PLAGIARISM
B Moya et al., 2019) • The study did not investigate whether a change in attitude and perception will occur due to the difference in crop types. National Academies Press (US), Washington (DC), p. The NEP scale: measuring ecological attitudes/worldviews in an African context.
PUBLICATIONS
Rationale for the research: nature and scope
Urbanization is one of the main drivers of soil nutrient extraction (Ball et al., 2018). The decline in soil fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa poses a threat to food security (Vanlauwe et al., 2014a, 2011).
Aim and objectives
Outline of the thesis
Demand for improved sanitation in an urban informal settlement in India: role of the local built environment. A quantitative understanding of the role of composted biochar in plant growth using meta-analysis.
Introduction
The history of recovering and reusing human feces dates back to the early 9th century (Ebrey et al., 2006). Esrey et al., (1998) coined the term 'fecophobia' to describe the socio-cultural fear of defecation among the Muslim community.
Some theoretical imperatives
Review Methodology
- Research questions
- Identification of relevant studies, data sources, and search strategy
- Study selection
- Relevance screening and eligibility criteria
- Charting the data/data extraction
- Synthesizing and reporting
Although a standard scoping study does not allow for quality assurance (Arksey and O'Malley, 2007), this study synthesized and triangulated the study designs, research methods and findings of the reviewed articles. The review discussed results based on study outcomes, which included scope and level of maturity.
Results
- Search results, article screening, and inclusion
- Characteristics of articles included
- General perceptions and attitudes
- Perceived barriers to the adoption of human excreta and HEDM in agriculture
- Socioeconomic and demographic factors
Most of the findings showed a positive attitude and perception towards the use of human excreta and HEDM in agriculture. Experience, income, farm size and agronomic benefits significantly influence the use of human excreta in agriculture (Cofie et al., 2010).
Discussion
Urine storage and co-composting are also among the technologies that have the highest readiness level of 9 (Zhou et al., 2019). Recently, Simha et al., (2018b) and Senecal et al., (2018) demonstrated the effect of alkaline treatment in reducing pathogen load and urine volume (reducing transport costs) while recovering more than 6% of urinary nitrogen.
Future research directions
Finally, the effect of socioeconomic and demographic factors in shaping attitudes and perceptions toward human feces and HEDM requires future research that builds on the results of this study. Systematic and meta-analysis studies that allow quantitative assessment of results from studies with similar characteristics could provide more information about the nature of the relationship between socioeconomic and demographic factors on general attitudes and risk perceptions towards human feces and HEDM use.
Conclusion
Attitudes and perceptions of farmers towards reuse of fertilizers from resource-oriented sanitation systems - the case of Vellore, South India. However, there is only unreliable evidence of willingness to pay for material derived from human faeces in agriculture.
Introduction
Recycled organic waste reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions compared to inorganic fertilizers (Rahman et al., 2019). Storage, composting and anaerobic digestion are among the technologies with the highest level of preparedness (Zhou et al., . 2019). Development of viable business models for resource recovery and recycling has become imperative for decision-making (Drechsel et al., 2018).
Methods
- Research question
- Identification of relevant studies, data sources, and search strategy
- Study selection
- Screening and eligibility criteria
- Data extraction
- Synthesizing and reporting
This review provides a summary of the state of published knowledge on understanding HEDM market demand and farmers' WTP. The review provides a picture of the state of the research evidence by identifying and synthesizing previous empirical evidence. The review used a descriptive-analytical approach to extract information from articles that passed the inclusion criteria of a traditional narrative review (Arksey and O'Malley, 2007; Lam et al., 2015b).
Results
- Search and article screening results
- Characteristics of the articles included
- Factors influencing WTP for HEDM
A mix of models, including the conditional logit (CL) model, random parameters logit (RPL) model and latent class model (LCM), were used to estimate WTP for HEDM in Ghana (Danso et al., 2017 ). The average WTP estimate for municipal compost containing human excrement was estimated at 3 US cents per kg (Danso et al., 2006). The other CE study used price packaging and labeling as HEDM attributes (Agyekum et al., 2014).
Discussion
- Why do we know so much and yet so little about the market demand for HEDM?
- Product attributes
- Best practice for conducting stated preference studies
- Implications for policymaking and development practice
Global GAP specifications create a barrier to the use of HEDM among horticulture exporters in Kenya (Berta Moya et al., 2019; B Moya et al., 2019). A systematic review of the literature in the fields of environment, health and agricultural economics showed that CE methods have become more popular than CVM (Mahieu et al., 2014). The conditional logit model assumes that the error terms are independently and identically distributed (IID) and that preferences are homogeneous, leading to the assumption of independence of irrelevant alternatives (IIA) (Danso et al., 2017;.
Limitations and future research directions
The rationale behind this thinking is based on the complexity of rural livelihood strategies and the importance of adaptive project management. This study confirmed that the market demand segment of the recovery and reuse of human excreta-derived materials is an emerging but important area of research. The findings of this study also demonstrate the contextual differences in the results of the included articles, particularly the effects of socio-economic, cultural and religious factors on the value that farmers attach to the properties of human excreta-derived products.
Conclusions
Business Models for a Circular Economy: Linking Waste Management and Sanitation with Agriculture, in: Otoo, Miriaam, Drechsel, P. Eds.), Resource Recovery from Waste : Business Models for Energy, Nutrient and Water Giants in Low- and Middle-Income Countries . Business models for a circular economy: Defining and analyzing RRR Business cases and models, in: Otoo, M., Drechsel, P. Eds.), Resource recovery from waste: Business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low and medium -Revenue countries. Implementation of circular economy business models by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs): barriers and enablers.
Introduction
The use of sustainable agricultural systems to 56. restore soil health increases agricultural productivity, reduces greenhouse emissions and builds 57. In rural South Africa, farmers face challenges with sanitation, where about three million 59. ventilated improved pit latrines constructed by the government in response to the millennium 60. the development goals for universal sanitation in the last 15 years are currently fulfilled. the local authorities have neither a policy, a plan nor a budget for faecal sludge management 62. FSM), e.g. emptying, transport and disposal of faecal sludge (Still et al., 2010). Similarly, the failure is attributed to recovery and recycling innovations to cover costs 96.
Research methods
- Study area and design
- Attitudinal dimension scores
- Environmental worldviews using the New Environmental Paradigm
- The direction and magnitude of the influence of demographic, socioeconomic and
The perceived 197 . behavioral control scores were calculated by taking the mean score of the four attitudinal 198 .. question items relating to self-efficacy and risk-benefit perception of using human excrement, 199 . namely: i) if the farmer 'believed' that he/she had enough skills to use human excrement in agriculture, 200 .. ii) the effect of treatment on perceived health risk, iii) whether the farmer thought to treat 201 . human excrement contains pathogens or microorganisms that can cause diseases, and iv) whether 202. the farmer believes that drugs/medicines may be found in crops grown with humans 203. the random parameters logit (RPL) model relaxes the IIA property by allowing for preference heterogeneity across the observed properties (Kassie et al., 2017). The model results in the attribute utility function expressed as a vector of; a) the population mean attribute utility weights and b) the variance of the individual taste parameters (diagonal matrix) and c) the unobserved individual idiosyncratic error component with 0 mean and unit variance (Kassie et al., 2017). The constants technically reflect the average of the differences in the idiosyncratic error terms (Prashker, 1988; Uncles et al., 1987).
Comparison of willingness to pay estimates (ZAR/kg) for different models Conditional Logit Model Random parameters Logit Model Variables estimate (standard error) estimate (standard error). The results of the study pointed to the influence of the sociological (religiosity), socioeconomic status (income) and ecological dispositions on willingness to pay for co-compost.
Results
- General characteristics of the interviewed farmers in Vulindlela rural traditional
- General attitudes of farmers towards human excreta use in agriculture
- The direction and magnitude of the influence of demographic, socioeconomic and
Discussion
- General attitudes of farmers towards human excreta
- The implications of attitudes of farmers towards human excreta for policy, and
- Other driving forces and potential barriers and future research direction
Using university participants (Simha et al., 2018a), reported another result where environmental attitudes did not influence attitudes toward urine use. The perceived health risks range from the horrible smell, skin infections and other occupational risks (Memon et al., 2016). These findings contradicted findings in India, where older farmers expressed a more positive attitude (Simha et al., 2017).
Limitations
Empirical evidence shows that availability, transport, storage costs and perceived self-efficacy are potential barriers to the reuse of human excreta in agriculture (Andersson, 2015; Cofie et al., 2010; Lagerkvist et al., 2015). The importance of providing compost in the right attributes for farmers and the cost of providing such attributes have been investigated elsewhere, although it remains an emerging and important area for future research (Gwara et al., 2020). For example, findings from the USA suggest that disgust is not a major driving force towards acceptance (Schreiber et al., 2021).
Conclusion
Attitudes and perceptions on the agricultural use of human excreta and human excreta-derived materials: A scoping review. Gwara S, Wale E, Odindo A (2022) Psychometric analysis of ecological dispositions of rural farming communities in South Africa: Implications for reuse of human excreta in agriculture. This study attempts to understand the ecological worldviews of rural farming communities and the implications for the reuse of human excreta in agriculture.
Introduction
While the validity of measuring environmental attitudes through the NEP has been established (Dunlap et al., 2000), understanding how society relates to the environment and its ecosystem services is crucial for mainstreaming circular bioeconomy initiatives in specific contexts. Previous psychometric analyzes using the NEP scale have reported two-, four-, and five-dimensional models in contrast to the hypothesized unidimensionality of the 15-item scale (AlMenhali et al., 2018). The explicit measurement technique of a direct self-report method using a questionnaire is the most popular method for measuring environmental attitudes (AlMenhali et al., 2018).
Materials and methods
- Study area and research design
- Data analysis
- Segregated environmental attitudes
- The influence of environmental attitudes on human excreta reuse in agriculture 125
- Environmental attitudes of farmers
- Segregated environmental attitudes: A measure of construct validity
- The influence of environmental attitudes on human excreta reuse in agriculture 131
- Understanding environmental attitudes in the context of human excreta reuse in
- Implications for research and development practice
The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the mean scores for the environmental dispositions. Segregated environmental attitudes evaluates the influence of farmers' demographic and socioeconomic characteristics using latent class models and hierarchical regression. A meta-analysis of the adoption of agricultural technologies indicates the influence of socioeconomic and demographic factors on the adoption of agricultural technologies (Ruzzante et al., 2021).
Conclusions
The influence of environmental attitudes on perceived behavioral control also indicates the importance of appealing to ecological attitudes. The findings also show that rural farmers are generally positive in almost all attitudinal dimensions, except for perceived behavioral control, which showed a lack of self-efficacy and the strong influence of risk perception on the use of human excreta in agriculture. The impact of environmental attitudes on perceived behavioral control emphasizes the importance of environmental awareness in terms of behavior change.
Study limitations and future research directions
- Introduction
- Methodology
- Theoretical foundations of the choice experiment approach
- Data
- Product attributes
- Choice experiment design
- Empirical model
- Sociodemographic variables
- Marginal willingness to pay calculations
- Results
- Characteristics of rural farmers in Vulindlela
- Current agricultural practices
- Driving forces and potential barriers to using human excreta in agriculture
- Preferences and willingness to pay for the attributes
- Marginal willingness to pay estimates
- Discussion
- Conclusions
- Overview
- Revisiting the study objectives and outcomes
- Challenges
- Future possibilities
Estimating the willingness to pay for co-compost provides some relevant information for the sustainability assessment of the co-composting systems and other recycling initiatives based on life cycle science methods (Wang et al., 2018). The advantage of the choice experiments approach lies in the theoretical simulation of consumer purchasing decisions (Danso et al., 2017; Hanley et al., 1998). The results of the CL show the positive influence of sociological (religiosity), socio-economic status (income) and ecological dispositions on the willingness to pay for co-compost.
A higher willingness to pay for certification indicates the impact of the perceived health risk associated with cocompost reuse. Research evidence in the construction industry shows that awareness of the circular economy can have the greatest effect on willingness to pay for recycled products (Véliz et al., 2022).
