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SUY NGAM VE NHU1VG PHirilNG PHAP GIAO DUG CUA NHO GIAO

Q ThS. L £ T H | T H Q M - ThS. BUI V A N H A '

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ho gido Id hoc thuy^t chfnh tri - xd h§i, dpo due do Khdng Tu 1551-479 f C N ) sdng l$p vd cd m$t d Vl^t Nam h> hdng ngdn ndm.

M^c do cd nhijng lue thdng - trdm, thjnh - suy, mSl thdi mSl khde, nhung hoc thuy^t Nho gido da trd thdnh bd p^dn quan trpng cd'u thdnh h$ tu tudng cua xd h$l phong kl^n, ihdm sdu trong ddi sd'ng tinh thdn cua ngudI Vl^t.

Myc dich Idn nhd't cuo Nho gido Id dijng hpc thuy^t, tu tudng cuo minh de cdl tpo xd hdl, dua xd hdl tu «vd dpo" d i n «(huu dpo", tt> lopn Ipe 6^r\ thdi binh, thjnh tr). Gido dye dupe cdc nhd Nho col Id cdng cy UOM hl0u nhdt d l thi hdnh trpn v?n myc dich ndy. Cho nSn, dO xudt phdt td nhilu Ipp trudng, quan dllm ridng nhung cdc nhd Nho d i u thdng nhd't rdng bdn tinh cua con ngudi cd t h i thoy ddl dupe nhd sy gido dye, gido hda, tu dudng doo dijc cuo bdn thdn. D l gido dye cd higu qud, ede nhd Nho dd si> dyng llnh hoot nhllu phuong phdp gido dye (PPGD) khdc nhou. Dd Id:

1 . N l u gucmg. E>dy Id PPGD md Nho gido ddc bi§t col trpng. Theo Khd'ng Ti}, khdng cd phuong phdp ndo hOu hl^u md Ipi khd thyc hl0n odng ^drthdn vl gido". Cd cudc ddl minh, Khd'ng Tl) vd Mpnh Ti> ludn tu dudng bdn thdn vd lay dd Idm tdm guong d l hpc trd nol theo. Rleng ddl vdi nhOng ngudi cdm quyin (Idnh dpo), phuong phdp ndy cd gid trj ddc biet. Nho gido ddi hdi bde qudn vuong phdi Id ngudi cd due, ludn tu dudng dpo di>c vd dllu quan trpng Id phdi dem cdl d6c dy Idm guong cho ddn, d l gido hda vd gido dye ddn. Khdng Ti} dd chi rd: <tNiu c6 thi stki minb ngay ihSng, IdjI cai trf ddn c6 gi Id khd? I^dng thi sfja minh ngay ^6ng Igl c6 ^i siki ngudi ngay thSng duac sao?" (1). 6 n g cung cho rdng, eon ngudi phdi ludn tu dudng r ^ luy$n dpo due, nhdt Id nhung kd Idm vua, bde qudn tu d l ddn chOng noi theo: «Ngudl hl4n dem triidng su6t khiin ngudi khdc trd nen sdng sud't. NgudI

Tap chi filao due so 2 9 5 tin i • lo/aoia)

ddl nay mang trf 6c tSl tdm Igl mud'n ngudi khdc trd nSn sdng su6t?", ddng thdi khuyin mpl ngudi vd hpc trd cuo minh rdng: <iChSng lo khdng cd dia v/, chi lo sao cd du tdl due ai du<?c dia v\

dd. ChSng lo khdng ai blit tdl, chi mong Idm thi ndo di ngudi hlit tdl thdr. COng vdy, theo Nho gido, trong v l ^ dpy hpc, d l ngudi hpc cd cdi due, cdl tri, ngudi thdy khdng chi cdn ludn trou ddi phdm hpnh ciJa minh md edn phdi ndu guong trong hpc tdp cho hpc trd noi theo. Vdi ede nhd Nho, ngudi di hpc ngodi v i ^ 1 ^ thdy Idm gucmg cdn nin 1 ^ ngudi khdc, ban bd Idm ddl trpng eho minh d l hpc hdl, trou ddl dpo due vd tri thue - nhu Khdng Ti} tung ndl; «Ba ngudi cung dl thi ndo cung cd ki Idm thdy ta. C/ipn chS ihiSn cua ngudi ta md theo, chS b6t ihlin md sOa dil df. Rd rdng, PPGD bdng nSu guong theo quan niSm eOa Nho gido hodn todn khde vdi phuong phdp dp ehl, rdp khudn cuo cdc bde t h l ^ tO trudc dd nhung loi cung rd't gdn gOI v6l ngudi Vl§t ngdy nay.

2. « d n c6 tri tdn" (on cu d l blet mdl). Khdng Tu dd khdng djnh, bdng phuong phdp ndy, ngudi to cd t h i Idm thdy cOa thlSn hp; ^On dliu cO di blit dliu mdl, cd thi Idm thdy ngudi ta vd/.

NgudI hoc hdng ngdy cdn xem dl, xem Ipi dllu dd hpc, ghl nhd trong Idng d l blit thim nhCrng dllu mdl, ddng thdi dn Ipi ehuy^n xua di blit viSc dd! nay vd mol sou. Da ed thdi ki, cd nhiJng nhd gido, nhd qudn li nhdn mpnh phuemg phdp ndy vd biln nd thdnh tinh thdn «h)eu cd", mong tdm li sp cdl mdl, lo minh khdng Idm dupe cdl mdl. Ddl vdi t h i h$ trS ngdy nay, PPGD ndy van chua dyng nhilu gid trj. Myc dtch cOa v l ^ hpe Id dya vdo cdl cu d l sdng tpo nin cdi mdl; nhung d l xdy n6n dupe nhung dllu mdl m§, trude ti€n ngudi hpc phdi ed kiln thue nin tdng viTng chdc.

Chinh phuong phdp «(dn ed tri tdn" se glup ngudi hpc cd dupe n l n tdng dd.

* TnriinK Bfi lipc sir pMn hi tb^t Hnt Vii

3. «Thudt nhl bd't tdc" (thudt Ipi ehu khdng sdng tdc ro). Ddy vd'n dupe xem Id nguySn tdc

«kinn dlln" eua ede nhd nho. Khdng Tu ludn hudng v l cdc gid trj «I5", «nghTa" cuo nhd Chu, nln 6ng khdng ed thorn vpng gi coo hon Id «thu§t"

Ipi nhctng Idl dpy cOa cdc bde tlln nhdn eho hpe trd eua minh. Khdng Tu ndl: «Chl thu^t Igl md Ididng sdng tdc, th^ Idng tin tudng md ham c/iu^ng chuy$n cd, ta trdm vfminh nhudng Ido Bdnh cOa chung td". Myc dfch vd bdn chd't cOa phuong phdp «thudt nhi bdt tdc" trong gido dye md Nho gido duo ra Id y^M cdu ngudi hpc trong hpc IQp trudc tidn phdl hllu vd ndi Ipi dupe nhi7ng tri thue trong sdch vd, nhctng kiln thue dd thu dupe trong qud trinh hpe tdp; vd Idm dupe nhu vdy cung khdng phdl Id dilu d l .

4. «Gpl md v£fn d l " . Ddy cOng ehfnh Id dilm ndi bdt trong cdch dpy cua Nho gido, Id ylu cdu bdt bude ddl vdi cd ngudi dpy vd ngudi hpe. Vi rdng, ai md khdng suy x6t eho kr cdc l9 thi ddu ed dpy mdy cung khdng cd ich gi. Khdng Tu eho rdng, ngudi hpc phdl gdng sue tim hllu, cd nhu t h i mdi thdnh tdl dupe. Do vdy, khdng chi dua ro chu truong md trong qud h'inh dpy hpc trd, chinh dng cung ludn thyc hl^n dllu dd. Ngudi thdy chi «gpl ISn mdt mdi" rdl d l eho ngudi hpc tl/ minh suy nghl md hllu dllu dd: f-Khdng bi/c ti>c rfj/ tri khdng md, khdng hdm hi/c thi trf khdng b^t ra. Chi cho mdt gdc md Widng (chju di tdm) suy ra ba gdc kla St ta khdng ndl ra nucf. Mpnh Tu eOng ddl hdi ngudi dpy vd ngudi hpc phdi ludn ludn chuyin tdm, khtlm tdn vd cd thdi dd cdu tlln trong hpc tdp, cd nhu thi mdl dpt dupe myc dfch cua vl$c hpc. Phuong phdp «gpi md vdn d l " trong tu tudng gido dye cua Nho gido Id phuong phdp gidng gidt dl tu don gidn din phuc Ipp dd tpo dllu kl$n cho ngudi hpe phdt huy khd ndng suy ludn vd ndng lye phdt hl^n, If gidl vd'n d l euo minh. Cd thi ndl, ddy Id mdt trong nhung quan dllm tlln bd trong PPGD eua Nho gido md nln gido dye hi$n dpi cdn k l thda vd phdt trlln.

5. «Tuy vdo tu c\\6\ hpc t r d ' d l cd nhOng cdch thue gido dye cy thi, phu hpp. Trong tu tudng cuo Nho gido, d l dgt dupe myc dfch vd trilnlchoi ddy du ndl dung cua gido dye, ddl hdl ngudi dpy phdl phdn bl$t dupe ede ddl tupng khdc nhau d l c6 bl^n phdp gido dye cy thi trong qud trinh dpy hpc. Nhu Khdng Tu ndi: ^D6i v6l nhung ngudi t& b$c trvng trd fei, cd thi dgy bdo

phSn hinh nhl ihugmg; dd'l vdi nhOng ngudi A>

b0c trung trd xu6ng, khdng thi dgy bdo viahin hinh nhl thui^ng v^. «Hlnh nhl ihupng" Id nhOng trilt ll cao siSu, khd hllu ddi hdl ngudi hpc phdl cd mdt trinh dd cao mdl hllu dupe; cdn «hlnlt nhl hp" Id nhOng trilt If thdng thudng trong cudc sdng hdng ngdy, hpc trd d m$t trinh dd trung binh cOng ed i h l hllu dupe. PPGD ndy da phdt huy nhOng sd trudng, Idl ndng cOng nhu Ichdc phyc nhffng hpn chi cOa mSi ngudi hpc. D l cy thi vd Idm rd hon vol trd cue phuong ph<^ ndy,

Mpnh Tl} da ehl rd: '(•Dgv ngudi cOng cd nhliu

phuongphdp. Taldidnglnim dgy bdo m^ ngudi ndo cOng dd Id dgy bdo hSn rdl v^/ vd *Ngudl qudn to cd ndm aich di dgy dgo li (tOy theo lOng hgng ngudi): Cd hgng ham thlch dgo If, nhudfy cd gdp mua dung hgn, md blit dil tdm tinh. Cd hgng ngudi thuSn h0u, nghe gidng md thdnh tt/v vi due hgnh. Cd hgng ngudi minh mSn, ng/»

gidng md thdnh dgt vi tdl ndng. Cd hgng ngudi hiiu vi dgo If, nhd nghe gidl ddp nhOng cdu hdl. Cd hgng ngudi nhd cdch gIdn H^ md lif sija minh". Nhu vdy, hdu hit cdc nhd Nho d(u col trpng phuong phdp tuy ihudc vdo tu ch^ cuo hpc trd md cd cdch dpy hpc trd khdc nhau, glup cho ngudi hpc tllp thu kl^n ihOc d muc coo nhdt, phCi hpp vdi khd ndng cOa bdn thdn nhdt.

d. «Hpc dl ddl vdi hdnh'. Myc dfch cudi cOng eua sy hpe ndi chung vd PPGD ndy ndl rUng b khdng chi Ipo eho ngudi hpc «edi tri, cdl dik" md hem nOo phdl blit dem cdl minh hpc ro ihl hdnh, dp dyng vdo trong cudc sdng. Khdng Tu cho r ^ :

«Ddl xua, ngudi ndo muSn Idm sdng cdl due cOa minh trong Ihldn hg, thi trudc hit phdl trf nude dki minh. Mudfi trf nude, trudc h& p/>d/ ti ^; muin ti gla trude hit phdl tu thdn; mu6n lu mdn, Irudc hit phdl tu tdm; muin chfnh Idm, trude hitphdl khl6} cho y n^Td thdnh th^; muiin eho ^ nghJa thdnh Ihdt, trudc hA phdl hliu thikjddo; hliu th&J ddo d chS ng/i/ln ct>u «/ v^ cho rd rdn^. Nho gido cdn duo ra ylu cdu ddl vdi ngudi qudn ti):

iNgudI qudn t\} rvt rd vildri ndl md g6ng gi^ vi vlieldm". Ldl ndl vd vl$c Idm cdn cd si/nhdt qudn, mudn vdy ngudi hpc phdi «hpc rdng, hllu sfiu'i suy nghl cho rd rdng vd tfch eye thyc hdnh nhung dllu bdn thdn do dupe hpc.

Trong tv tudng gido dye cue Nho gido, dl dpt dupe myc dfch gido dye, phdt huy tdc dyng, val trd cOo cdc phuong phdp Irin ddy, Nho gido

(Xem tl^ trang 51)

Tap chi eiao due s6 2 9 5 <iii i • lo/aoiji

vlln chuydn ngdnh ngopl ngff cho cdp tllu hpc nhung xdt v l trinh d d , chdc chdn hp sd du ndng lye gidng dgy ngogi ngff cho cdp hpc ndy n l u dupe bdl dudng vd phuong phdp gidng dpy ddnh cho edp tllu hpc.

3. D l dn «Dpy vd hpc ngogi ngff trong h | thdng gido dye qude ddn glai dopn 2008-2020"

chdc cbdn sd thdi mdt ludng gid mdl vdo ddl sdng hpc dudng. Vdl myc tidu myc hl|n ddl mdl todn dl|n vi|c dpy vd hpc ngogi ngff h-ong hd thdng gido dye qudc ddn nhdm ddm bdo d i n ndm 2015 ndng coo rd r|t trtnh dd ngopl ngff cOc mdt sd ddl hfpng uu tidn, ddng thdi h-lln khol chucng h'inh dgy vd hpc ngopl ngff nr>dl ddl vdi cdc cdp hpc vd hinh dd ddo Igo, tpo dllu kl|n d l d i n ndm 2 0 2 0 tdng ddng k l tf l | thanh thilu nidn Vl|t Nam cd du ndng lye sff dyng ngopl ngff mdt cdch ddc ldp vd ty Hn hvng glao h i p , hpc ldp vd Idm vl|c hong mdl hvdng da ngdn ngff, oa vdn hda, blln ngopl ngff hd thdnh t h i mpnh cua ngudi ddn V l | t Nam, theo chffng ldl, d l dpt dupe myc Hdu hdn, cdn ndng coo hrtnh dd cOo ddl ngu gido vidn vd tdt nhldn Id tdng cudng trong bj o r sd vdt chdt, thilt bj eung nhu ddy

mpnh hgp tdc qude t l trong iTnh vyc dpy vd hpc ngopl ngff, cdn tpo ra mdl trudng thudn lol bo trp cho v l ^ sff dyng ngopl ngff, bdl nlu khdng ed mdl hvdng sff dyng tdt thi khd c6 t h i ndng cao dupe h'inh dd ngopl ngff.Q

T&l li^u tham khiio

1. Hayes, D. Primary English teaching in Vietnam.

Primary innovations 2008 (pp.85-99). Bankolc:

British Council.2008.

2. Bo GD-DT. Dft &n "D(iy vd hqc ngogi ngQ trong hf th^ng gido difc qudc ddn giai dogn 2008-2020".

3. Djng van HQng. Ddo tgo vd bdi du&ng gido viSn tiing Anh cho bde tiiu hgc. Trudng D^ii hpc Ngo^i ngd, Dfii hpc Dk Nfing. 2009

4. BO GD-DT, Truerng DHSP TP HO Chi Minh. HOi thio ithoa hoc "Ngdnh ddo tgo gido viSn tiSu hgc vdi di dn ngogi nga qudc gia 2008-2020".

5. www.tienphong.vn SUMMARY

The authorfixesents some opinions confimwrg ttiat desfXte facirrg dlffk:Uties and shortcomings, the Project

"Foreign language teaching ond learning In the na- tional education system In ttie period 2008 - 2020 * will achieve the preset goals.

Suy ngam ve nhung phuong phap.-

(Tlip theo trang 4) da dua ra mpt nguydn tdc bdt dl, bdt djch cho cd ngudi dgy vd ngudi hpc Id *hgc nhl bilyim, hit nhl bit quyin' (hpc md chdng chdn, dpy bdo ngudi md khdng mdt n>dl). Theo dd, ngudi dpy

|»idl tdn tdm h i t minh, cd gdng truyin dpt dupe nhllu kiln thue cho hpc h-d - nhu Khdng Tff ndl:

K N I U cd ngudi kirn cdl hdl la, dO mff md chdng nOa, ta cOng Idtal md cho hai diu mil, di gidng gldl cho blit hit mgl fe"; cdn ngudi hpe edn n5 ve, khdng qudn nggi khd khdn md chdm ehl hpc tOp mdl thu dupe k^ qud nhu y.

Quan dllm v l PPGD ei3a Nho gido khdng trdnh khdl nhffng mdt hgn chd, nhu: qud d l cao Hnh thdn «hllu cd", h-png «tdm chuong, h-fch eu", nhdn mpnh gido dye dpo dffc md col nh^ gido dye h-i thffc h/ nhldn...; nhung, nhu dd h'inh bdy d trln, quan d i l m , fu hidng dd vSn cdn chffa dyng nhilu gid h-j ddng trdn trpng, hpc hdl, cd jr nghTo to ldn ddi vdl n ^ gido dye d nude to hl$n nay.

Thilt nghT, ngodl vi|c hpc theo nhffng PPGD hldn

S P chi alio due 56 2 9 5 (in 1 • io/aoiai

dpi, t h i h$ trd Viet Nam cung ndn suy ngam cCing nhung tu tudng gido dye cua Nho gido d l gdp phdn hodn thl$n edeh hpc eho bdn thdn. •

(1) C i c trich dfin trong b^i vi^t n^y d£u dupe nit ra m s&ch "Td thv t4p c h d " (Nguyen Diic LSn djch). NXB Vdn hda thdng tin, B 1998.

T&iJl^u tham khdo

1. NguySn Thanh Binh. "Doi diftu suy nghl vi drfi tuvng v^ nOi dung gido di^c, gido hOa cOa Nho gido".

T9P chf Gido d\ic it lu^n. s6 10/2000.

2. Nguy£n Ti^n Cudng. S y p t i i t trlln gi^o dvc v i ebS d^ thi cdr d Vi^t Nam thdd phong kiln. NXB Gido dgc,H.l99\.

3. VO Khieu (chu bien). Nho g i i o xua vi nay. NXB Khoa hgc xd hdi, B. 1996.

4. Ld Trin Va. Lfch s d c i c bpc thuylt chtnh trf T n m g Qutfc.NXBSdiG<Jn.l958.

SUMMARY

in this paper, the author analyses and proves that each Confucianist has their own view about human nature, but theyare uniformly used educahon as an effective tool for man In good and sodc^corystnjction rule. These methods in t>a^ educatton, consists of:

f^Aettiods to model...