Nguyen Cong Tru voi van de phong thu va tinh than khang Phap giua the ley XIX
Nguyen Manh Dungf'*
Tom tat: Tu cuoi the ky XVIII, nen vdn hda, kinh te, xd hdi cua Viet Nam dd chicng Men nhitng chuyen bien quan trgng. Trong bdi cdnh do, Nguyen Cdng Tru Id nhdn vat kit tinh cua mdt trgng thdiy thdc ciia thdi dgi Voi hogt ddng het sac da dgng, phong phu, Nguyen Cdng Tra dd de Igi nhieu di sdn tren cdc linh vuc nhu kinh te, nghe thuat, vdn hgc, tha ca, qudn su, khoa hoc ky thuat... Bdi viet ludn gidi them bdi cdnh thdi dgi, vdn de phdng thu Dd Ndng vd tinh thdn khdng Phdp ciia Nguyen Cong Trd.
Tir khoa: Nguyin Cdng Tni, Lich su. Van hda. The ky XIX, Viet Nam
Adstract: From the end of the IS'*" century, Vietnam's economy, society and culture experienced important changes. Under such context, Nguyen Cong Tru is a man who represented a state of consciousness of the era He left a great legacy in a wide range of fields including economies, arts, literature, poetry, military, science and technology. The paper further explains the context of the era, the issue of Da Nang defence and Nguyen's spirit of French resistance.
Keywords: Nguyen Cong Tru, History, Culture, 19"" Century, Vietnam Mdddu
Trong qua hinh cbuyen giao tir cudi the ky XVIII din ddu tbi ky XIX d Viet Nam, cac nhan vat lich sir Idn deu dugc nhin nhan dudi nhieu goc do va nhieu quan diem nhan xet, binh luan, danh gia, nhu dudi gdc do van hda tmh than, van hda vd the thdng qua tnrdc tac va van hda hiru thi thdng qua nhung hanh ddng va kit qua cu t h i ' . Trong cac mau hinh dd, Nguyin Cong Trir la mpt
"'' PGS.TS., Tnrong Dai hoc Khoa hoc xa hoi va nhan vSn, Dai hoc Quic gia Ha Npi;
Email: [email protected] ' Co the dinh luong dugc.
ttong nhung nhan vat lich sir dac biet va dien binh.
Cac nghien ciiu ve Nguyen Cdng Trir da tap trung lam ndi bat hai dac diem tieu biiu: Nba nho tai hi va nha tha ca lai danh.
Diim ndi bat la Nguyen Cdng Trie boat dpng rat da dang, phong phii, de lai nhieu di san tren cac ITnh vuc nhu kinh te, nghe thuat, van hpc, tho ca, quan sy, khoa hpc ky thuat... La mdt nha nho tai tu, Nguyin Cdng Tni tbi hien nhieu diem "di" ma theo ly luan cua Thomas Samuel Kuhn la cae
"di thudng" trong khung mau (paradigm) nhdt dinh (Kuhn, 1962). Cac nha ngbien ciiu ciing chi ra cac di thudng eiia Nguyin
36 Thong tin Khoa hoc xa hoi. so 4.2019 Cdng Tni tren ca hai phuang dien, nhung
tten bet, nhiing tu tudng, hanh ddng va viec lam cho thay ong la mdt ngudi nhiet huyet, nang no, day "siic song".
1. Nguyen Cdng Trir trong boi canh thdi dai Viet Nam tir cudi the ky XVIII chiing kien nhiing cbuyen bien quan tepng ve van hda, kinh t i , xa hdi: (i) Su phat trien manh me cua mdi quan he hang hda, tien te da lam ran niit co cau xa hdi eii; (ii) Cac tang Idp mdi vdi nhu cau tinh than mdi xuat hien;
(iii) Quy mo dd thi, ddi sdng thi dan phat teien, siic manh cua ddng tien tao ra nhiing xao tepn trong tam thicc va he gia tei; (iv) Xa hpi vira cd sy phan hoa, vira giao luu, ddn den hien tugng xung dot, canh tranh, dan xen va hon dung. Trong do, neu nhin rpng ra, nhieu thu chai da trd nen phd bien eua gidi nho sT tic the ky XVIII la mpt chi dau cua tri thiic, ke si. Sang the ky XIX, khong it ngudi hoai niem ve nen van hda phi cbinh thdng ddi thudng, tbam dugm nhan sinh quan dan gian, tam tu cua eon ngudi "thdi Le mat".
Boi canh xa hpi chuyen giao, dan xen thuan nghich da san sinh ra nhieu tuyp (type) nhan vat teong tam tu va hanh ddng.
Dd la nhom hop tac vdi Tay Son, nhdm ehii truang pho Le (ttong do eo Nguyen Cong Tan - than phu Nguyen Cong Tni), nhdm hudng ve phuong Nam chd dgi van menh mdi... Tat nhien nhdm nao ciing cd lap luan cua minh nhu "cuong thudng rdi loan, vua chi dm cai hu danh", hay "trung than bat sy nhi quan", "ddi trudc chua Nguyen ngudi diu trung ngbTa, con chau sau nay at cd liic ndi kha" (Le Thude, 1928)... Ve banh vi, cd ngudi manh dan qua quyet nhay vao banh ddng, cd nhdm dao an, danh lai Trinh, giiip Tay Son rdi chdng lai Tay Son, pbd vua Le...
Cac nho sT tiidi quan chii thudng eo xu hudng kha tach/khac biet giua hien thyc
hoat ddng, viec lam vdi tu tudng, tam tu, tinh cam. Hg thudng giii gam tinh cam, mong udc, ndi niim, tham chi la pban ung, biic xiic trong cac tac phdm tha van ciia minh. Trong nhflng mSu binh nhan vat, ke sT CO tai xudt chung, ddi vdi ngudi "sac canh", "dot xudt" (Nguyen Tai Thu, 1978:
42), bp ludn cd cai nhin khae (di) cd the diing, sai, vdi diem tham chieu chinh la thdi gian, thyc tien, sy so sanh hay phan xet ciia bau thi. Nguyen Cdng Tru la mdt teong sd do.
Nguyin Cong Tni 1 5 1 ^ ^ (1778- 1858), tu T i n Chdt, hieu Ngd Trai, biet hieu Hy Van, ngudi lang Uy Viln, huyen Nghi Xuan, tinh Ha TTnh, sinh ra trong gia dinh n i n nep Nho gia (Tdng Nho) va dao dire;
thiiu thdi noi tieng thdng minh, hay chii, lanh Igi, ca tinh, siic khde ben bi, deo dai,
"phdng tiing, khdng can ne, cd khi tiet"...
(Qudc sir quan trieu Nguyen, nhi tap, 2005:
426). Dudi goc do tam ly hgc hanh vi va y hpc, khi chdt cua Nguyin Cdng Tni thuoc kieu linh boat vdi eau tao than kinh la lie che cao, hung phan cao... (Nguyen Pham Himg,2018: 138).
Tir nhd, Nguyen Cdng Tni ndi tieng hieu hpc, dpc nhieu va sdm the hien la mpt ngudi img doi tai gidi, ndi tieng khap vimg.
Ngoai Tii thu, Ngii kinh, Nguyin Cdng Tni dpc dia ly, phii thuy, bdi da bac, binh thu, binh phap: "Kinh ludn khdi (dm thugng, binh gidp tdng hung trung"... Cha ong ciing timg tham gia viec quan vdi chiic tham tan quan vu tran Son Nam. Cude ddi Nguyen Cdng Tni la cude ddi eua mdt ngudi say me boat dpng: "Dd mang tieng d trong trdi dat/ Phdi cd danh gi vai nui song" (Doan Tu Huyin, 2008:55).
Hpc tai, tbi phan, eon dudng khoa cir ciia dng kha lan dan, mai den nam 41 tuoi (1819) Nguyen Cdng Trir mdi dau Giai
Rguy^n Cong Tni vdi v6n dL. 37 nguyen (dd dau thi Huong) va dugc bd lam
quan. Tung teai va cd vin sdng, lai Idn len nhgc nhdn teong canh co cue tii nhd nen viec hda nhap nhanh vdi quan trudng la dieu de nhan thdy d di^. Nguyin Cdng Tni timg teai qua nhiiu chiic vu, quan Id "Khi Thu khoa, khi Tham tdn, khi Tdng ddc Dong/
Gdm thao lucre da nen tay ngat ngudng/Luc binh Tdy cdm ed Bgi tudng/ Cd khi ve Phu dodn Thica Thien" (Doan Tir Huyin, 2008:
142), cu thi: Hanh tdu Qudc sir quan, Bien tu Qudc sii quan, Tri huyen huyen Dudng Hao, Lang trung Bp Lai, Thy Tu nghiep Qudc tu giam, Thiem sy Bp Hinh, Phu thira Thira Thien, Hanh tao Bac Thanh, Ta Thi lang Bd Hmh, Hun Thi lang Bd Le, Toan tu Quie Sir quan, Dinh dien su, Thy hiru tham tri Bd Hinh, Tri huyen Kinh huyen.
Thy Lang tnmg Ndi vy phu, Bd chinh Hai Ducmg, Thy Tdng ddc Hai Yen, Tham tan quan vu, Tam quyen An sat Quang Ngai, Chu khao trudng thi... (Nguyen Hun Tam, 2018:155-167). Thdi gian tai nhiem va luan chuyen nhin chung khdng dai.
Quan Id thang giang, timg la Tdng ddc, Thugng thu nhung ciing cd khi bi giang lam linh (1843), mdt lan bi keu an "tram giam hau" (1841)..., den cudi sy nghiep lam quan Nguyen Cdng Tni ve huu vdi ham Thira Thien Phii doan (Tam pham).
Nhu vay dung sai quan lg la rat Idn (nhat la trong giai doan 1831-1842), dieu nay ed the la hgp ly vdi tinh each eiing nhu thdi dai cua dng.
Nam 1847, d tudi 70, Nguyen Cdng Tni xin ve huu nhung Vua Thieu Tri khdng chap nhan. Den nam 1848, dudi thdi Vua Tu Due, dng mdi dugc toai nguyen. The nhung, den nam Mau Ngo (1858), khi thyc dan Phap nd sung tan edng Da Nang, tuy da 80 tudi, dng van tha thiet xin Vua Ty Due dugc tdng quan di danh giac. Tuy nhien
do dng tudi da gia siic yeu nen Vua khong chuan y.
Trai qua ba ddi vua Minh Menh, Thieu Tri va Ty Diic, Nguyin Cdng Tni khdng chi ndi tieng la vi quan thanh liem, chinh trye, tai tri hem ngudi d eac hiiu nay ma cdn la nha tho loi lae, cd vi tri dang ke teong van hpc Viet Nam, tae gia cua nhieu bai ea tru ndi tieng va la nhan vat chinh cua hang team giai thoai "ngdng thau hdi xanh".
2. Nguyen Cong Tru vdi van de phong thu va tinh than khang Phap
2.1. Ve xdy dung he thdng phdng thu Nam 1803, khi cdn thu sinh, Nguyen Cdng Tni da dang ke sach len Vua Gia Long khi dd dang teii tai hanh cung Nghe An. Sii sach khdng chep nhieu ve sy kien nay, chi biet rang Vua Gia Long xem rdi giao cho Bd Lai duyet ky de tau (Qudc su quan triiu Nguyen, tap 1, 2002: 570). Gia pha hp Nguyin chep: dng dang "Thai binh thap sach" vao thdi gian dng lam quan dudi trieu Minh Menh.
Trong qua trinh tang cudng thiet che trung uong tap quyen, sau khi len ngoi, Vua Minh Menh dan cd lap cac tepng than ngudi Phap, tran ap vu pban loan lien quan din dao Kitd, ehu ddng dieu phoi giao luu van boa, chinh tri vdi phuong Tay. Cugc chiin tranh Nha phien d Tnmg Quie no ra khiin vi vua thii bai hieu Nguyen phai true tiip ddi dien vdi hai van de, do la: chien luge img phd vdi phuong Tay va van de cai caeh/canh tan dat nude (Nguyen Manh Dimg, 2018).
Nhiing diln bien chinh tti d khu vuc, nhdt la thdng tin nude Anh can thiep quan sy vao Trung Qudc, am muu md rdng chinh sach thyc dan cua cac nude chau Au khien Vua Minh Menh ddy manh viec phong ve ddt nude. Nam Minh Menh thii 21, miia Thu thang 7 (1840), khi xem viec phdng bi
Thong tin Khoa hoc xfi hoi, sd 4.2019 d vyng Tra Son, phao dai Phdng Hai, Vua
sai Nguyen Cdng Tni (luc nay dang la Hiiu tbam tri Bd Cdng) - ngudi dugc xem la
"van v6 song toan" ed tam nhin chien luge - di xem xet "cho eac thuyen Idn bgc ddng chiia dau. Neu dimg de danh tran nen dat them mdy eo siing, bao nhieu linh cho du.
Lai xem chd dd thuyen each bd gan xa the nao; mdt dai nui ven bd bien, cho nao xung y i u ma dia the hai bdng phang nen dat phao dai, dk teen bd dudi thuyen ling vdi nhau dupe, thi ve ban dd dang len" (Quoc su quan triiu Nguyen, tap 5, 2007: 757, 758).
Sau khi kiem tra toan bp he thdng phdng thu, Nguyin Cong Tni dang len Vua mdt ban tdu trinh phan tich cy the vai ttd quan hpng cua eua bien Da Nang eiing nhu tinh hinh phdng thu tai day va dua ra cac de nghi nhu sau (Qudc sir quan hieu Nguyen, tap 5, 2007: 757-758):
- V i thuyin hieu: cac thuyen hieu Thuy Long, Phan Bang, Thanh Loan, mdi thuyen phai CO du 100 bien binh thu hd, 10 cd simg qua sdn, 100 siing dieu thuang, 15 cay giao dai.
- Ve phao dai: dao Md Dieu d vung Tra Son, doi dien vdi phao dai Dinh Hai co the nuong tua dugc vdi nhau. Xay them phao dai hinh ban due (dai 57 trugng, ngang 7 teugng). Dat lau teong ngam d dai dot lira cii tai nui Tra Son, che cap cd hieu.
- Ve nhan sy: nhirng vien thu hd d bai thanh An Hai, Dien Hai va phao dai Dinh Hai phdn nhieu ludi bieng.
- Ve vii khi: phai quan d Kinh den de sua, kiem soat nhiing cd siing hi gian hoac mon me, dat them bien binh ddng giir.
Nha vua rat bai Idng ve ban tau ttinh, ebudn y tdt ca de nghi cua Nguyen Cdng Tni nhu cho xay phao dai mdi (Phong Hai), phat trugng hoac qud teach lanh binh, Thanh tiiii liy,... Cdng viee phdng ve bd
biin tiip tuc dugc nha vua cbi dao va tti^n khai rdt cu tiii (Qudc sir quan h i i u Nguyen=
tap 5, 2007: 757, 758). ^ Nhu vay, vdi dia tiii Da NSng va mien
Trung, viec tiin hanh xay dyng cac thanh liiy, he tiidng phdng thu day dac la phucmg each tdi uu cho nhiing eugc tham nh^p bang hai quan. Mac du cuoc khang ehien chong Phap d Da NSng sau nay con bde Id nhieu ban ehi, nhung qua tririh phdng ngy duyen hai thdi ky Nguyin Cdng Tni dugc danh gia la cdng phu, he thing va kha hoan bi. Trong cac ddn, trang bi phao binh cua Viet Nam rdt hoan chinh va t i t hem nhieu so vdi nhirng gi ngudi Phap thay d Trung Hoa. Phao dai phia Tay gdm 1 xudng phao binh luc chiin, nhiing dai bac bdng dong cd 6 va 9, gia siing dat teen nhiing banh xa cao, rdt phu hgp vdi dudng sa gd ghe cua xu sd nay (Nguyen Phan Quang, 1999: 367-368).
Cd t h i ndi, nho tudng Nguyen Cong Tni khdng nhiing cd nhieu kinh nghiem trong eac dia hinh, quy md, loai hinh chien ddu', gifta tan cdng va phdng ngy, giiia danh nhanh vdi dai dang, ehi huy nhieu thii quan (Van Lang, 1978)maedncdeakinhngliiem quan ly vT md ciing nhu cap quan ly vdi cac don vi eu the (Thica Thien, Hai Yen...), an ninh, tu phap, giam sat, tham muu, quan sy (d Bg Binh, Bp Hinh, An sat...) va viec khai khdn dat hoang (kiem ebiic va cbuyen ttaeh), pham vi kha rpng tu Ha Npi, Thai Binh, Ninh Binh, Thai Nguyen, Hai Yen (Hai Duong va Quang Yen), Tuyen Quang din Thira Thien, Quang Ngai, An Giang...
2.2. Ve tinh thdn khdng Phdp Nguyen Cdng Tni la mdt vi tudng nang ddng, ua phieu luu, kham pha, nhiiu idn
' Hay nhu chien thuat "tam cong" qua bai "Ganh gao dua ch6ng" khich Ifi tudng sT ba quan... (Xem them: Doan Qu6cSy-Viet Tijr, 1960).
Rguyen Cdng Tni vdi van de.. 39
"xdng ra" ganh vac viec nude. Tuy nhien, nhiiu nha nghien ciiu cbi ra, teong da sd trudng hgp, dng thudng chi cd thdi gian ngdn ngiii chudn bi cho hpng teach, tham chi cd trudng hgp bat ngd, dot ngpt.
Nguyen Cdng Tni xuat than quan van, gidi chu: ngbia, thien kinh van quyen nhung lai thanh cdng d nghiep vd quan. Mat khac, dng lien tuc dua ra cae ban tau, kien nghi phan hch va neu hudng giai quyet van de eu the eiia dat nude teong nira dau the ky XIX. Chdng ban, nam 1827 dng duge Vua Minh Menh cho phep cd ban tau nao deu dugc niem phong giri thang len Vua...
Sd lieu thdng ke gan 40 ban tdu eua Nguyin Cdng Tni dang len nha vua va ttieu dinh dugc dan teong Dgi Nam thuc luc (chinh bien) cho thay tei thiie, sy am hieu eiing nhu viec ban luan ciia dng ve quan vu la nhieu nhat. Tir y nghia dd mdt sd nha nghien ciiu xem xet den "he tu tudng" quan su cua Uy Vien tudng quan.
Nhu da hinh bay, ban 15 nam trudc khi Pbap tan cdng Viet Nam, Nho tudng Nguyen Cdng Tni da cd tau teinh ve he thdng phdng thu d Quang Nam, Da Nang va dugc Vua Minh Menh "khen". Sau khi Phap no siing tan cdng Da Nang dau thang 9/1858, ciing vdi khdng khi sdi sue ciia ca nude hudng ve mat tean Da Nang, Nguyen Cdng Tni (liic dd 80 tudi) cung dang bieu xin ra chien trudng. Cd le do tin vao nhirng hieu biet cua minh ve viee phdng thu Da Nang, cdng them chi khi eua mdt "ke sV\
mdt ehiit "ngdng", dng da dang sd xin Vua Ty Due cho phep len dudng ra mat tran Da Nang nhung nha vua "mien cho".
Tir thai do xin tdng quan khang Phap tai mat tean Da Ndng cua Nguyin Cdng Tni, cd the thay:
- Ddt nude loan lac, sT phu hiiu trach, nang chii "quan than", "teinh trung bao
qudc", "vi dan vi nude" - quan niem dd Cling da khac sau tam kham cua Nguyin Cdng Tni.
- Sy hdi tu va cbuyen vimg van hda tir Thang Long-Ha Npi, xii Ddng, xii Nam, Ngbe-Tinh, xii Than Kinh, vung ddt Thuan Hda xua (xii Quang)... da hgp thanh teong Nguyen Cdng Tni su ket hgp giua cai phdng khoang, cdi md, truyen thdng va sy nang ddng, mang pham chat quan lai, hoai bao Idn. Ngudi Nghe-TTnh xudt than tir khoa bang ciing cd su tham cbinh ddng dao.
3. Thay Idi ket
The ky XVIII chiing kien bp phan nho sT vdi tinh than khai md da tim each thoat khdi sy rang budc ciia nhiing dinh che va he tu tudng giao dieu, thu cuu. Cd the ndi, Nguyen Cong Trir da trai qua canh ban vi, thdi dai cua kim tien, cua xa hdi vdi thoi choi bdi hat xudng, hudng thu, teanh Igi.
Tudi thanh xuan gan lien vdi thdi loan lac, chien teanh Tay Son - Nguyen, Nguyen Cdng Tni da vay vimg cho phi chi thdi tao loan, hudng lac theo ban nang thdi loan va tudi tee, tu than dgi thdi theo guong cha va nep nha; giai doan trudng thanh d vao thdi Gia Long, Minh Menh, dng phung sy cho teiiu dinh qua eon dudng khoa cii; va Nguyen Cdng Tni d vao giai doan thoai ttao dudi thdi Thieu Tri, Ty Due.
Sau khi do dat, Nguyen Cdng Tni muin xay nghiep Idn d nhieu linh vyc "si u bach nghe", nhung ciing mudn banh lac de den bii nhung vdt va eye nhpc; nhieu luc chan nan danh Igi hay bdt man, dng tim den thii vui, quen thi sy... Nguyen Cdng Tni thanh cdng trong cac ITnh vyc nhd su hoc nhung phdn Idn do tai nang thien bdm, hnh than sang tao khong ngimg, xdng pha khdng quan hiem nguy.
Thye ti la nhiiu tti thiic thdi dd da gop phdn tao dung vi thi cua Viet Nam vdi hi
40 Thdng tm Khoa h9e xa hdi, sd 4.2019 each la mdt cudng qudc d Ddng Nam A ddu
the ky XIX. Tuy vay, chien thang ciia doan quan vien chinh Phap la uu thang eua mdt nen cong nghiep, khoa hgc, ky thuat tien tien trudc nen van minh ndng nghiep. Boi canh chinh tti, kinh te - xa hdi dau the ky XIX da khac biet qua nhieu so vdi "khung m l u " xa hdi thdi Le Thanh Tdng. Thdi dai mdi ddi hoi mdt the he tei thicc mdi pbii hpp vdi tinh hinh dia chinh tri, khoa hpc, ky thuat, quSn su va nhiing thay ddi cua kinh te, xa hdi a
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Nguyen Manh Dung (2018), "Viet Nam ddi dien vdi cude viln chinh cua Phap nam 1858: He luan ve khoa hpc-ky thuat va thuc tien dat nude", Tgp ehi Nghien cihi Lich su, sd 8 (508).
2. Nguyin Pham Hiing (2018), "Con ngudi cong dan va eon ngudi ea nhan Nguyen Cdng Tni", in trong Ky yeu Hpi thao Qude gia Nguyen Cdng Trd vdi lich su, vdn hda Viet Nam nda ddu the ky XDC, Ha TTnh, thang 11.
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4. Kuhn, Thomas Samuel (1962), The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, ban dich tieng Viet: Cau true cdc cugc cdeh
mgng khoa hgc, Chu Lan Dinh dich (2008), Nxb. Tri tiuic, Ha Ndi.
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6. Nguyin Phan Quang (1999), Viet Nam thi ky XDC: 1802-1884. Nxb. Tp Hd Chi Minh, Tp. Ho Cbi Minh.
7. Quoc sir quan hieu Nguyen (2002), Bai Nam thuc luc, tap 1, Nxb. Giao due, Ha Ndi.
8. Qude sic quan triiu Nguyin (2005), Bgi Nam Hit truyen, chinh bien, nhi tap, quyen 20, Nxb. Thuan Hda, Hue.
9. Quoc sir quan triiu Nguyin (2007), Bgi Nam thuc luc, tap 5, tap 6, Nxb. Giao due. Ha Ndi.
10. Doan Quoc Sy - Viet Tu (1960), Khdo ludn ve Nguyen Cdng Trd, Nxb. Scm Nam, Sai Gdn.
11. N g u y i n Hiiu Tam (2018), "Cugc ddi lam quan eua Nguyen Cdng Tni", in trong Ky yeu Hdi thao Qudc gia Nguyen Cdng Tru vdi lich sa, vdn hda Viet Nam nda ddu thi ky XDC, H& TTnh, tbang 11.
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