Onde1·stepoo1't Journal of V eten'nru·y Science and Animal lnd~tstry, Tlol1tme 5, ,V1nnber 2, October, 1935.
Anatomical Study No. 60 .
Some Comments on the Hump of African Cattle.
By H. H. CURSOX, F.R.C.Y.S., Dr.Mecl.Yet., and J. H. R BISSCHOP, B.f:l<-.(Agric.), B.Y.Se.,
Yeterinary Hesearch OfficeTs, Onrlerstepoort.
IxTll OD1TTTOX.
As ~h0\\'11 in CursoJJ and Epstein's paper (J !):).J.), the parent st-ocks of African cattle are belieYed to haYe been
(a) llamitic Lon.IJhorn \Yith no hump, (b) Bracl,yc·eros, also with no hump,
and (c) Lonylwrned Zebu (('alled Ahilnnrler in South Africa)
"·ith a ''"ell-m::nked hm11p, whieh " cloes 11ot fall abruptly
OJl to \Yitbers, but slopes g-racluall.r " (Fig. G).
Arising· from tbe ahoYe are t"·o chief inteunixtures or typp,:
"·hil'h lwYe been <lesnibed l1y .Epstein (The On.r;in of Af1·i('(l·s 11/{li-
.IJI'Jitnls TJomestic Animals, Chapter IY, in prepar·ntion) a,; follm,·s:- (I) 8/,ortf,unwd Zclm (of nwny sub-types). Thi~ he <·onsiders to repre~ent the iufiut>JH'e \Yhile still in Asia of Brach)'<·eros on the Long-horned Zehu. The tn)e, like its longhornell lelatiYe, is nl;;o ln11uped, but t lw stnH:tltre flifters in se,·eral respect;; hom thnt of the Afrikander (Fig. 7).
Ancl (II) Sllllf)rt.-Cnttle of tlti~ type, o<·<·nninp: in Central and South Africa, are lwlieYed to be deriYe<l hom the iuh-'I'Illingliug in Xorth Africa of Hnmitir· Long-horn and Long-horne1l Zehn stocks.
S;1nga eattle, sometimes called Zebus, reeeiYe a ,;epurate ser- tion in Epstein's work refene<l to aboYe. As in the ('ase of the Shorthornecl Zebu an<l Brach~·ceros types, the terms Saug-a includes a large number of sul1-types (Fig. 8).
10 621
TnE OmECT nr THE S1TJJY.
\\"hilt> osh·olog-ic;tl eYidt>nt·e un<1ouht·P<lb· ~11pporh EpstPin·~ con- tention, tht>JE' al"P fad~ in lPga:d to thP ~oft strudurP~, e~pPciall.\·
the hump, which 1·nll for further· con~idt•r;dion. It i~ tlwrt·iore tla' purpose of thi~ \York to re<·ord ob.,en·ation~ matlr on thr Yarious fonn.~
of lmnr PC) .
• -\.~ IYill l1e ~t'Pil fron1 th2 ~uh.ioined 1':\.trads Liken hom ;·JiliJtlwr Y<lluahle contrihut ion ('!'/!(' No! .i/rll.unrll',. ;tl~o in prep;nation I,
·r;;Jl:drin ,;a_y.-; comp;:r;liil·rh httlr tl1<1t i' helpful reganling tllf' hurnp:
(il) ZPlm, i 11 i h orig-i n:l 1 fcmn (I.e. Longhorlt<•<l) i:-: rl isti ll- guishe<l hom 1dlwr ,..;pecies h.1· it:; hump \\·hic·h cott~ish of Lil <IIHI lllllsde tissues ··. It .. n•pre~t>n(;-; a11 acnunulalion of resPrYe mate- riaL sintiLtr to the ~teatop_,·gv of thP Bushntan <illd Hottentot women, the bt tnil of Y:nious sllPtc'p :mel the lnllli]ls of the <·:~mel filii!
<ho111edar)· . . . In :lnimals liYi11g in ·dl']lJW" (11f 1\.-;i:1) the al·<·unlu- lntionc; app:•nr on tiJO,;e parh of ihe ho<l_,. ''"h<'l'f' llH·\· 11·ill. not intpt>dl' fre1• lll!>I'E'lliPJ!i. Tht> il1llll[l:i of the Zebu C<1ttle l'oint. iherdon· tl1 "
.
'-'tt>ppe <·Oullh·_y <I" the pla1·e of their eYolutioll ·· (p. fd).
(b) " The ]Wlletration into A fnca h.1 SPrniti<· IIO!tliiiL 11 ith lhei r Zehu l'attlP " rest~lted in " 1·ontact 11·ith thE' lung·honJe<l 1·altlt> of Eg·_1pt 11·hil'h h;!d iiCI·ompanit·d tht> Hamitt>s on tl;eir migr<~hlllh to il1t> \Ye~t an1l south ... "\ consequpn1·e of tltis illlpnr-t "a~ br :1.-i thE' r·:~ttle ,,.E're conr·p1·necl .. 11·ere <·hatwe,; mainh afh·di1w .. the leng·th of the horn.-; aml .-;ize of tlte lnllllp ;. (pp.
ri:J
itlld (j-1.)~An11 (r-) .. The hump 11·hi<·h appt>ars in African cattle t'Yell more frequt>ntly than gig-antic horn<, . . . is simpl_,. a pro<luet of l'rO:i:i- hi·E'P<1ing-("). 'I'ht> . ..;nme rP~tdt of \·:niation <1s i~ old:~inerl fron1 tht>
generation F2 OJII\·anL l1\· nos.-.;ing- thin nn1l fat h1ilecl shePp is :q)part>nt in tltt> format-ion of tlw hump in most .A h·ic<~u hrePd~ of l'attle. Acl'ording to lht> 1leg1ee of adn1i:d11re of Ze•ll1J !Jlo1Hl to the Hatniti1· c<~ttlt• of primigPnius I.Y)W, thP lllllllJl is 1lc•ndopeil to <I grPater or lt>sser t>:'\teni. or ofit>n t>ntirr1~· mi.-;.-;iug- .. (p. (i(i). Inilt>e-11. thPrE' :1re brePds " in t•aslern, \\'Pstt>rn, 1·entr:~l :lllll southern A lrir·:~,
. . . \\·hi.eh Dlll.:it he rep::ir<lell a~ ptll'E' Zebus. ulihough in ;;onte of thest lll·ee<ls the h1!lnp h:ts allllost t>ntirt>l_v disapJH':U<·d " (p. Gfi).
ThP chief point.-.; l'llllLiinell in tiH• nlllll·e :11·p tl.wt the hun1p of till>
Long-horned Zebu (i) I'<ITl.:ii~b of ht :llld mu.sde tissues, (ii) llel·:tJlle aHt>rerl in sizP througlt :~dmi:durE' in .\'orllt r\fril':l 11·ith I-Limitic Longhorn l'attle (p;iYing· rise to Sang-a r-attle), nnc1 (iii) nns11·prs geneticall)· in tlw .-;aJllt' 11a~· :l:i 1.he crossing of thin aml fat taile-11 slwep.
---~ ~- - -
( 1 ) ·It must he" E'lllplinsizf'cl th:1t [)S far hnck as 191G Hornh1·, H. E. (now
Din·ctor of V 0teri 11n n· Sc·n·ic('S. T:tng:tnyi kn ). l1nd dc•moiiStr:~ted that the I nun p of the Rhorthorned Zchn "·ns ac.soc·inL0d with the .ll. ,-JiOJIIhOilll'us. He• sent (letter 2D/3f:lJ) l1is notes to one of tlw nuthnrs (H. H. C.), :1nd these haYI' been plac<•d in DPpnrlrnental [•'ilf' 2•58/lOb.
(2) This stat<'lnenL ohvious]_,. refers to the S:mgn typP.
G22
H. H. CrRSOK A::'\D .J. H. IL JHSSCHOP.
C. Sheppanl Cruz (L83J), "l:ile not follo\Ting the classification of Epstein, al~o does not l'Onsi(ler that cattle of the Sanga type are
" (leri 1·ecl hom near or r<"mole prop;·eni ton; of Ahikander blood ". Our attitude is briefiy thus. WhateYei· the origin of the Slwrt- horued Zebus and Sanga cattle, there are certain facts \\ith regard to the humps >Yhich shoul(l be empha~ise(l, ri.::. (a) the mnrke,l resem- blance of Longhmnerl Z,ebu and Sanga as \Hmld be expected in the light of Epstein's theory, and (b) the striking diffe1ence between the humps of the Longhorned Zebu and Sanga types on the one hand aml the hump of tl1e Shodhol'll Zebu ·on the otl1er.
Fmthermore, in Yiew of the fact that animal husbandrymen frequently speak of " attached ", " loose ", and " modified " humps, terms of little anatomical value, it is particularly necessary to make descriptions of the hump aYailable.
ExTERNAL DESClUPTIOK o:F H Ui\IP.
(a) 'l'he official rlescription ·of the Afrikander hump as published by the Afrikancler Cattle Breeders Society of South Africa (Bosman, A. M. 1932) is giYen thus:- " Large prominent and set closely to
\Yithers ".
Yiewed from the side the hump is situaterl in front of the \vitl1ers.
It occupies the posterior t\Yo-thinls of the upper border of the neck.
The ~huetm·e is somewhat pyramidal in shape and n anially it rises at au angle of about 40° to a rounded apex situated 11·ell in front of the point of tbe \l'ithers. From this rounJecl apex the hump ±alb at au angle of ju~t over 30° on to the '"ithers awl men:tes with it to form a uniform alHl strong attachment.
Yiewed from the front the hump appears to sit snugly ·OYer the upper border of the neck anrl is finuly attached to ;t:: sides. hom
\vhil'h it rises steeply nt an angle of about 60° to 66° to a rounded summit. For thi~ reason the hump of tlw .A.frikancler JS sometimes spoken of as heing well aH:1l'hell.
In the hull (Fig. G) the hump 1c> ([eciclellly prominent, nsmg sometimes to 8 inches aboYe the top-line. In oxen the strndure is a little le,;s pr·omillent and in females it is relatiYely smaller still.
The Jmmp is ,1·ell (leveloped even in a foetus.
(b) Epstein (The Origin of Africa's 1 nrligeno us Domestic Ani111als) in referring to the Snnga type states that " the tendency to be humped is more general (than the tendency to gigantic horns).
It is true that the lnunp is not equfllly \l'ell cleYeloped in all Sanga lweed,;. In somP it almost reaches the size of the humps of In,lian Zebu'~ (i.e. ·of Shorthomed type) . . . in others again, as in the cattle round Lake Chad, the majority are entirely humpless and only ilHli,idual animals tne humped ".
As shown n hove, he helieYes that " according to the degree of admixture of Zebu blood to tl1e Han1itic Cattle ." so is " the hump de vel opecl to a greater or lesser exteu t, or often entirely
. . ''
l11lSSlilg' .
AX.-\To~ncn~ STrnucs, 1\0. GO.
It is evident therefore that there is a "ide Yariahon in the si;~,e
of Sanga humps, but as a typical example we may take the Ambo beast (Uroene\Yalll an<1 Cn rson ] 933 and Bisscl10p au<l Cur son 1935).
In the former paper the lmm11 wa~ <le~cribecl (in the cow) as being·
" small a11<l set "·ell fonYan1 on withers ". In the latter it was
<1escribed (in Bull .5010) as follows:- " Situate<l in front of the IYithers anc1 is lYell defined. Its anterior axial honler passes up from the upper honler· of the neck to the apex of the hump at an ang·le of approximately 40°. From the apex to the withers the posterior axial hor·der £alb at an ang-le of a bout 30° to the horizontal. The hump i~ on the ~mall si;~,e nn<1 is well nttached t,o the neck ".
It is thus e"Yident that apart from si;~,e, the similarity in external appenrance of the hump of the Afrikander an<l Ambo bree<l~ i~
striking.
(c) The hump of the Shmthomed Zebu (Fig. 7) is less constantly pyramidal than in the two preYious types. Yery hequently the strnchue is not only more prominent but also actually clome-shapel1. Another common feature is the greater mobility of the hump e~pe
cially the posterior part due to its fatty nature. .Most striking- of all features i~ the more crmdnl sitvation of the hump, a Yertil'al line through the summit passing at least through two YertPhnJe hehiml n line similarly drawn in the Afrikander· or Sanga types. In extreme
l'ase~ of hump deYelopment the term " loose " may he applie<1, hut it must be emphasised that anatomically it is neYedlteless secm·ely attaehe<l, particul:n ly by the J/. tmpezius, as will be 1rc<licaterl sub- sequently. The si;~,e of the hump "Yaries greatly.
In the rlesc-ription of Indian Zebus apmt from a statement that
" thP hump is well deYelopecl in the bull " (Gurm 1909), no rletniled aeco1mt is anilahle. Hornby writes (letter L/48/49 of XoY. 17th, 1934) " that a Zebu foetus has a well-marked hump "
SorncE OF )L~TE1UAL FOit S1TnY.
Apart from the illustrations '"hi<:h al'<:<nnpany this study, the authms haYe made observations on n:1ti 1·e types ·of cattle throughout Sonthenl ani! Bastern Africa.
For dissecting purposes the source of material is also indica ted in the explanati011s aecompanying the Yarious figures; but a special word of appre<'iation is llue to ~fr. H. E. Hornby, who sent Zebu (Shorthorner1) humps from Tang-anyika. 'l'o 1mmmarise, the anato- mir:al ohsenntions were mac1e on yearling bulls 6572 and 673G (Afrikander), two humps of Shorthorned Zebu calves from Tangan- yika, and the Ambo bull 6010 as representing the Sanga type. A Friesland hull obtained locally was also dissected and the featnres were similar to those shown in Figs. 9 and 13.
624
H. H. C"CRSO.S ,~~Jl J. II. H. RTSSC"HOl'.
DEscnrrno~ OF THE .lfm. T1·apezi11.s AKil Rlw111IJOirleus lK AN r~nr~\fi'ED AXL\lAL (E.(;. FHIESL.\~Jl).
,-b the nl:oYe mu~de~ arP printarily ns~cH:i<ltPcl IYith hump for- lJJahon, it i:; <Hhisable to desnihP them iu the unlntmped beast.
Therpafter the fpntur!'s of the ]mnqJerl typPs "·ill he tahulaterl for
("Olli]HHlSOll.
.1!. Tropezivs.
As in the horse thi;; is ,;uperficinl aJHl ±nn-.-;lwpe!l. H~ fihrP~
<-'Xtenrl from the Jorsal aspect of the cerYico-thorncic region (atlas to about the tenth thoraci!" Yertehra) to the sc-apuln. As they rlescen1l, r;audally from thP cen·ical region anrl cntnially hom the thora!"ic, they conYerge an1l terminate in an apouemot>i:;, IYhich is insPrtecl into the -'Jitlia scupuiae. The !"ervical and thoracic portion,; m·e, how- eYer. not clearly separated. The attachment of the filn·e::; along the micl-tlcm;nl line hecol!Je::; more intimate as one follows the origin of the muscle hrH·k"·arcls. The cranial honler is firmly <Hlhe1·ent along·
ib <Interior half to the :If. c7 eirlouccipdalis, an cl postp1·iorl:v to tlw .11. omotmnsrers11rivs. The cau<lal bon1er is attac-herl b1· fa~cia to the
!lf. latissi111us dorsi "·hich in this reg-wn i~ coverecl bY. tlle sheet-like
.11. ndaneus sr·rtJJuloe ct lnnne1·i. ·
.1/. Rltomboide11.1.
This muscle may hP diYided into a pars r·crl"icalis and a pars thomcalis, the former lJeiug most conspicuous a1lll haYing· fibre:; pur- suing generally a loug-iturliual clii·Pc-tion, ,,·herpa,; the latter i~ rela- t.iYel_,. insignifi!'<lllt aud has fibres running- ohliquel.\- clo1nnntnls an1l bnchYarcls. Tl1e origiH is the pars occipitalis of the ltgamcut111n
"1111Cltae and its caudal prolong-ation, the ligamentum s1tpmspi11alr>,
\Yhile the insertion is the merlial surface of the cartila.go SNI(Hilac.
'I'he cenic::d pnrt is pointed nani:tll;;, but as onr proeeeds !"aurlall)·
!'O does the muscular tissue beoome expanded.
In the hull, eYen -of the Brachyce1·os t_\rpe, the above muscles as 11ell as the .1/. S]Jleni11s rtncl JJ. ser1'ahts 1:entmlis, are well developed, but it is only in o;pe1·inl ciremnstances e.g. raising thl' heacl that. a hump-like strudnre is obvious and when e1·irlent, it is always to he found in the anterior c-enic·al region. It ''"ill hP observe1l (Fig. 5) that no suc·h hump-like ell'Yation is apparent, but a definite clome- like structure would he quite eviclent if the head \Yere eleYatecl. 'fhis clenrl.\· muscular struc·ture is stridly speaking not a hump in the usually acceptPcl se11se of the worcl, and is sometimes referred to as the crest.
An accoullt haYing- been g-inm ,of thr " humplP-ss" beast, IH'
may 11011· tabulate the anatomir·al features encountered in the humped types.
Co> l\J ~
Feature. JJ. tmpezius ..... .
Co~JJ'.\11.\nVE 'l'.111r." coNcEn~TNr. TTri\rrs oF A 1-'lU('.Il\ ('NI"I'T.E '1\:PEs. Yl'arling :\frikander Bull' (G:)7:2 1LIICl G?:lli). The muscle is well developed and may be arbitrarily divided into cervical and thoracic parts, the former ovcdying the hump and the latter caudal of the hump. (Sec Fig JO.)
Shorthomc<l Zrbu e.g. Tanganyika, (See Figs. 48 and 4!J, l)uersi)." The muscle is distinctly separable into a eervi .. nl and a thoracic portions, the latter beinp: darker in colou•· and more strongly developed. The ecrvieal portion instead of arising entirely from the funicular part (pms occipital-is) of the ligamentum nuchae is closely associated with hump clevelop- meJit. Jn fact it may be considered as a supE'rficial cranio-latcral anchor or attacb- nwnt of the hump. The thoracic portion is well developed and except for a small crani>d slip docs not act as a stay. (Sec Fig ll.)
Sanga bull c.(! .• -\mbo fiOIO (2 yrs. 4 month,.). lfere it is nlso arbitrarily divisible into cervical and thoracic portion,, There is no development of adipose tissue resembling the hump of th? Shorthorned Zei.Ju. (i'>ec l<'ig 12.) ---1 1--- Jll. rlwmboidtus .... . The A/. rhombo-ideus has distinct cervical and thorac·ic portions. The cervical part is extraordin- arily well developed, and forms the hump. The thoracic part is made up of short muscular fibres havin« «enerally a ventro-caudal direct
To , ;
(i'>ec l<ig. 14.)This is eharaC'terisctl by the entire absence of tho longitudinally arranged cervical part('). I nstciLd, the anterior portion of the thoracic part is very much developed, in fact the fatty hump having not only a foundation, but >tlso a framewmk of muscular tissue. The fibres run generally in a ventro-cauclal direction, especially at the bnsc of the hump. This structure is best dcscri bed as a musculo- adiposc devclop1nent of the M. 1·hombo·ide1<s, pa1·s tlwmcalis (anterior portion). (Sec Fig 15.)
The muscle is cle::Lrly represented as a cervical portion and a' a thomeic portion. The former is •narkedly en l:1rged, in fact c·onstitutes the hump. The fle>shy fibrE's arc dis- posed ns a rule in a longitudinal direction. The thonteic part is relatively poorly devclop(•d and its fibres run in IL vcntro-eandal dil'<~c tion. (Hce [?ig. 1.6.) -~~----~~-: 1--. Situntion of hump ..... . The hump Jies cranial to the angulus cmnialis of the scapula ove•· the 6thj7th cervical to 4th/5th thor- acic vertebrae (C1·ista spinosa)- a ccrvico-thomcic hump.
Dorsal to the m.orgo ve1·tebralis of the wrlil<L(}O scapulae. In terms of vertebrae it lies over the first to ninth thoracic vertebrae (C1·ista S]Jinosa)-a thoracic hump.
Fron1 the sixth to seventh cervimd vertebra caudally to the 4th j;)th thoracic bone. The hump is clefi- nirely cranial to the angulus cmn·ialis of the ~capula-a ccrvico- thoracic hump, (") Two specimens, probably from bull calves, were kindly sent by )[r. H. E. Hornby, Director of Veterinary Services, Tanganyika. (') Since the cervical and thoracic parts of the J/, 1·homboidcus are not separated by any well defined structure, e.g. of fibrous nature, it is of course possible to consider the hulllp of the ~horthornecl Zebu as n cle,·elopment of the pan; posterior of the cervical part of .11. Tlwmboidcus. Duerst (1931, p. 46) considers that a fusion of the two parts has taken place.
> ~ > _, 0 "" ...., H <-:: > ::-< :J! '-'
g
-1 t.; :J! !.). 0 0 0H. H. CTJ!:"OK AND J. H. R. HISSCHOP.
DISCUSSION.
Epstein apparently believes that the hump of the Longhomed Ze hu (Afri knn(l er) represents an accumula tiou of reserYe lll a terial as seeu in the steatopygy of certain native "·omen, the fat deposits of certain native sheep arHl the humps of the camel and chomeclary. lt is clear fr.om onr obserYations that the comparison is net ~!pplieable, for "·hereas in the cases of fat accumulation there is a storage of neserve energy pet se, in the Afrikander this is uoi ,;o. The sante remark applies to the hump of the Sanga type.
E]Jstein is, hm,·eyer, perfectly correct if he extends the comparison to the l1ump of the Shorthon1e(l Zebu, for here definitely there is fat storage. Hornby's comments, "·hieh ''"oulcl suppmt :Epstein, are as follo,Ys: " At birth the musculatme is "·ell marked, but as the animal develops this hecomes more and more obscured by fat rlepo- sition. EYen when the adult loses comlition and the hump shrinks Yery g-reatly, the hump neYer regains the lean museular ~tate of en lfhoorl- a certain a JUOtmt of fat a.ncl fibrous tissue persi~t ".
(Letter L/48/49 of Non•111her Jith, l!l84.)
In the dese1·iption of the M. rhom.boidmts of the Shodhornecl Zebu, reference is made to the muscular tissue acting as a frame\YOrk of the hump. This <lisposi t.ion is well s 1HJ\Yll i u Fig. 18, \Y.h i c h ~houlcl
be compared with Fig~. J 7 ancl 19.
In the AfrihuHler and Sanga cattle, fat may also occnr, but it is usually <listributerl in layers, fin;t subc-utaneou~, then bet" ee.n the M. trapezi11s and il.f. rhotnlJoirlel!s, and finall:v beneath the latter.
In an adult Ahikn n der hull the hump llia)' \YPigb from Kg. lO up11·arcls.
From a perusal of the tabulated statemn.t along "·ith the corres- ponding figures, it is clear that (a) then• i::; a great similmity both in situation ancl structure of the humv of the Long-horned Zebu aml Ambo, and (7!) there is a marked diffet:ence hetweeu the above humps an<l that of the Nhorthmnerl Zebu. 'rhe app:nent difte]'enr-e in the arrangement of the muscular fibre" of the Longhorne<l Zelm all(l Autbo neerl not he serious]~· consi<lrn•d, for in thr hnmp of Ahi- kander yearling bull 5572, the arrangement resemblecl that of tl1e Ambo. It is of course eYident that the tlra"·ings are rlingrammatir- and not to sr·ale in view of the \Yidel~- rlivergent ages of the subjects.
See, however, Figm·es 17-19.
Helatively little seems to he known concerning the sig,nificance of the hump from an eYolutionary point of Yiew. vVhile the inter- mixture of the T.onghorne(l Zebu nn<l Hamitic Longhorn unclonbteclly gave rise to the Sanga type, the po8ition is not so clear in rt-garcl to the Shorthorned Zebu. The imporbnre of hnther investigation in this problem is emphasise<l.
C'ONCL 1T SIO~.
The result of this study c;nggests that humps ma~· be cbssifierl:
(a) Acconling· to sihwtion- cen-ico-t.hontcic r1ncl thorr1cir. (h) Acr-or(ling- to ,;tnl(·(nre- musrubr and mu::wulo-fatt.'"- (c) According to hmdion- traction (locomotion) and storag-e
of reserve fat.
It is intere~ting that S•ome cattle have humps and others not.
AKATOMICAL STUDIES, NO. GO .
. The llil~lilurity of the humps of the Afrikander and Sanga types, belllg cerv1 co-thoraeic and muscular is noteworthv in view .of E1)stein's theory that the latter is derived from the (ntenuixture of the Longhorned Zebu aud Hamitie Longhorn. The dissimilarity betwet'a the above humps and that of the Shorthornerl Zebu is striking. As just stated little is known regarding the significame of the hump from an eYolutionary point of Yiew.
Acii:NOIVLEDGE1IENTs.
\Ve appreciate the gift of material by ~1r. H. E. Hornby, D iTector of Y eterinary SerYiees, ~1pap~·a, Tanganyika, the eo-opera- tion of Dr . .J. Botelho, Direetm of Yetminary Services, ~Iozamhique,
and his assistant, Dr. Sheppard Cruz, both of Lom·en~·o }Iarques, and the use of Dr. H. Epstein's unpublished work on natiYe cattle.
REFERJ<;::-JCES.
BTSSCHOI', J. H. n .. AND CURSOK, H. H. (19;15). An Ambo Bnll described.
OndentepOOI't .fl. of ret. Sc. and A.nima/ Industry, Vol. 5. Xo. l.
CHUZ, C. S. (1934-). Translation of Memo on Oliserrot-ions on the possible eth nicul 1·ela.t·irms of the C'nttle of Sonth ern .llozMnuiq11e. Sent b.v Chief Veterinary Officer, Lourenco ::\1arques and dated 24th August, 1934.
Cl:~RSON. H. H., .\Kn EPSTF.L'\, H. (1934). Anatomic·al Studies Xo. 50 . . -\ c-omparison of Halllitic Longhorn, \Vest African Shoethorn and Africander cattle, particularly with regard to skull. Onderstepom·t .Jl. of Vet. Sc. anrl Animol Tn.r/ustru, Vol. 3, Xo. 2.
D.-\ CORTA, :\.. M. (1931). T.'eleu.l(Je et lcs sen·ices· 1:ae·rinoi1·es dons les domoines portuqais r/.'I)Hh'I'IIH'I'. Extract published UJ:l3 from " Les Colonies Portugaises ", Paris Colonial :Exh ihition.
Dl:EH.ST, J. C (1981). (/i-undlaucn de1· Uinderzucht. Julius Springer, Berlin.
l~PS'l'J(IJ\. H. (1988). Descent ;1nd origin of the Afrikand<'r Cattle. .Jl.
Heredity, Dec., HJ38.
J~PRTETK. H. (Tn prepamtion). Oriain of Africa's lndiaenous TJomesiic .lnimols. Chap. TV, ou the Cattle of _-\frica.
EPSTF.TX, H. ([n preparation). The Bell A/l'il,ander Cottle.
GHOEK'EWALD. J. W., .\J:<D Cl'HSOK, H. H. (19;13). A XotP 011 Oq1ml'o Cattle. Ollllerstepood .Jl. Fet. Sc. nnd ilnimol Ind., Vol. l. ~o. 2, p. 611.
GUKX, \\'. D. (Hl09). ('otlle of Southern Indio. Gm·ernment Press, Madrns.
HEKDERSOX, IY. \Y. (1929). .-!nnuol TleJIIIrf of flu· retr~inury Del;urt111ent (Siuerio) for 1928.
1\fcC.\LL, A .. J. 0928) . . -lnnual.llrpm-t of the TJeJJII!fment of Veterinary Science nnd A.nimol 7:/nslmnrll·y ('l'!tii(!II11)Jiko) for 1926.
APPEKDlX(').
'CSEFn, REFimE~CES lX STI~DYIK(; AFRICAN CATTLE.
.\FHIKA:>;DEHS.
l. MACDOXALD (1904). The Afric-ander Drcecl of Cattle-. T)'(fnsroal A.lfr.
JL, HI (9), Oct.
2. HOLM, A. (1912). .·\fricnnder Cattle. .-!(!?'. Jl. Fniun of 8o1dh Afriw, 1 v' p. 687' ]\ ()\'.
(") For previous lists see Appendix 3 of Groenewald a11d Curson (1933) and the Appendix in Bisschop and Cm·son (1935).
G28
H. II. CrJtSON AND :r. II. R. BISSCI-IOP.
3. HOL::\1, A. (1916). Report on Cattle Feeding Experiments. Bull. 15 of 1916, Dept. of ,i(Jr.
4. HOLM, A. (1917). Second Ileport on Cattle Feeding Experiments. Bull. 5 of 1917, Dept. o.f .1(}1'., Union of S.!l.
6. HOL::\1:, A. (1918). Third Report on Cattle Feeding Experiments. Bull. 8 of 1918.
6. CTLLlERS, A. A. (1919). Afrikander Beeste. Die Lrmdbouu:-rceekblad, Dec. 17th, 1919, p. 893.
1. BOS::\IAX, A. M. (19- ). Die Punte vau die Afrikaned1ees. Die Landuomc- weekulacl, Ko. 14, p. 461.
8. BOS::\IAJ\', A. M. (1919). Beoorcleling van Afrikanerbecste. Die Londl,otm- tceekblatl, Dec. 3rd, 1919, p. 837.
D. BOS::\L\N, A. M. (l93J). The 01·igin of the Afrikander Cattle of Soutlt Africa. Jl. Dept_ .-!(Jr. Lnion of Sotdh !ljrico, No\'.
10. REI:\'ECKE, T. G. \\'. (193-1). Africander Cattle. .fl. Dept. ,1ar, Yiii, p. 58:3.
11. FlSLAY, G. F. (1925). Cattle Breedinu. ProceedinasoftheScottish Cattle Jireedinu Oonjerence. Edinlnnqh, l95'l-!. Olive1· nn1l Boyd, Edinburgh.
Chap. XXXHI.
12. llEJSF.CT\J<:. T. G. W. (J.D:1J). Africander Cattle. Fannin(] in South dfriw , VI (64), July.
13. BOS::\IAS, G. J. (lD28). .-\ Gn1nd Old Man in Africander Cattle Breeding.
Fannino in Soutl1 .!/rico, Hl (29), Aug.
14. BOSMAN, A. M. (1932). Cattle F'anwino in Sonth Africa. Central Se1Y~
Agency, Johannesburg Jhanch.
15. REJKF.CKE, T. G. W. (1933). Africander Cattle. Fonnino in South .4./lica, YTJ"I (84), ){arch.
ADDE;\'D1JM .
. -\. copy of Anatomical Study, Ko. 60, was submitted to Dr. H. Epstein who, in n letter to flte Director of Veterinary Services, elated l.st August, 1D35, made the follm1·ing comments: -
" Their (i.e. ::\[es.-;rs. Curson and Bissclwp) conclusions lead to the question whether the similarity of the humps of tl1e Afrikamler and .--ianga. t:qws proYes the former also a Sang;a breed. On the basis of osteological comparison I am still ·inclined to den~· this. Curson and Bisschop also seem te den~· it, stating on p. 6:2'7 'Tbe _inter- mixturP of the .Longhorned ?;ehu and Hamitic Longhorn nnclonbtcclly ga1·e rise to the Sanga t~·pe' nne\ on p. 6:2Cl 'certain fad s ll'llicb should he en1phasised. viz. (a) the markl'd resemhlance of Longhorned Z<"hu and Sanga as 11·ould he expected in the light of Epstein's tl1eory '. H, hmym·er, this similarit~- docs Hot proYe that tl1e Afric,mcler carries Egyptian .Longhorn bloo1l, hut merdy that cattle uf ~Hrikancler type have contributed to the e1·olution of the Sanga, the dissimilarity bet\Yeen the ahon' humns and that of the Shorthorned Zehu calls for an explanation. ·
Tt is possible that, after the African .Longhomed 7-ehu bad brancl~~d off the main stem, a few thousand years more of domcsttcat1on unuer the elimatic conditions of Asia l1a1·e led there to a gradual change (itigher .,,-olutionan· specialisation?) 1n the structure 'of the Zebu hump.
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