The involvement of moral entrepreneurs in the news media in fighting crime is also explored. The news media's portrayal of crime, especially violent crime, should therefore be of utmost importance.
Rationale for study
South Africa is yet to eclipse this statistic, but the power of the media is still as strong as ever in terms of influence, despite the lack of Internet news in South Africa. The older a South African is, the less likely they are to ever use or have used the Internet.
Research problems and objectives
Research question
For the year 2000, the Miniwatts Marketing group (2012) indicates that only 5.5 percent of the South African population used the Internet.
Objectives of study
Key questions to be asked
Delimitations
Structure of dissertation
In particular the construction of crime in the South African context based on news aggregators. Stanley Cohen, a leading writer on criminology and sociology, was a champion of media and crime-related studies.
Moral Panics
Presentations leading to fear
The increase in crime reporting led to increased fear of crime from June to October. Newspapers differ in their levels of crime reporting; therefore, the fear of crime will vary between readers of certain newspapers.
Media’s role in moral panics
Young (1974) stated: “So the media can – in a sense – create social problems, they can present them in dramatic and overwhelming ways, and, most importantly, they can do it suddenly. Hunt (1997) mentions that the moral panic has its scapegoat, a place where public fears projected Cohen and Young's argument.
Moral panics: A Critique
It is suggested that moral panics maintain fear stories for news purposes and are part of social control (Marsh and Melville, 2011). The response to such crimes overlaps with the idea of moral panic and the way the media presents key factors as representative of a symbolically charged 'crime problem'.
Policing the crisis
This results in a closed loop, in that raiding is defined by the media and primary describers as a public issue and as a matter of public interest (Hall et al, 1978, p.75). The media does not create the news; it merely reproduces and supports its most salient interpretation.
Grassroots’ model
Hall et al's (1978) model of moral panic was designed to fill the gaps in Cohen's use of the term. Although moral panic is mentioned a lot, it is not the research's attempt to focus on moral panic.
News production
The main purpose of its discussion is to highlight the importance of media and its roles in moral panic and to form a case that justifies the research of the linguistic analysis of media text. Extraordinary news seems to take priority on the front pages, but what is extraordinary is itself very large: the dramatic; the sentimental and the somewhat humorous, can form part of the extraordinary (Rock, 1973).
Crime as news
Depending on the nature of the crime's violence, its presentation will be affected (Shuttleworth, 1974). Violence represents a fundamental violation of the person, the greatest personal crime being murder," says Hall et al.
Analysis of violent crime
Violent crime in the media
James (2010) uses the moral panic model to highlight why some issues are a higher priority than others. As more and more incidents are reported in this way, it becomes a hotbed for moral panic.
News values
People often complain that 'the news' is too full of violence; an item can escalate to the top of the news agenda simply because it contains a 'Big Bang'. To identify the dominant media images used to describe illicit drugs in the Australian news media in terms of five aspects of media framing: subject matter; the implied consequences of illegal drugs/use (legal issues, health issues, etc.); the extent to which drugs were portrayed as a crisis or emergency; the tone the journalist adopts (good news, bad news, etc.); and the implicit moral evaluation of drugs (risky, 'good', etc.);
Media and its Influence on policy
First, mass media can influence electoral competition because it is the channel through which politicians convey campaign promises to a forward-looking electorate. It is widely recognized that the study of mass media is a relatively neglected area in the social sciences.
Analysis of headlines
MacRitchie and Seedat (2008) argue that headlines portray road activities during Easter and the holidays as death zones. According to MacRitchie and Seedat (2008), print media use 'well-crafted' headlines to stay ahead of the competition.
Conclusion
Introduction
Representation theory
De Saussure offered a two-part model of the sign, these parts were called the "signifier" and the "signified". This would be the first level of the character (ie the literal meaning of the character).
Framing theory
The second phase of the experiment was held after a period ranging from a few seconds to months later. For example, subjects were shown part of a drawing or the first letter of the original stimulus word.
Schemas & stereotypes
If you listen to the last man's account of the contents of the drawing, you will probably discover that. The migration of the knife from the white man's hand to the black man's hand in memory shows that expectations about the world have an impact on the way events are remembered (Allport & Postman, 1958).
Framing effects
The word "trunk" as in the sentence Sam picked up the peanut with his trunk evokes the Elephant Frame and suggests that "Sam" is the name of an elephant. To illustrate, Lakoff (2008) gives the following directive: "Don't think about an elephant!" This is an impossible directive to follow.
Social construction theory
First, he believed that for true knowledge to emerge from social science, it must be neutral. The social or common stock of knowledge refers to the logic and common sense of human nature (Bannister & Mair, 1968).
Conclusion
Although it is not the main focus of the research, it will be mentioned in order to obtain a more holistic approach to the research. A clear idea of the methods and processes carried out to achieve the research objectives of the study will be given.
Research design
The constructs are derived from in-depth investigations of the subject of interest in the field of study (Jost, Mumma & Willis, 1999). Its purpose is to provide an explicit depiction of the structure, order, and broad patterns found in research data (Neuman, 1997).
Sampling
Visual representation of findings characteristics is more difficult to do and time consuming to characterize (Creswell, 2012). Semiotics is the study of how signs and symbols construct meaning in a text (Neuman, 1997).
Researcher as instrument
Data collection
Corpus
It is also important to define the period of the research so the distinction between what counts as violent crime and what does not. It was also important to situate 'violence' within a contemporary time frame because researchers speculate that high levels of violent crime are more easily reported by the media (Kaminski, 2013).
Data analysis
Data analysis process
After giving a general picture of violent crime as presented by the identified discourses, illustrative texts of the discourses were highlighted. Look at which categories of people benefit and lose from using the discourse.
Validation of research findings
Ethical considerations
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Reflexivity
Conclusion
This section presents some of the ways in which reports are compiled in terms of violent crime. The portrayal of the perpetrators, suspected or not, the victims and the depiction of the crime itself will be discussed.
Structure of articles
The sketch of a typical article
One of the two men, who had a rifle, fired one shot at the farmer. Isaac Amuah, the son-in-law of former president Nelson Mandela, will return to court in Randburg in February to begin extradition proceedings against him on rape charges, South African police said on Tuesday.
Intent of headlines
Perspective refers to the role that headlines play in orienting the reader's interpretation of subsequent “facts” in the article (White & Herrera, 2009). So the headline becomes extremely important to grab the reader's attention.
Linguistic presupposition
Quoting for authenticity
34; The man was arrested at his home in Osindisweni area on Wednesday," said Lt. Col. Vincent Mdunge. The journalist's main agenda remains as much as gaining readers as discussed in the literature review section.
The choice of words
Alternatively, a comparison can be made between other articles of the same incident and try to get at the full picture. When positive reporting verbs are used, it indicates that the reporter confirms the position of the speaker.
How paragraphs are used
Constructions of Perpetrators and Victims
- The painting of a criminal
- The gendered construction of perpetrators
- Dehumanising the rape perpetrator
- Victims in the news
- Victims at center stage
- The construction of ‘ideal’ or ‘ultra’ victims
- The construction of women as ultra-victims
- Construction of a ‘collective threat’
It is clear that, as with many social issues, the perpetrators—outsiders—of gratuitous violence tend to be viewed more negatively, and in a simplistic one-size-fits-all paradigm, as victims of violent crime—the insiders—were perceived more positively and more uniquely, carrying individuality. A 16-year-old girl was raped by seven men in Ivory Park in two separate incidents on Friday night [...] the girl was headed home from a party in Extension 7 in the early hours.
Motives
A pastor was arrested on Thursday for the rape of a 15-year-old girl [..] the pastor allegedly lured the girl to a place near a disused railway line [..] she tried to escape, but the pastor overpowered her. Even when motives were suggested, they were overlooked as possible factors that could influence the perpetrator's behavior. The only incident where motive and reason were given was in the case of the serial killer Taki.
Victim resistance
A 12-year-old boy was raped [..] The man asked the boys for money to buy a cigarette. When they said they were here, he grabbed one of them and dragged him to his nearby house [...] The victim was taken to Mankweng Hospital for treatment (Dec.
Childhood and old Age
Conclusion
Limitations and future directions
The representation of the criminal justice system (police, courts and prisons) was also not evident in the data set. There was a desire to conduct a study, but due to time constraints and the scope of the study, it was not possible to do so.
Recommendations
The ones in the pile were the ones going off': the reliability of violent crime statistics. Policy Convergence and Crime Control in the US and the UK Streams of Influence and Levels of Impact.
