1, Gabon's main road from Libreville to the south of the country (Lambaréné, Ndendé) and Congo-Brazzaville. Bélinga is one of the largest unexploited iron ore deposits (1 billion tons, for an iron ore purity of 60 percent) in the world and extends across Gabon, Cameroon and Congo Brazzaville territories (Trésor, 2013). Suweon Kim is a PhD candidate in the Department of Political Studies at the University of the Western Cape in Cape Town, South Africa.
During the first two years of the Rawlings regime, the June Forth Movement (JFM) and the New Democratic Movement (NDM) were two important elite groups in the regime. The new foreign minister, Obed Asamoah, argued that “in the past we tended to lean more towards the Western countries and ignore the possibilities of fruitful cooperation with the countries of the East. They criticize realists for not taking into account the internal paradigm of foreign policy making, which takes place in the name of the state.
In addition, the nature of the regime after Nkrumah strengthened the political leanings of Ghana's foreign policy. In the first two years of the Rawlings regime, as in previous regimes, foreign policy was primarily ideologically driven. The dynamic between the JFM and the NDM, as two pillars of the Ghanaian elite, played a crucial role in foreign policy change.
Half of the urban population lived below the poverty line and two-thirds lived in the countryside. In addition, in the midst of Ghana's worst economic situation, Nigeria has expelled about 1.2 million Ghanaians. The DC consisted of Workers' Defense Committees (WDC) and People's Defense Committees (PDC).
The change in foreign policy in Ghana can be explained by the decline of the Marxist JFM and the emergence of the NDM with a developmental ideology of Mao's New Democracy theory8. The harsh restructuring program imposed by the IMF marginalized the Ghanaian population, and elites in the NDM became critical of the Rawlings regime. China's emergence in Africa is rapidly transforming the geopolitical economy of the region.
In the same breath, as China is "continuously encouraged to differentiate its policies and engagements from [the US and the EU] in Africa, [image] is of paramount [importance]. In the similar development, the Angolan government sought funds to rebuild after [ the civil war; it saw the International Monetary Fund, [which]. According to Brown (2013:1) "the foreign policy of the People's Republic of China has been based on non-interference for more than half a century, respect for the sovereignty of others, non-aggression and peaceful coexistence.
At the fourth ministerial meeting of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC), China proposed eight new measures to promote China-Africa cooperation.
China's biogas technology assistance projects to Tunisia
These projects included rural household biogas, large-scale biogas, biogas power generation, urban domestic wastewater treatment, establishment of a national biogas laboratory, biogas resource study, development of national strategic planning of biogas development and the organization of various training courses for technical personnel. (Zhang Mi, 2009). In October 2011, the Chinese Embassy in Sudan donated 25 sets of biogas household appliances to Ta Bate village in White Nile State for livestock development (Wu Wenbin, 2010). The latter not only helps to solve the problem of electricity in rural Africa, but is also useful to reduce environmental pollution.
Tanzania sisal waste biogas power generation project
Both China and Africa need to transform from high-carbon development to low-carbon development. Although low-carbon development in China and Africa has made some progress, there is still a long way to go. Economic cooperation between China and Africa is still mainly in the field of trade, and low-carbon cooperation between the two sides is difficult to achieve.
In addition, population growth is a major constraint for China and African countries to achieve low-carbon development. It is difficult for China to develop a long-term low-carbon cooperation strategy with African countries. Most of the low-carbon cooperation is linked to other projects or some small scattered projects.
China and African countries must address the inequalities and imbalances of the existing international system regarding low-carbon development. When analyzing the status and challenges of China-Africa low-carbon cooperation, it is important to understand that long-term mutual benefit is essential. The global transition from high-carbon development to low-carbon development is a strategic opportunity for China and African countries to change their mode of economic growth.
Conclusion and Recommendations for China-Africa Low-Carbon Cooperation There are three barriers to promoting low-carbon development in the sub-Saharan Africa region: cost, market structure, and risk. China should further increase assistance to Africa in relevant low-carbon technologies and green agricultural technologies, which would become the pinnacle of China-Africa low-carbon cooperation. China could further increase assistance in low-carbon relevant technologies and green agricultural technologies.
A China Low Carbon Enterprise Development Association should be established to coordinate China's low carbon development. In the process of low-carbon cooperation, China-Africa low-carbon cooperation faces a monumental challenge and a historic opportunity. African countries can rely on low-carbon development as an opportunity to adjust and optimize their industrial composition.
