The work described herein was undertaken in the Center for Environment and Development, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, under the direction of Professor CM Breen of the Center for Environment and Development, Pietermaritzburg. The work described herein was undertaken in the Center for Environment and Development, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, under the direction of Professor CM Breen of the Center for Environment and Development, Pietermaritzburg.
Introduction
Natural resources ownership that guides the policy
Government ownership – ownership of resources is owned by the government, which also determines and controls resource rights and their use. According to Hitchcock (cited in Margoluis, 2001), this approach often does not give full ownership of resources to communities, as governments, who are still in authority, interfere in aspects such as setting quotas and maintaining control over funding related to resource management. .
Community participation in policy design and implementation
Officially protected areas and many other natural resources such as forests, coastal mines and even wildlife are often subject to state ownership in developing countries; and. Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) programs implemented in most Southern African countries are based on the common property type of resource ownership.
Changing paradigms
Forest and wildlife policy design and implementation in
These determine the state of the resource system (B 1) and this in turn determines the perceptions that society has about the state of the resource system (E). The framework allows the definition of the policy development process and allows for its structured evaluation. The evolution and implementation of M09ambique's forest and wildlife policy was traced particularly in relation to the TFCA project.
The Maputo Elephant Reserve is an integral part of the Lubombo Transfrontier Conservation Area (Fig.3.2). One is currently a game warden and others have been employees of the Maputo Elephant Reserve in the past. This is part of the implementation of the policy regarding the participation of local communities in the management of natural resources.
Socio-economic status and aspirations of the local communities of the Chimanimani Proposed transboundary conservation.
The Mocambique Transfrontier Conservation Areas Project
The Conceptual Framework for Policy Review
Chapter seven evaluates the usefulness of the conceptual framework in the research, and comments on the validity of the assumptions. Respondents were conveniently selected to reflect a representative cross-section of the community (Steward & Shamdasami, 1990; Martin, 1995). The private sector is the main promoter of the company, and is the largest shareholder.
The private company's contributions would be in the form of money and equipment, and the state would cooperate by making natural resources available. However, perceiving the abundance of wildlife resources in the current 58% said they were abundant and only 30% said abundance was low. There are fundamental differences between the history of Maputo Elephant Reserve and Chimanimani regarding the legal status of natural resources.
Residents of the Maputo Elephant Reserve believe that the policy and its implementation are not good, resulting in a lack of participation in resource management.
Research Purpose
Structure of the Thesis
Chapter four discusses wildlife management policies in Moyambique and illustrates the evolution of policies and legislation in Moyambique, focusing mainly on three different periods (pre-colonial, colonial, post-colonial and post-civil eras). Chapter six addresses rural communities' perceptions of existing nature policies and legislation regarding their rights in accessing and participating in forest and nature management resources and how these resources can improve rural development in Moyambique.
Introduction
Due to the low level of Portuguese proficiency of the respondents, most of the questions had to be asked in local languages and the answers translated into Portuguese. The author first approached the leaders of the community and explained the purpose of the interviews, which was to evaluate the perceptions of the people regarding the policy of forestry and wildlife.
Data Analysis
The explanation was useful as the participants learned about the importance of cooperation for the interview. In the process, however, respondents were limited to adults (according to iambic law, an adult is any person over the age of 18), because they would most likely be the ones who would make decisions about the extraction and use of natural resources, so the state of the resource and the implementation of policies.
Selection and description of study site
The Maputo Elephant Reserve
Conflicts between local communities and the Reserve's existence on their ancestral land continued even after M09ambique gained independence from Portuguese colonialists in 1975 (Oglethorpe et al., 1997a). Chief Mavukuza, the leader of the evicted people, never agreed with the government's action and therefore returned and settled in the interior of the Reserve.
Chimanimani
Traditional leadership includes Chief Chikukwa who lives in Zimbabwe and is the most powerful in terms of overall administration of people and resources, and Chief Mahate, located in the Mahate area, who is the spiritual leader of the people living on the side of Mozambique. Dombe locality was one of the strongholds of RENAMO, the main opposition party. The Chimanimani area includes the eastern escarpment and foothills of the Chimanimani massif, and the summit is Monte Binga at 2437m.
Introduction
It took other foreign parties' perceptions of the state of African resources to establish the London Convention, which influenced the Portuguese. The net result would be failure to achieve a preferred state of the resource system (Fig. 2.1.B 1). These were largely shaped by perceptions of the value of wildlife as sources of food and money for the war effort.
Introduction
It shows the cooperation of three sectors, government, private sector and local communities, forming a consortium. Although this occurred before the formulation of the Forest and Wildlife Policy, DNFFB was already taking steps to involve local communities in the management of natural resource use. It was found that the approach can be useful both in the theoretical analysis of policy reform and in the management of policy implementation.
Institutional organization and capacity
Introduction
Commitment to local participation, recognition of the need for decentralization are some aspects of policy reform that are responsible for changing the approach to forest and wildlife management. Seventy percent of respondents indicated that they think there is a need to have a code of conduct to regulate the use of wildlife. Regarding the conceptual framework, government perceptions have not taken into account some complexities (financial, technical capacity, system condition) and have taken for granted the implementation of forest and wildlife policy in the Maputo Elephant Reserve.
Institutional organization
Financial Capacity ofDNFFB
Forest and Wildlife Management Project ($1J.8 million), financed by a loan from the African Development Bank. Support to the Community Forest and Wildlife Management Project (USD 9.6 million) funded by the Dutch government. The project promotes the implementation of CBNRM in Magoe District, Tete Province as an approach to participatory management of wildlife resource use between government, the private sector and local communities.
Partnerships
Implementation of Partnership Policy
The arrangements made by the government are intended to allocate part of the income from the private organization's activities to local communities. The local communities and the government also share responsibilities in controlling the resources, while the private operator's main duty is to run the business. The agreement included the principle of joint management of the Niassa Reserve between the private company and DNFFB.
Introduction
Interviewee profile
Only a small proportion knew nothing about the state of the resource base and how it might have changed (7% and 9% respectively). Interviewees in Chimanimana indicated overall support for the policy of community participation in natural resource management and 89% of respondents indicated awareness of government efforts to. However, there were people who did not answer some questions or said they did not know.
Therefore, 50% of respondents do not know whether traditional authorities set harvest quotas, while 47% think this is not the case. In the case of Chimanimani, the alliance is fragile because it is based on a confused view of the relationships between the benefits experienced by the community and their maintenance.
Natural resource utilization
Awareness about the Forest and Wildlife Policy and Legislation
The majority of respondents (84%) indicate that they are familiar with the policy and legislation (Table 6.8). The majority of people (58%) say they do not know whether traditional authorities regulate the use of wildlife, while 36% of them think this is not the case (Table 6.9). People were consistently evenly divided between those (43%) who said they did not know whether traditional authorities regulate the use of wild animals, and those (38%) who said they did regulate the use of wild animals.
Introduction
Local people were found to have little understanding of the government's intentions, and most said they had few opportunities to engage in the process (ie, little objective empowerment). Here there is evidence that local people take positions that oppose the reserve's intentions. It will enable adaptation of policy in the long term and implementation in the short term to better suit the needs of stakeholders.
Stakeholder capacity
Financial resources
The success of the envisioned partnership was critically dependent on the validity of this assumption. It turned out that the intended investment did not go ahead and that the requirements of the cooperation agreement could not be met. The state of the system in EIA showed that people did not support the reserve and that the government was unable to revise policies to meet demands, especially those in the Maputo Elephant Reserve.
The usefulness of a conceptual framework
Getting a common understanding on the objectives of resources
The role of a conceptual framework as a model to address
The framework seeks to demonstrate that one effect can be a cause of others; therefore, the actions of the partners will influence the process of implementation, design and formulation of policy. While the traditional institution was quite strong in Chimanimani, it had a very weak understanding of the process followed and of its role in that process. In the case of MER, where hostility had built up over many years, commitment and special skills are required to build a supportive institution.
Monitoring and feed back
In MER, tension does not seem to be the focus of management and under such conditions it becomes destructive. Political support for the implementation of the conceptual framework can be the key to successful policy design, but on the other hand, it can also threaten the participatory process by not respecting it, especially when it challenges the current political dogma. In the MER, political backlash was evident in the conclusion of the Blanchard SODETUR Agreement, but a community-level response was not evident.
Conceptual frameworks policy design and implementation
Rather, it is characterized by a network of processes that operates as a complex system. As such, the best prospects for understanding the system and how it works are to be found in systems analysis along the lines used in this study. The intention was for the process to be a social rather than a technical process. Therefore, people should be the most important factor, as they will be responsible for building and maintaining partnerships based on mutual respect and trust. Because failures are almost certain to occur along the way, partnerships must be resilient if they are to overcome failures and design corrective actions.
Conclusions
Perceptions of the policy and its implementation would have been more positive and the prevailing attitude would have been more constructive than it is now. Report on Wildlife Exploitation in SADCC Countries. 1977) Legislayao Sobre a Actividade de Caya. 1995) Taxas devidas para 0 abate da fauna bravia no distrito de Magoe.Maputo. Development of a protocol for determining the desired state of river systems in South Africa, Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism.
