, chinh trang giao thdng dd thj...
Nhung ding sau nhung KDTM hoanh trang kia, ben trong cic can hd hien dai va hao nhoang kia cdn tdn dpng va nay sinh rit nhiiu vin dl vl van hda, xa hdi ma chung ta cin tiep tuc quan tam giai quylt dl cudc sd'ng ciia ngudi dan d cac KDTM thye sy hanh phuc, thanh binh, dl ddi sdng van hda d day dupe xac lap.
Ndi kho cua cu dan trong khu dd thi hien dai la cac cdng trinh xay dyng va quy hoach thieu khoa hpc, khdng ddng bd. Nhiiu khu dan cu trong KD>TM phan nan va cam thiy bQc xuc khi da dpn den d trong chung cu mdi vai nam ma vin khdng tha'y cd benh vien, nha tre, trudng hpc. Hp vin phai vl benh vien trung tam thanh phd each xa hang chuc km dl khim chua benh.
Diiu dang budn va dl ding nhan thiy d hiu khip eae KDTM la thieu han cic cdng trinh kiln true phuc vy nhu ciu sinh hoat van hda va thudng thQc nghe thuat ciia ngudi dan nhu:
khdng cd thu vien, nha hit, rap chiiu phim, khdng ed quang trudng, vudn hoa, cdng vien..:
Cdn he thd'ng sieu thj, ngan hang, buu dien, tram xang han hiiu mdi xuit hien d mdt vai KDTM. Chi cd khu nha d khdng thdi, thiiu hin cac cdng trinh mang tinh xa hdi thi ddi sd'ng van hda ciia cu dan d nhung KDTM nay rit khd thanh hien thye.
Tmh trang cic doanh nghiep ehi diu tu san lap mat bing, tap trung xay nha chung cu cao ting dl bin kie'm ldi, khdng quan tam din diu tu xay dyng he thd'ng dudng xa, cdng ngim, cap ngim lam cho viec di lai d cac KDTM thye sy khd khan vi bui mu trdi trong nhQng ngay ning va ngap lut trong nhQng ngay mua, du chi la mdt tran mua d mQc trung binh. Theo tfnh toan eiia nganh xay dyng thi cic KDTM phai xay dyng mdt he thd'ng ca sd ha ting ngim tuang thfch dl bao vd an toan cho cudc sdng cua ngudi dan va bao dam my quan dd thj, nhimg tile ring nhung quy djnh dd khdng dupc thye hien mdt each nghiem chinh.
Cic tda nha chung cu cao ting chua bao dam chit luong, chua bao dam he sd an toan va tieu ehuin ky thuat. Theo nguyen tie eiia nganh xay dyng, niu hai chung cu cao ting xay canh
So 327 Thang 9-2011
P I E M D A M VAN HOA NGHF T H U A T
nhau thi khoang cich giQa hai tda nha dd phai bang hai lin chiiu cao ciia tda nha. Nhung thye t l nhiiu chung cu duac xay dyng gin nhau de'n mQc tQ nha nay cd thi nhin sang nha kia va tha'y mpi hoat ddng ciia chu nhan cac can hd d khu nha ben canh. Diiu dd vQa lam cho sinh hoat ciia ngudi dan khdng dupe ty do ma cdn che khuat, ngan can inh sang va khdng khf, lam cho sQc khde cua ngudi dan bj anh hudng khdng td't. Tinh trang chap dien, chay nd xay ra thudng xuyen gay hau qua nghiem trpng vi thie't k l khdng dung tieu chuan ky thuat, he thd'ng phdng chay chQa chiy khdng td't. Mat khic, he thdng thang thoit hiem phfa ngoai tda nha khdng dupc triin khai nen mdi khi cd chiy nd la ngudi dan khdng ed dudng thoat ra an toan. Vat lieu xay dyng khdng dupe kiim tra sau sat, nhiiu tda nha xay dyng bing vat lieu kem chat luprng nen hien tuang lun, nOt, sut trin nha xay ra thudng xuyen. He thd'ng cip nudc, khf dot (gas) cho mdt sd chung cu khdng bao dam, gay ra nhiiu khd khan cho chu eae can hd.
Qua trinh thye hien dy an thiiu nghiem tuc, xay dyng Idn xdn, quy hoach que quat, chii quan, huy ddng vd'n tuy tien, chenh lech cung ciu, thj trudng thiiu minh bach. Tinh trang lung doan, diu ca gia dl true Ipi ca nhan phd bie'n. Ngudi dan lao ddng vdi ddng luong ft di, qua hang chuc nam tfch luy mud'n mua mdt can hd chung cu dl d thi hiu nhu khdng bao gid dupe mua vdi gia gd'c ma phai qua "ed" nha dit diy gia len cao 30 - 50%. Nhiiu ngudi cdn bj chil diu tu IQa gat, ban nha tren giiy, din han nhan nha thi chang thiy chu diu tu diu. Tinh trang dd lam cho thj trudng nha dit lam vao khiing hoang triin mien va ldng dan khi din d chung cu cung khdng binh an.
Cdng tic quan ly d cic tda nha chung cu hit sQc ldng leo, cdn nhiiu ke hd dl ke gian Icri dyng vao an trdm tai san hoac eudp ciia giet ngudi ma khdng ai hay bilt. Nhiiu tda nha chung cu khdng cd bao ve tnic 24/24 gid, dl mpi ngudi di lai, len xud'ng ty do nen khdng quan ly dupe tai san, khdng giQ dupc an nmh an toan trong tda nha. Cd nhiiu nhan vien bao ve chi tap trung vao trdng xe may, xe d td dl kil^m
tiin ma khdng chu y den tuin tra, kiim soat, giQ vQng trat ty trj an trong cac chung cu.
Cdng ddng dan cu d cac KDTM thiiu quan he thudng xuyen, khdng cd td chQc chat che, sd'ng biet lap theo xu hudng khep kfn, tinh nghia ling gilng it dupre quan tam.
Vi nhQng nguyen nhan neu tren ma ddi sd'ng van hda d mdt sd KDTM yiu kem, khd xay dyng va neu cd cung chi mang tfnh hinh thQc.
Nhiiu ngudi khi nghi din d KDTM khdng khoi lo ngai vi nhQng ly do mit an ninh, an toan ve ngudi va tai san, vi ly do bat tien trong smh hoat va hp spr nhit la mi't di nhiing quan he xdm gilng da xay dyng nhieu nam d ndi cu tru cu ma diiu dd la do tudng khi phai den sd'ng d nhiing chung eu cao ting trong KDTM. Nhu ciu giao tie'p, nhu ciu tinh cam, nhu cau chia se giup do nhau la nhQng nhu ciu chfnh dang, dep de, nhan van cua ngudi Viet trudc kia thi hien nay dudng nhu da bj phai md trudc nhjp sd'ng va anh den sing chdi d ehd'n thj thanh.
3. Lam gi de xay dung ddi sdng vdn hoa d cac KDTM hien nay
Nhiiu ngudi cho ring chi ein tfch eye tuyen truyin, van ddng nhan dan d cic KDTM la cd thi tap hdp, ddng vien dupe hp tham gia xay dyng thanh cdng ddi sdng van hda b eic khu d6 thj. Tdi cho ring dd la each nhin nhan philn dien, hinh thQc va lam nhu vay khdng thi di den mdt kft qua 6n dinh, lau dai, hdp vdi nguyen vpng cua ngudi dan. Mud'n xay dyng thanh edng ddi sd'ng van hda d KDTM cin phai cd each nhin toan dien va cin dudc tiin hanh tit nhiiu phfa. Cd thi neu len mdt sd viec lam cu thi sau day.
He thdng phap luat vl xay dyng va mua ban khu chung cu phai chat che, diy du, kjp thdi.
Co ehi chfnh sach cua Dang, Nha nude phai edng khai, rd rang, minh bach dl mpi edng dan diu bilt va thye hien. Hien nay, nha nudc ta rit tfch eye bd sung, hoan thien he thdng luat phap, nhung do khd khan vl tai chfnh, vl nhan lye ma he thdng luat phap ludn ludn lae hau, chay theo thj trudng, chinh vi thi ma nhiiu doanh nghifip da cd tinh lach luat dl trdn tranh nghia vu xa hdi, nham kiim Ipi nhuSn tdi da, gay nen nhQng
(JS6327
Thang 9-2011
y KIEN - T R A O nn\
bit cip, Idn xdn, tdn thit cho ngudi dan trong qua trinh mua nha chung cu va din djnh cu d chung cu.
Phai nang cao trinh dd td chQc, quan ly, kiim tra, giim sat cua can bd cac cip trong nganh xay dyng, tai chfnh ngan hang va quan ly xa hdi dl ngudn vdn diu tu ciia nhan dan dupc sQ dung mdt each cd hieu qua nhit, phuc vu cho ddi sdng nhan dan. Tiin vd'n ngan sach va vdn huy ddng tQ cac quy tin dung ngan hang, trii philu chfnh phu... phai dupe kiim tra, sQ dung dung myc dfch, budc cac doanh nghiep phai kit hop hai hda giQa ldi fch cua nha nudc, loi fch cua doanh nghiep va Ipi fch cua nhan dan dl hp phai diu tu xay dyng cic cdng trinh mang tfnh xa hdi dam bao phuc vu td't nhit ddi sd'ng nhan dan. Tranh hien tupng diu tu lech lac, quy hoach meo md chi thien vl Ipi nhuan thuin tuy ciia doanh nghiep.
Khi xay dyng tda nha phai dac biet chu y din chit lupng cdng trinh, din thiit bj toan bd va thiit bj an toan chdng chay nd, chdng syt lun, chd'ng ung lut, hoan thien ha ting khu chung cu, dam bao an toan vl ngudi va tai san cho nhan dan. Hien tupng cip giiy phep kinh doanh xay dyng dl dai, ca nl, khdng kiim tra quy hoach cin than, khdng giam sat xay dyng chat che din din tinh trang xay dyng iu, chit lupng kem, hoac xay dyng khdng dung vdi ban ve thiit k l din din tinh trang nha bj hdng, cic trang bj nhu thang miy, thiit bj bio chay, chdng chiy khdng hoat ddng, khdng cd ciu thang thoit hilm lam nhan dan lo ling va bj thiet hai khi cd sy cd' xay ra. Diiu (Jd da pha vd nin tang quan trpng ciia cdng cudc xay dyng ddi sdng van hda d cic chung cu. Vi khi cd sy cd se din din tinh trang tranh chip, khilu kien keo dii, mit doan kit ndi bd, ddi sd'ng bit an.
Phai thudng xuyen bdi dudng kiln thQc cho can bd quan ly, diiu hanh d cac KDTM, xay dyng cich lam viec khoa hpc, cd trach nhiem cao, thye hien lao ddng cd hieu qua, ed nang suit vi chi't lupng. Cic khu chung eu cin phai cd he thdng bao ve ben ngoai, bao ve ben trong tda nha. Duy tri chidd trye d cac khu chung cu 24/24 gid, kiim soat tit ca khach din lam viec.
tham vie'ng ngudi than bing each kiim tra giiy td tuy than chat che. NhQng khu vyc sd hQu edng edng hoac sd hQu ciia chii diu tu cin dupc phan biet vdi phin sd hiiu rieng ciia chu can hd va ghi rd trong hop ddng khi mua ban dl tranh nhQng tranh chip, kien tung vl sau.
Phai thanh lap cic td dan phd, cic cum dan cu trong nhQng tda nha chung cu d KDTM va dua cac td chQc dd vao hoat ddng thudng xuyen, cd nl nip dl tao ra mdt khdng khf sinh hoat cdng ddng cu thi, thiit thye giup dd nhau trong mpi mat ddi sd'ng. Danh ring, nip sd'ng dd thj la hudng tdi nhQng sinh hoat ci nhan, tfnh ci nhan, dan chu, nhan quyin dupc dl cao, nhung da la thanh vien ciia mdt cdng ddng xa hdi thi phai sinh hoat trong mdt td chQc nhit djnh. Bdi vi chi cd sinh hoat trong mdt td chQc va tuan theo nhQng quy djnh ciia td chQc dd thi cudc sd'ng ciia mdi ci nhan mdi cd y nghia va mpi quyin Ipi, nghia vu ciia minh mdi dupc dam bao. Niu cQ sinh hoat theo kilu rdi rac, khdng gin kit, khdng cd trach nhiem vdi nhau nhu d mdt sd KDTM hien nay thi nhiiu diiu bit trie vin tilm an va cd thi xay ra bat ky luc nao.
Phai nang cao tinh thin trach nhiem, y thQc ty giac cua mdi ca nhan trong khu chung eu va KDTM dl hp nhiet tinh tham gia cac phong trao hoat ddng ciia khu dan cu dl ra, guong miu thye hien cac quy djnh, quy chi ciia khu dan cu va sin sing diu tranh chd'ng lai nhimg bilu hien tieu eye, thieu y thQc diu tranh xay dyng. Mdi thanh vien ciia khu chung cu la ngudi chil eiia chung cu dd va cung la hat nhan dl xay dyng ddi sdng van hda d khu chung cu, khdng phan biet tudi tic, gidi tfnh, chQc vu, tdn giao... Niu mdi thanh vien diu cd ging va cd trach nhiem xa hdi cao thi chung ta mdi tao ra dupc mdt khdng gian van hda d KDTM.
Van hda mang tfnh xa hdi vi la nhimg sing tao dac trung ciia xa hdi loai ngudi, nen van hda KDTM chi dupc xay dyng khi tit ca nhQng ai cd hen quan din KDTM dd, du d cip thip hay cip cao, du d gin hay d xa, du trye tiip hay giin tiip... cd suy nghi din ddi sdng van hda d dd va quylt tam chung tay xay dyng •
RN.T So 327 Thang 9-2011