ED KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE
Xd hoi cdc bon CO hdi cho
. • v '
Nam
Nguyen H o i n g Lan
Tdm tdt -. Con ngudl id mdt phdn quan trqng cda tU nhlin ddng thdi cdng gdy ra rdt nhliu nguy co tlim dn cho moi trUifng. Diphdt triin Idnh tivd cdi thiin ddi s6ng, con ngttdl dd sit dung cdc ngudn tdi nguyin thlin nhlin vd thdi ra cdc chdt thdi rAn, tdng cung nhi/ khi, tdt cd diu khiin mdi triTdng suy thodl. Ngi/ac Iqi, mdi trudng tvnhiin cung cd nhCfng tdc ddng trd lai din con ngWdl. M6I Hin hf dy m^t thIit din mdc bdt cUmdt hdnh ddng ndo cua con ngudi hlin tai si gdy nhOng hdu qud cd hlin tgi vd tuang lai. Il/ldt trong nhOng tdc ddng din khi hdu todn cdu chinh Id do phdt thdi khf nhd kinh gdy ra trong dd cd khicacbonle (CO^. Died mdt mdi trUdng vd cu^sdngUkdephm, Xd hdi cdc bon thdp Id m\ic tiiu vd ca hpi di Vl^t Nam phdt triin bin vffng trin cd phuang dl^n kinh ti, xd hdl vd mdl trUdng. Bdi vHt dd di cdp din cdc vdn di xung quanh khdl niim Xd h^l cdc bon thdp nhU dinh nghia, cdc ddc triAig vd cdc chiin lucfc gidl phdp didgt duac Xd hpi cdc bon thdp (bao gdm cdc nhdm gidl phdp vi cdng nghi, gidl phdp vi chlnh sdch vd gidl phdp vi nhdn thCfC). Bin cgnh dd, bdi vHt cQng di cdp din cdc nghlin cdu vi Xd hdl cdc bon thdp cda mdt so nudc trin thi gidl nhUNhdtBdn, Thdi Lan, Trung Qudc, An Od, Inddnixia, Hd Lan trin cdc khia canh khde nhau, tUcdch tiip cdn din cdch thdc dat duac Xd hdl cdc bon thdp. Trin casd dd so sdnh vdi cdc nghlin cdu hlin cd d Viet Nam dichira Xd hdl cdc bon thdp Id mdt cahdi cung nhUmdt muc tiiu ddi vdi Viit Nam. Trong dd, bdi viit cung nhdn mgnh vai trd cda khu vUc phi ndng lupng nhu cdc hogt d^ng trdng rUng vd hogt ddng ndng nghiep trong chiin luac didgt duac muc tiiu Xd hpi cdc bon thdp.
I.GI(3lTHI$U
Vdi sy p h i t t r i l n nhanh ehdng cua n i n kinh t i c u n g n h u d i n s d , van de mdi trudng eing trd n i n quan trpng. Nhu d u nang lUOng n g i y d n g t i n g d i e b i l t ddi vdi nhiln lieu hda thach da khiln Viet Nam p h i i ddi dien vdi d c van 6i vi chat t h i i r l n , Idng v i khf. Bin canh dd, sy thay ddi muc dich sd dyng d i t phuc vu eho d c nhu d u kinh t l v i xa hdi d i ed t i c ddng khdng nhd d i n mdi trydng.
Trong t h i ky niy, i n h hodng cda cac Khi n h i kfnh (KNK) c i n g trd n i n t r i m trpng hon vdi nhCfng dd b i o v l nhiet dp b l mat t r i i d i t t i n g khoing 2,9 dp, mdc nude b i l n t i n g t d 39 d i n 54 cm v i o cudi t h i kJ nay. Vi vly, d c h l u q u i do no g l y n i n r i t Idn trong dd V i l t Nam l i mdt trong 5 qudc gia chju t i c ddng Idn n h i t cua b i l n doi khi h i u . Theo dy b i o , Viet Nam ed the chiu t h i l t hai khoing 10 ty dd la do su p h i huy d c cdng trinh, he thdng CO sd vat chat ven b i l n [5]. H i l n tai, tuy r i n g mdc p h i t t h l i cda eua d e nUde dang p h i t t r i l n edn thap so
20 \Oien & O&i song
vdi eic nude p h i t t r i l n , nhung mde t i n g cua d e nUde dang p h i t t r i l n dupe d y b i o se t i n g rat nhanh trong tuong lai. Do viy, d l g i i m t h i l u d c h i u q u i do b i l n ddt khi h i u r i t d n ed nhCfng h i n h ddng sdm. N h i n thde duyc d i l u niy, Viet Nam d i ky v i o H i l p Udc khung v l b i l n ddi khf h l u , ky v i p h i chuan H i l p dinh Kyoto v i o 25 t h i n g 9 n i m 2002. Tuy n h i l n , v l n d n cd nhCfng chuong trinh, h i n h ddng tieh eye hon trong tuong lai.
Nhu viy, d l d i m b i o sy p h i t t r i l n kinh t l , vile sd dyng n g i y d n g nhilu n i n g lupng v i khai t h i e c i c ngudn t i i nguyin l i khdng the t r l n h khdi. Tuy n h i l n , sd dung t i i nguyin di ddi vdi b i o v l mdi trudng, g i i m p h i t t h l i KNK hay mdt x l hpi cic bon t h i p s i l i hudng di cho Viet Nam trong tuong lai.
Cic ndi dung chinh dype 6i e l p trong nghien cdu bao gdm khai n i l m v l xa hpi eic bon t h i p va d c d i e trung cda nd cung nhu d c g i i i p h i p / chiln lupe d l dat tdi xa hdi nay; dUa t r i n d c tdm luoc v l tinh hinh nghiln
cdu v l xa hdi cacbon thip, phit thli khi n h i kinh d l ehi ra eO hdi cho Vilt Nam tren con dudng hu&ng tdi x i h l i d e bon t h i p
II.XAHOICACBONTHAP /. Xd hdl cdc bon thdp id gi X i hdi d c bon thap (Low-carbon society, LCS) I I x l hdi p h i t triln bin vCfng t r i n co sd phdi hop mpt d c h h i i hda giCfa p h i t t r i l n kinh t l , xa hdi v l b i o ve mdi trUdng. Trong xa hdi niy, b i o v l mdi trucffig dupe xep ngang b i n g vdi d c muc tieu kinh t l xa hdt k h i c
Xiy dyng x l hdi d e bon thip khdng chl t | p trung vao giim phit t h l i khi n h i kinh m l cdn gliip dat 6iiac ele muc t i l u phat triln qudc gia d i e b i l t l i p h i t trien b i n vufng v i hieuqul[14].
2. Cdc ddc trung cOa xa hdi cdc bon thap
X I hdi d c bon t h i p cd nhCng d i e trung sau:
- D i m b i o p h i t t r i l n b i n vCfng,
KHOA HQC - CONG N G H I Q
nhu c l u p h i t trien cda tat c l d e t i n g Idp xa hdi
Ddng gdp vao nd Iyc t o i n d u trong vile giam p h i t t h l i khi n h i kinh d i e biet la khi C02, tdc I I dn djnh mdc t i p trung khi nha kinh trong khi quyIn 6i t r l n h cac nguy co do b i l n ddi k h i h ^ u g l y r a .
- SO dung tdi da d c cdng n g h l cd hieu suit n i n g lupng cao, d e ngudn n i n g lupng p h i t t h l i d c bon thap
- Dieu ehlnh hanh vi t i l u dung de d i m b i o mdc p h i t t h i i d e bon thap
3. Cdc gidi phdp/chiin tuac di dat duac xa hdi cdc bon thdp
a) G/d( phdp ve mat cdng nghi Cic g i i i p h i p v l mat edng n g h l dupc coi I I cdt loi cua chiln lupe hudng tdi x l hpi d c bon thlp[15].
Cie g i i i p h i p nay bao gdm viec sd dung d e edng nghe hieu suit cao t i l t k i l m nang luong; cdng n g h l phit t h i i it d c bon va sddung ngudn nang lupng p h i t thai eac bon t h i p .
a.l) Cdc cong nghe hieu sudt cao, tietliiim nang ii/ang
Cie edng nghe hieu suit eao dupc sd dung trong tat c i d e linh vyc tieu thu n i n g luong cudi cung nhu den h i l u suit cao (den compact, den led) trong ehieu sang, md to h l l u suit eao trong cdng nghiep, dieu hda nhilt dp trong sinh hoat, d c phuong t i l n lai g h I p trong giao thong van t l i .
Ben canh dd, eong n g h l h i l u suit eao cung sd dung trong cac qua trinh khai thac v l b i l n ddi nang lupng (trong d c nha m i y sin xuat diln)
a.2) Cdng nghi thu giQ cdc bon {carbon capture and storage CCS)
Cdng n g h l thu giCf d c bon d i dupc nghien cdu trong mot thdi gian dlL Mac dd chi phi cho d c cdng n g h l n i y h i l n tai tUOng ddi cao nhung lai e d x u h u d n g g i l m theo thdi gian. Thu giii' d c bon khdng ehi b i n g cAc cdng n g h l chdn l i p m i cdn 6iiac tinh tdi d vile hap thy d c bon cda d c khu rdng.
a.3) Cdng nghi sCf dung l<hl Hydro Cdng n g h l sd dyng pin nhien l i l u (fuel cell) d i e b i l t dng dyng trong giao thdng v l n t l i . Hydro dUfle s i n x u l t t d d c ngudn n i n g lupng khic (ning lUpng mdi hole n i n g lupng hda thach) v l dupc sd dyng nhu l i nhiln l i l u cho d c phUdng t i l n giao thdng. Trong q u i trinh sd dung, c h i t p h i t t h i i chl l i hoi nUdc Ngoii ra cdng n g h l n i y cung sd dyng cho p h i t d i l n tai d c khu vyc xa lUdi.
a.4) Cdng nghi diin hat nhdn D i l n hat n h i n v l n l i mdt sy lya chpn tdt trong d i l u k i l n d i m b i o eic chl t i l u an t o i n phdng x^ trong q u i trinh v l n hanh n h i m i y d i l n . Mae dii cd d c lo ngai sau sU ed hat n h i n tai n h i m i y d i l n Fukushima (Nhit Bin) n i m 2011 nhUng ddi vdi eic qudc gia khdng cd ngudn nhiln l i l u hda thach ddi dao thi d i y v i n l i ngudn eung d p d i l n d i n g ke. Q u i tdnh sin xuat d i l n khdng phat t h l i Wil n h i kinh l i mdt d i l m manh eua d i l n h^t n h i n trong q u i trinh dat muc t i l u g i i m phat thai - khi n h i kinh.
a.5) Cdng nghi tdi Chirac Trong eong n g h l t i i ehe ric cho muc dich n i n g lupng ric dupe coi la mdt ngudn t i i nguyen thay vl l i mot chat t h i i . Vdi chu trinh xd ly ric t h i i thdng thudng, ric dUde thu gom, van chuyen v i dupe xd ly tai n h i may xd ly rie va chon l i p thi ddi vdi tai c h l rae eho s i n x u l t n i n g lupng, khiu xd
\y ric se phdc tap hon b i n g vile tach d c ric CO the sd dung cho muc dich sin x u l t nang luyng v l d c loai ric da dupe p h i n loai n i y trd t h i n h d l u vao cda qua trinh s i n x u l t n i n g lupng.
Nhu vay ngoii mye dich nang cao chat lupng mdi trudng (giim d n h i l m , g i i m phat t h l i khi n h i kinh), edng n g h l bien ric t h i n h n i n g lupng edn eung cap mdt ngudn diln/nhiet dang ke cho nhu c l u n i n g lupng va song song vdi no I I d c Ipi ich ve t l i chinh eung nhutang t^ I I sddyng d c ngudn tai nguyin t l i t^o trong tdng tai nguyin qudc gia.
b) Gidi phdp ve mat chinh sdch b.l)C/)/n/7 sdch thue cdc bon D l d i m b i o mdc tap trung khi n h i kinh (C02) trong khdng khi d mde c h i p n h i n dupe, t h u l d e bon dupe sCf dyng nhu l i g i i p h i i t r i d l phit t h l i 1 don vj khf n h i kinh ra khdng khi. T h u l cic bon khuyin khich cie b i n p h i t t h l i KNK (khal t h i c v | n chimin, b i l n ddi v l sd dyng n i n g \\i(fng) i p dung d c g i i i p h i p d l d i m b i o mdc p h i t t h i i tdi uu eho don vj minh t r i n phUdng d i l n xem x l t ehi phi eho g i l i p h i p v i chi phi ddng t h u l d c bon.
b.l)Ch!nh sdch l(huyen iihich sH dung cdng nghi cdc bon thdp
Cic cdng n g h l d e bon t h i p thudng cd chi phi cao hon so vdi cic eong nghe truyln thdng. Qi c6 t h i thdc d i y sd dyng c i c edng n g h l nay d e chinh sich khuyin khich hay d e quy dinh b i t bupe ve ty letdi thieu sd dung cong n g h l cic bon thap trong sin xult, tieu thy n i n g lupng la d i l u d n t h i l t .
c) Gidi phdp vitdngcUdng nhdn thOc
Gili p h i p v l tang cUdng nhan thdc dupc dua ra t r i n co sd nhan djnh vile thay ddi h i n h vi (giim nhu cau, sd dung t i l t kiem) se la mpt p h l n rat Idn ddng gdp vao viec dat myc t i l u g i i m p h i t t h l i khi nha kinh. Chi I p dyng eic g i l i p h i p eong nghe I I khong dd de dat d c muc tieu xa hdi d c bon t h i p . Do vly, thay ddi hanh vi tieu ddng theo hudng tich cue cda con ngudi se giup dien v i o khoang d c h edn lai.
III. T)NH HlNH NGHIEN COV V l xA Hdl cAc BON THAP VA ca HOI Ddi vbi VIETNAM
/. Cdc nghien cCfu gan day vixa hoi cdc bon thdp
Chung ta cd t h i thay i n h hudng cda p h i t t h i i khi n h i kfnh (KNK) d i n moi trudng nhu h i l n tUdng t r i i dat I m len, mUe nude b i l n t i n g , suy gtim tang ozon ngiy d e trd nen nghiem trpng hdn. Nhan thdc duoc nguy co do, Cdng Ude khuna ve ' "" ddi khi Oien Jk O&i songi 21
£] KHOA HQC - CONG NGHE:
hau eua Liln hop qudc d l dupe ky k i t vao n i m 1992 vdi sy tham gia eua 155 nydc l i mdt bydc ngo|t quan trong trong qua trinh thich dng vdi b i l n ddi khi h i u .
Nghiln cdu cda Jakeman v i Fisher (2006) [9] v l d e chinh sich de dn djnh mde t i n g bdc xa t r i n pham vi t o i n d u d l p h i t t r i l n ba kich b i n tyong dng vdi vile (i) xem x^t eic ring bude v l p h i t t h i i khi CO, (khong xem x l t n g i n h trdng rdng v i su thay ddi trong sd dyng dit), (li) cac rang bude v l KNK khic khdng x l t d i n n g i n h trdng rdng v i sU thay ddi sd dung d i t . v i (lii) ring bude v l KNK khic cd x l t d i n nginh trdng rdng va sy thay ddi sd dung d i t , Kit q u i cua nghiln cdu d l chl ra vai trd quan trpng cua cac KNK khic ngoii khi COj ciing nhU nginh trdng rdng trong vile g i i m chi phi d l dat dUOc d c muc tieu. Bin canh do, n g h i l n cdu cung dUa ra cie n h i n td quan trong t i c dong d i n lupng p h i t t h i i nhu dan sd, tdng sin pham qudc ndi, he sd phat t h l i va mdc phat t h i i g i i thiet eua sd dyng dat. Trong n g h i l n cdu cung chl ra viec g i i m phat t h l i se dan den g i i m tdng sin pham qudc noi.Trong mpt n g h i l n cdu ve thu gid cac bon eda d e khu rdng tuong Ung vdi d c mdc t h u l eic bon khac nhau, Shongen va Sedjo [15] d l chl ra tdng lupng cacbon ed t h i duoc trCf b i n g viec sd dung d i t va trdng rdng trong giai doan 2010 -2100 l l n tdi 147 Pg C (tuong duong 10'^ gam cacbon) tuong dng vdi kjch b i n gia cacbon 11 lOUSD/tln v i o n i m 2010 va tdc dd tang gia la 5%/nam. Ben canh dd, Uy ban lien qude gia v l b i l n doi khi h i u (IPCC) [8] cdng p h i t trien 400 kjch b i n p h i t t h i i KNK b i n g vile sd dyng cac mo hinh khic nhau.
Cae nghien edu khdng chi d l d p d i n tinh hinh khi hau toan c l u ma eon d pham vi tilng qude gia.
Trung Qude, mpt trong nhCfng n i n kinh te p h i t t r i l n nhanh nhat, dang p h l i ddi mat vdi cic thach thde v l nang lupng va mdi trudng. De cd t h i giam phat thIi.Trung Qudc p h l i thyc thi d c chinh sach n h l m g i i m nhu d u n i n g lupng nhU khuyin khich d e edng nghe hien dai, h i l u q u i
22 I Oien Jk O&i song
cao, sddyng n i n g lupng t i l t^o, p h i t t r i l n d l | n h^t n h i n ho^ic t i n g t h u l n i n g lupng [10].
Mdt sd nghiln cdu Nh|t Bin da chi ra Id trinh de d?t dupc myc t i l u x i hdl d c bon t h i p . VO! eic kjch b i n khic nhau tuong dng vdi cic mdc g i i m p h i t t h l i KNK khic nhau. Cic chinh sich cCing dupc d l nghj thyc ht|n ddi vdi tdng nginh, linh vi^lc.
Ngoii ra, cdn cd d e nghiln edu d l d p d i n thyc h i | n xa hdi cic bon t h i p d pham vi vung/thinh phd. Nhy trong nghiln edu cda Kei Gomi [11]
d l p h i t t r i l n 3 kich b i n p h i t t h l i eho vLing Shiga cua Nh|t Bin vdi muc t i l u g i i m t d 30-50% lupng p h i t t h l i C02 v i o n i m 2030 so vOI mdc p h i t t h l i v i o n i m 1990 v i d i m b i o t i n g trudng kinh t l h i n g n i m d mdc 1 - 2%. Cic g i l i p h i p 6MC 6i c i p d i n trong nghiln edu n i y l i thay ddi lot sdng d l g i i m nhu d u dich vu n i n g lupng, quy hoach sd dung d i t de g i i m khoing d c h di chuyen v l g i i m nhiln l i l u tieu thu, khuyen khich sd dyng n i n g lupng t i i tao. N h i t Bin ed cac nghien cdu d i i han hdn vdt mye t i l u x i hpi cacbon thap vdi mdc d t g i i m lUdng KNK v i o 2050 I I 70% so vdi mdc cua n i m 1990. Ddng thOI vdi no I I Id trinh cdng ngh$ chiln lupe eho cic n g i n h n i n g lupng v i t i l u thy nang lupng d l d i m b i o eic ring bude v l mdi trudng dupe de c|p trong n g h i l n cdu cua Bd moi trudng Nh|t Bin [14]. Trong n g h i l n cdu n i y cung dUa ra d c g i l l p h i p de xiy dyng x l hdi cic bon t h i p , i p dung cho t h i n h phd cd Idn v i nhd v i vung ndng thdn.Trong cic b i l n p h i p dope d l nghj bao h i m c i cic b i l n p h i p v l edng n g h l v l thay ddi d e h sdng. Nghiln cdu n i y cung dua ra d c chiln lupe de thuc h i l n xa hdi d e bon t h i p cung nhu r i o d n trong q u i trinh thye h i l n . Trong nghiln cdu ve Thli Lan [18], tac g i i dua ra kjch b i n X i hdi d c bon thap v i o n i m 2030 vdi cie g i l i phap de dat dUde mdc p h i t t h l i t h i p hon 42% so vdi phuong I n co sd bao gdm sd dyng t h i l t bj h i l u s u i t cao trong gia dinh, tda n h i , cdng nghiep, giao thdng van t l i ; cic chuan v i quy djnh trong x i y dyng tda n h i ; ehuyin ddi n h i l n lieu
trong edng nghidp. giao thdng van t l i , sin x u l t d i l n ; Chuyin ddi loai hlnh v i n t i l tddUdng bd sang dudng sit, dudng thuy. Mdt sd nghien cdu tUdng t y eung da dyoc thUe hien cho eic qudc gla An dd [5][16], Indonesia [15], Malaysla[19]. D i e b i l t trong ITnh vyc phi n i n g lupng, nghiln ctid v l H i Lan [12] t i e g i i da d l cap din p h i t t h l i KNK t i / s d d y n g , chuyen ddi sd dyng d i t , v i g i l i p h i p luu giaC02 d d e khu rdng.
a Viet Nam, mdt v i i nghiln cdu g i n d i y d i chl ra mdi quan h i m | t t h i l t gida n i n g lupng v i m l i trudng v i nhCfng d y b i o cho den 2020 v i 2030. Nhy trong nghiln edu cua t i c g i i Phan Minh Quoc Binh [1] chl ra vai trd quan trong eua cic t h i l t bj, edng n g h l co hieu s u i t cao trong c h i l n lupe phat trien n i n g lupng den 2030 d l g i i m thilu p h i t t h l i KNK. Cie kjch b i n dupe dua ra l i g i i m mdc p h i t t h i i S%, 10%, va 15% so vdi phUdng an co sd. Trong mdt n g h i l n cdu khac tac g i i Phan Quang Vinh [20] da xem x l t mdi tuong tac gida n i n g lupng v i n i n kinh te vdi muc tieu giim p h i t t h l i . Tic g i i d l chl ra vai tro cda v i l e chuyen doi sang cie ngudn n i n g lupng mdi, nang lupng t i i tao, sd d y n g ele eong n g h l h i l u suit eao eung nhu g l i m nhu c l u ning lupng cudi cung de g i i m p h i t thli CQ . Trong l u i n i n v l v l n de phat t r i l n h i thdng d i l n , t i l n sy Tran Hdng Nguyln[3] 6i c i p d i n yeii t6 mdt trudng t r i n 2 phUdng dien (i) tinh t o i n chi phi mdi trudng va bo sung ehi phi n i y vao h i m muc tieu;
(ii) dUa r i n g bude v l ham lUdng byi, khf SOx, NOx v i o h i thdng d c d i l u k i l n r i n g bude cda md hinh quy hoach he thdng d i l n . Phan chi phi ve mdi trudng, t i c g i i ciing d^
c i p den chi phi thiet hai do khi nhi kinh d i n hien tuong ndng len toan c l u . Trong luan I n eda minh, t i e gii Phan D i l u HUOng (2010) [2] d l d l e l p den t i e ddng eda cic rang bu6c v l g i i m p h i t t h i i khi n h i kinh din quy hoach n i n g luong tdng the Vilt Nam nhu lya vi^c lya chpn cic edng nghe, ty' trpng ele edng n g h l , t;?
trpng c i c dang nang lupng tUdng
KHOA HQC - CONG N G H I Q
Cfng vdi mdi mdc p h i t t h l i d l ra.
Nghien cdu n i y d i dUa racac kjch ban dde l i p v l chl xem xem trong ele n g i n h l i l n quan d i n sd dung n i n g luong.
2. Ca hdi ddi vdi Viit Nam NhCfng nghiln cdu v l V i l t Nam da khdng chl p h l n tich nhu c l u nang lupng cua Viet Nam m l cdn chl ra ele chfnh saeh can thiet 6^ g i i m p h i t t h i i trong thdi ky nghien cdu 20 hole 30 n i m . Cie nghiln cdu n i y d i d l c i p den phat t h l i KNK t d d c ngudn l i l n quan den sd dyng nang lupng. Tuy nhiln, n h i n thay ring n l u xem x l t ve bien ddi khi h i u , d c v l n d l p h i t thai d n t h i l t p h l i xem x l t trong thdi gian d l i hdn, 40 d i n 100 n i m [13], Trong do vile dUa d c cdng n g h l mdi mac dii chua dupc thuong mai hda vao xem xet la d n t h i l t , ddng thdi eung xem x l t sy t i e ddng cua h l n h vi, thai dd dng xd cda ngudi dan ddi vdi viec sd dung nang lUdng. V i xem xet phat t h i i qua trinh trong mpt sd nganh edng nghiep, p h i t thai t d hoat dpng nong nghiep (phit thai CH4) v i t d t h a y d d i c o c l u sddung d i t cung I I mpt ^ e m d n chu y.
Co t h i thay rang, trong myc 8 myc tieu phat trien thien nien ky cda Viet Nam, dam b i o sU phat t r i l n ben vCfng cda moi trudng la mpt muc t i l u dUde d l cap den. Trong do, de g i l i q u y l t cle van de moi trUdng, Viet Nam d l thye hien mpt loat d e chUdng trinh d p qude gia l i l n quan d i n trdng v i b i o v l rdng, cung d p nudc sach eho ngudi d i n , dng phd vdi b i l n ddi khi hau (4]. Mdt sd k i t q u i dang k l lien quan nhu dien tieh rdng bao phd tang t d 27,8% nam 1990 l l n khoing 40% nam 2010; ed khoang 83% d i n so vung ndng thdn ed the tiep can nude sach. D i e biet trong cong t i c dng phd vdi bien ddi khi hau, p h i i ke den vai trd quan trpng eda vile phdi hpp eua d c nginh trong thyc thi d l dam b i o tinh hieu q u i cda d e cdng t i e Viet Nam da x i y dung kjch b i n b i l n ddi khi h l u chl ra ele mdc I n h hudng khie nhau eda bien ddi khi h l u trong tifng kjch b i n , x i y dyng chien lypc dng phd vdi d e myc tieu d i i han
trong vile g l i m p h i t t h i i khi n h i kinh, d|e biet n h i n manh vile n i n g cao n h i n thdc cua n h i n d i n v l b i l n ddi khi h l u .
Nhu vdy Viit Nam cdn mpt nghiin cdu vi xdy di/ng xa hpi cdc bon thdp, nghiin ci/u si bao phO cdc mdng cua phdt thdi lihl nhd Idnh: cdc ngdnh liin quan din sCf dung ndng luang vd I(h6ng liin quan di'n sCr dung ndng lugng, cdc yiu rd liin quan din cdng nghi vd cdc yiu tSiiin quan din nhdn thdc hdnh vi cua con ngudi id hit su'c cdp thiit di dat dugc cdc muc tiiu vi gidm phdt thdi, gidm tdc dpng cOa biin doi l(hl hdu din Viit Nam. Xd hpi cdc bon thdp vifa id muc tiiu vito Id ca hpi diViit Nam thi/c hiin phdt triin Idnh te xd hdi bin vUng.
IV.K^TLUAN
X I hdi ele bon thap se d i m b i o mpt sU phat t r i l n b i n vdng t r i n c l ba phuong dien, kinh te, moi trudng v i x i hpi. Dya tren d e g i i i phap v l mat cong nghe, chinh sleh va n h i n thde eda ngudi d i n , d c mye tieu v l x l hdi d e bon t h i p se dat dupe: b i o tdn tai nguyen, b i o ve moi trudng, kinh te p h i t t r i l n , x i hpi phdn vinh.
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