Introduction and Overview
Introduction
- Overview of Swaziland and Biofuels
- The Sustainable Livelihoods Framework
Most of the rural population is found in the SNL which is held under the ordinary mandate. Since the growing of Jatropha curcas is a new activity, it should also undergo such scrutiny to be able to determine its contribution to the sustainability of rural household livelihoods in different contexts.
The research aim
The outcome of the activity depends on the options and choices available and made; and the policies and institutions within which communities carry out the activity of growing Jatropha curcas. In the absence of an EIA for the project and the absence of a government biofuels strategy during its inception, it is important to evaluate the impact the project has had on the livelihoods of the households growing Jatropha curcas within existing public infrastructure policies. and institutions.
Objectives
The study is to identify the various economic, situational, developmental and socio-cultural factors that contribute to improving or hindering the livelihood of the households through the growth of Jatropha curcas for biofuel to evaluate whether the project to lead sustainable livelihoods. the goal of rural development. Determine the effect that the policies and institutional conditions, within which the households' livelihoods and the growth of Jatropha curcas are shaped, have had on the outcome of the activity.
Clarification of Concepts
It includes the profile and composition of the household, where the profile includes information on the gender, age, health of household members, their education and skills and their availability for work. These are all the activities that the household undertakes to survive and reproduce itself.
List of Abbreviations
Physical capital: this includes farm equipment, shelter, infrastructure including clinics, schools, roads, dams, water and sanitation services, electricity supply, communication and information sources such as telephones, radio, television and the Internet. It is closely related to the different types of household capital described above, as it refers to the potential that the household has to make use of the assets it has to ensure a livelihood.
Sequence of chapters
Before embarking on a Jatropha curcas cultivation project, the farmers had to seek permission from the chief. Ultimately, these conditions shaped the impact that Jatropha curcas cultivation had on the livelihoods of households involved in this activity.
Chapter Summary
Literature Review
Introduction
Biofuels
Rural Development
- Vulnerability Context
- Natural Resource Management
- Land Tenure
Jatropha curcas
- Biodiesel
Jatropha curcas is said to be wind sensitive but can withstand mild frosts (Wiesenhutter 2003). Jatropha curcas is also used in folk medicine; jatropha latex contains an alkaloid known as
Growing Jatropha curcas a Sustainable Technology
The farmer must also decide on the inputs for each of the crops and risk preferences (Rajagopal and Zilberman 2007). This is what can be called the impact of the project on the livelihood of the people.
Impact of Growing Jatropha curcas
- Impact on the Vulnerability Context
- Impact of Growing Jatropha curcas on Land Use
- Impact of Growing Jatropha curcas on food security
The other argument is that Jatropha curcas is non-food feedstock from which biofuel can be produced. In India, Jatropha curcas is interspersed with Gram, a pulse used as food (D1 Oils 2006).
Policies and Institutions
There are other policies that apply across the spectrum of biofuels, although they are mainly used by developed countries. Articulating such challenges, Jumbe, Msiska and Mhango (2007:21) state that the SSA region should not expect the biofuel industry to develop effectively in the presence of numerous investment constraints that threaten to strangle the biofuel industry to death before it used to its full potential. realized for the African continent.
Summary
These same authors emphasized that the above measures should be complemented by greater investment in infrastructure, such as biofuel production facilities, storage depots, gas stations and transport systems. Without these measures, it will be difficult for most SSA countries to build and benefit from the growing international infrastructure. biofuel markets. UNCTAD (2006) states that locating biofuel feedstock processing in rural areas can make a major contribution to rural development, creating employment, improving infrastructure and making agricultural activities more profitable.
Research Methodology
Introduction
- Framework
Setting
- Population
- Agriculture and food security
- Economic Performance
- Mpaka
Swaziland is one of the smallest countries (17,364 square kilometers) on the African continent, and it is landlocked. The Lubombo region is located in the eastern part of the country, running from north to south.
Research Methodology
- Sampling
- Research Techniques
- Measuring Instruments
53 The field extension officer from D1 Oils is the representative of the proponent and investor in the Jatropha curcas farming project. SIPA is the department of the Ministry of Enterprise and Employment (Trade) that facilitated D1 Oils Swaziland's investment in the project to grow Jatropha curcas for biofuels.
Procedure
- Data collection methods and analysis
The first part of the interview was a questionnaire that had quantitative aspects and was completed at the beginning of each interview, followed by an in-depth semi-structured interview where notes were taken. Pictures were taken to identify any other details that the researcher might find useful in capturing data, particularly on the Jatropha curcas fields.
Delimitation of the study
In all cases, data were transcribed from notes taken during interviews and focus group discussions. Content analysis was conducted using the livelihoods framework as a conceptual framework to provide a coherent approach to analyze and understand the innovation of growing Jatropha curcas, a non-edible plant for biofuels, and how it has affected the livelihoods of the families of different in the community. of Mpaka.
Validity and Reliability
These materials provided a valuable source of information about the formal goals and objectives of the program. Not hearing the question through the same meaning/frame as that of the interviewer or other interviewees.
Limitation of Study
62 The other major limitation of the study was that it was conducted when the government had called for the suspension of further plantings of Jatropha curcas pending a strategic environmental assessment (SEA) which eventually led D1 Oils Swaziland to fold and close. offices. It actually steered the report of the results and findings to a different angle than was otherwise intended.
Summary
Another limitation of the study was in the development of the research techniques, in that the study was conducted under severe time and resource constraints, such that there was insufficient consultation with the supervisor when the measurement instruments were developed to sharpen the skills of the researcher in formulating measurement tools and performs the measurement or data collection. As a part-time student, the researcher has always faced a limitation in terms of access to academic information sources, as it is very expensive to subscribe or buy books and journals, even online, and it was not always possible to get to the university library, because of similar limitations.
Results
Introduction
Description of the project of growing Jatropha curcas in Swaziland and in
On 12 June 2007, D1 Oils gave a presentation to the biofuel task team at Esibayeni Lodge on Jatropha curcas and about the company itself. It also stated that the ultimate goal of Jatropha curcas production was the harvesting and sale of Jatropha curcas seeds to D1 Oils (D1 Oils Swaziland 2007).
Vulnerability Context of the households
- Vulnerability to Natural Shocks and Stresses
- Vulnerability to Social pathologies
- Household Heads
- Household Composition
- Housing
- Water and Sanitation
- Electricity
Seven out of twelve households (58%) are single parents, with five (71%) of these households headed by women, four (80%) widowed and one (20%) divorced. In one household, jatropha curcas was cultivated by the head of the household, who is a widower.
Capabilities
- Education
- Health
- Food Security and Nutrition
- Skills
In one of the households, there is a medical member for a child who is enrolled in school. On the other hand, 71% of male household heads have skills.
Assets
- Levels of asset holdings
- Land
- Water
- Goods and Services from the natural ecosystems
- Livestock and Poultry
- Social Resources
- Household Productive assets
None of the households reported that they sold or slaughtered livestock for the above purposes in the last 3 months. However, 100% of households with chickens reported using them for domestic consumption as a source of protein.
Use of Assets and Capabilities on the Activity of Growing Jatropha curcas96
- Land Tenure
- Project Administration at Local level
- Project administration at investor Level
- Project administration at Government Level
The private company in the project to grow Jatropha curcas for Biodiesel was D1 Oils Swaziland. At the local level, there was no connection between the government, local authorities, D1 Oils Swaziland and the farmers.
Stakeholders View of the Project of growing Jatropha curcas
- Farmers of Jatropha curcas
- D1 Oils Officer
- Constituency Headman
- SIPA Officer
- MNRE Officer
They also stated that they no longer wanted to have anything to do with the cultivation of Jatropha curcas, as they believed that the situation could not improve in the future. However, she pointed out that the investor D1 Oils Swaziland had ceased operations and there was no market yet for Jatropha curcas seeds.
Summary
She said this was because they did not yet have a model that showed the viability of growing Jatropha squash for biodiesel. 104 the policy and institutional conditions in the area of Mpaka and at the national level and finally was a report on the stakeholder's view of the growth of Jatropha kurkas as a development project.
Discussions
Introduction
The other aspect where farmers needed capacity building was in terms of agreement forms. Are there conditions that have been set by the chief (authorities) of the area in which you carry out the activity of growing Jatropha curcas.
Description of the project of growing Jatropha curcas
Vulnerability Context
- Drought
- Household composition in relation to the vulnerability context
- Housing
- Water and Electricity
- Food Security and Nutrition
111 from this point of view nothing could be added to the context of household vulnerability in Mpaka. Most (7/12) households have electricity and drinking water, but the poorest households do not.
Capabilities, Range of Assets and Activities for Livelihood
- Capabilities
- Health
- Education
- Social Resources
In all the families that were interviewed, the head of the family had received enough education to do basic reading and writing. This was an activity which had easily facilitated the activity of growing Jatropha curcas and was also mentioned as one of the main income generating activities of the households.
Policy and Institutional Conditions
- Land Tenure
The reason households are called 'landlords' is because under SNL tenure, the land occupied by rural communities is said to be under customary ownership and therefore cannot be sold, mortgaged or leased (Adams, Sibanda and Turner 1999). To say that the chief must know and approve what is happening in his area means that the people see the chief as an authority over the land they occupy and therefore as farmers they cannot decide for themselves what to do. better.
Impact of Growing Jatropha curcas
- Impact on Vulnerability Context
- Impact on Food Security
- Impact on Land Use and Water
- Impact on capacity
The farmers in the community of Mpaka expressed that the education given to them on the cultivation of Jatropha kurkas and its use was sufficient. This is also evident from the fact that the farmers do not know what Jatropha curcas can be used for other than to make biodiesel.
Summary
Conclusions
Introduction
Summary of Key Findings and Recommendations
- Description of the project of growing Jatropha curcas at Mpaka
- Vulnerability Context of the Households in Mpaka
None of the families had a computer which obviously means that there was no internet connection which shows a great limitation in the independent acquisition of knowledge. Growing Jatropha curcas for biofuels did not require a lot of family assets, as even the poorest of the family with very few reproductive assets were able to participate in the project.
Policy and Institutions within which Livelihoods are Shaped and their
The maintenance of the Jatropha curcas plantations was also made easy through intercropping as it kept weeds to a minimum and also improved household food security. Most of the farmers are women, who bear the responsibility of meeting the daily needs of household members, especially children and the elderly (Morrow 2000), and who also rely on small businesses to generate income.
Improvements to Methodology
This is crucial when other livelihood activities are introduced during the gestation period of the energy crops, such as intercropping, to avoid cases such as that where the farmer plants Jatrofa curcas and cassava in close proximity, which has a negative impact has on the livelihood of farmers. household. As an evaluation study, it would improve the quality of the findings if quantitative measurements were included where the quantity of Jatropha curcas seeds obtained by the different farmers in relation to the area planted under the stated conditions of Mpaka would be measured to evaluate the economic viability of the plant. project.
Further Research
This is because other communities in other regions of the country may be in a different context with different agro-ecological conditions and therefore the result of the research would be expected to be different. Mixed method research designs, in some cases integrating quantitative and qualitative methods, are now an established feature of program evaluation and policy evaluation research studies (Clarke and Dawson 1999: 86).
Summary
How many of the following assets do you or any other household member own? Has your HH received any of the following supports from family/friends in the last 6 months.
