Media and Cultural Studies emerged in South Africa in the 1960s as a ground for conversation and debate between British and African perspectives (Tomaselli, 2002; De Beer and Tomaselli, 2000). The idea of subjectivity refers to the space of the self, the self and the factors that contribute to the constitution of the self and its agency in the world (Corner, 2011: 86).
Key dates and timelines
1910 - The formation of the Union of South Africa through the union of the four colonies. 1955 - Formation of South African Associated Newspapers (SAAN) through the merger of the Rand Daily Mail Limited and the Sunday Times syndicate (Horwitz, 2004: 38).
Maps
- Decolonising critical theory
- The idea of postapartheid South Africa
- The coloniality of representation and black African subjectivity
- Decolonising methodologies
- Zulu nationalism and the enduring elitism of the public sphere
- Afrophobia, neoliberal capitalism and memories of the African struggle
- Discursive constructions of black African subjectivity in postapartheid
Kort over Gauteng-provinsen (https://www.south-africa-tours-and-travel.com/map-of- johannesburg-south-africa.html).
Introduction
- Introduction
- The media, the urban, migration, scholarship and black subjectivity
- Research Problem, objectives and research questions
- Research problem
- Research objectives
- Research questions
- Background and context of the study
- The newspapers
- The ethnographic field: Johannesburg
- The media and cultural studies landscape in South Africa
- Positioning myself as a researcher
- Key conceptual and methodological issues
- Coloniality/decoloniality, the postcolonial and the colonial present
- Representation and black African subjectivity
- Decolonising methodologies
- Significance of the study
- Structure of the dissertation
The racism of the media in South Africa can be considered its birthmark. Consequently, subjectivity and the demand for the (human) human are deeply embedded in colonialism and coloniality (Mignolo, 1997; Wynter, 2003).
Decolonising critical theory
Introduction
Articulation and creolization
The media, migration and modernity are seen here as connected under specific post-apartheid conditions in the production of Black African subjectivity. The complicity of the media in the colonial project is discussed in detail in Chapter 3.
The challenge of beginnings
Placing Africa at the centre of theory
First, there is alienation, where the African was withdrawn from the "original self" and turned into an object and became a thing (Fanon, 1963; . Mbembe 2002). Ndlovu-Gatsheni notes that because the African subject emerges from the colonial project, any attempts at self-creation by Africans have failed because they have followed the Western colonial model (Ndlovu-Gatsheni, 2013b: 103).
The uneasy dialogues: Postcolonial, Marxist and decolonial theories
The concept of the diaspora emerges as a way to "the supremacy of national paradigms" (Procter. As a result of the centrality of migration and the diaspora, for Gilroy, "the figure of the migrant must be made part of Europe's history ” (2004) to challenge. : xxi).
The black African subject as ‘the human’
Sylvia Wynter's work has been effective in exposing the coloniality of the idea of man. In short, what "man" has come to mean has been under construction since 1542, with the colonization of the Caribbean.
Black Consciousness and the black African subject as the “envisioned self”
As the torchbearer of Africanist thought, Sobukwe took power from Anton Lembede and the young lions of the ANC YL. He was strongly influenced by the writings of Anton Lembede, the first President 2 of the ANC Youth League” (2018: 1).
The black radical intellectual legacy of South Africa
Mafeje reflects on the obsession with using tribalism as an explanation for the challenges facing Africa, questioning "could this be the distinguishing feature of the continent. For a long time, even the media pushed tribalism as ' an explanation for the civil wars of the first decades of African independence, the violence surrounding residences and townships and xenophobia.
Searching for a decolonial Marxist politics
Gramsci's concept of the subaltern is partially articulated in his discussion of the Southern Question. In a way, the peasants are represented by both the communists and the working class in the city, who are seen as the vanguard of the revolution.
Conclusion
Where Eurocentrism limits its argument, Sylvia Wynter and Fanon offer insights that enable us to restore 'the human' in the rubble of Western theory. This is what Fanon (1963) would call stretching Marxism a bit within the context of the colonial situation.
The idea of postapartheid South Africa
Introduction
It provides an in-depth history of the media and that of media and cultural studies in South Africa. In the last sections, the chapter discusses both media history and history of media and cultural studies in South Africa.
A brief history of South Africa
Thompson argues that in the hands of most "white South African establishment historians" the history of South Africa is always the history of European colonization. In the first years of the settlement of the company on the Cape of Good Hope, the economy of the settlers was largely based on agriculture.
Migrant labour system and the invention of black African subjectivity
As a result of the discovery of diamonds and gold in Kimberly and what would later become Johannesburg, the black African became a colonial laborer throughout the southern African sub-continent. The discovery of diamonds in the Transvaal area gradually led to the growth of the migrant labor system and the development of South Africa as a metropolitan regional economy.
Johannesburg, urbanisation and black African subjectivity
While the apartheid government, the Nationalists, wanted to limit black people to the Bantustans, the black subjects forcibly established themselves in the urban space. This black-on-black violence in the townships and hostels is seen as stemming from the racial violence of colonialism and apartheid in two ways.
Borders, anti-black violence and xenophobia
In that these borders extend inland, "empire is visible even in imperial capitals." In the post-apartheid moment, xenophobia is seen as a continuation of the anti-black violence of apartheid hostels, mining complexes and political violence in KwaZulu-Natal in the run-up to South Africa's independence in 1994.
The media and the absence/presence of black African subject
The South African Communication Service functioned effectively in service of the state's apartheid policy (Horwitz, 2004:36). The party is a combination of the South African Native Congress (SANC) which was founded in the Cape in 1898, the Natal Native Congress which started in 1900 and the Transvaal Native Vigilance Association which started in 1902 (Limb, 2000:83).
A short history of media and cultural studies in South Africa
Tomaselli notes that the libertarian ethos of the mostly English press in South Africa was modified by social responsibility during the 20th century. Since blacks were shut out of the media and academia, this search would have been futile and impossible.
The new South Africa: ‘Suspended revolution’ and xenophobia
It confirms the argument that blacks have never been part of the conversations in the media and in the academy, from the start they have been shut out. The breach or breach of the social contract between government and citizens is a serious problem.
Conclusion
The coloniality of representation and black African subjectivity
Introduction
Drawing on the work of Lloyd (2019), Foucault (1977) and Mignolo (2018), I argue that representation arises from modernity as a repressive technology of speech and representation, that is, the effective construction of the "Other". Following Wynter (2003) and Mignolo (1997), I argue that black African subjectivity, as a subject position that emerges from colonialism and now "colonial presence," is haunted by coloniality.
Positioning journalism and media studies in Cultural Studies
Studying journalists' work through a Cultural Studies framework became a major issue in Australia in the late 1990s to early 2000s, absorbing South African academics (Windschuttle, 1997; Windschuttle, 1998; Meadows, 1999, Strelitz and Steenveld, 1998; Tomaselli and Shepperson, 1998). First, this media power, however, is contested as it is not all pervasive.
Journalism and the ideologies of professionalism and objectivity
Waisbord (2013) notes that "journalists and scholars often refer to journalism as a 'profession' in the sense of a job or a profession. This critique "views professional journalism as a tool of governance, a technology of power in the service of the regime of truth".
Nationalism, citizenship and the coloniality of the public sphere
Habermas' concept of the public sphere is considered the most influential concept of the Frankfurt School (Beebee. Santos notes that the "theoretical and cultural presuppositions" of the concept of the public sphere are "entirely European.
Representation, modernity and coloniality
Prendergast notes that representation is an "essentially modern invention, one of the master concepts of modernity" (2002:2). This was to join the critique of the role of culture in shaping political subjects.
Subjectivity and the coloniality of ‘the human’
The first one is “the subject of grammar, the starting or driving principle of the sentence. This is because these institutions emerge as spaces where "the understanding of the subject of freedom" has always been thought in contrast.
Decolonizing African media studies
They note that “African systems of knowledge are easily denied because of the ways in which neo-colonialism, colonialism and global anti-blackness structure Western ontologies and epistemologies” (Asante and Hanchey. This dissertation aligns with the realization that decolonization is very important for Indigenous media because of their place in the language hierarchy of media studies and in media practice (Mohammed, 2022: 8).
Conclusion
Decolonising methodology
- Introduction
- The politics of qualitative research
- Interpretivism
- Data collection methods
- Sampling for journalism texts
- Observation, diary, photography, and qualitative and in-depth interviews
- Data analysis
- News discourse and critical discourse analysis
- Semiotics and visual analysis
- Ethical issues
- Conclusion
- Chapter 5
Guest, Namey, and Mitchell note that "the epistemological landscape in qualitative research is as diverse and complex as the various disciplines that use qualitative methods" (2013: 5). In the close reading of the news, I focus on the "existing discourses that operate in society" and how, in news texts, they are contested by the "struggle of alternative discourses to emerge" (Janks.
Criminals, illegals, dirt and dogs
Introduction
The first section deals with death, the zone of non-being and the biopolitics of death, where I analyze four stories and a photojournalistic image. The stories focus on traditional leadership, political leadership, business leadership and cultural leadership, in this case a musician.
Death and the biopolitics of xenophobia
Referring to him as "the body" and as a statistic is a continuation of the thing-fire attached to the headline. The description of Ernesto as "the security guard of Maputo" [7] already places him in a city (Maputo) and therefore in the global capitalist economy.
The crisis of leadership and the tragedy of xenophobia
The tenders commission is central to the story and is named the "inquiry" [3] or "grocery retail inquiry" [1]. However, they are portrayed as passive when they are at the mercy of xenophobia as the story refers to "looting foreign shops" [12] and.
The Marches
At the front, the idea of the people comes up strongly as the march is dubbed "the people's march against xenophobia" [1]. He says "the march in Pretoria was proof that citizens were fed up with crime" [6].
Conclusion
However, one of the men looks like he is talking to his compatriots to stop the confrontation. Third, the caption tries to fix the meaning of the photograph by telling us what is being said.
Zulu nationalism and the enduring elitism of the public sphere
Introduction
This chapter is organized in such a way that in the next section I discuss the specific type of translation that I used in my analysis of the five isiZulu news stories. In the last section of the chapter, I collect the emerging perspectives from the analysis.
Translation as colonising and decolonising
Critical discourse and ideological analysis of stories
- UShenge ukhale izinyembezi ngezifiki by Nonhlanhla Jele on 26 May 2008
- Zithi azifune kukhoseliswa izifiki by Nobuhle Mkhize on 26 May 2008
According to the story, the leader was overcome with emotion when one of the displaced women told her story. The headline of the story is reminiscent of the passages in the Bible where Jesus wept.
