You enabled me to develop an understanding of implementation theory and its application to public policy not to forget your academic and administrative assistance which contributed to the timely completion of this thesis. Through you I was able to strike a balance between my class work and writing this thesis which enabled me to complete this thesis on time.
Background
Here, structures tasked with the implementation process of the intervention have failed to do so and have instead adopted ways that scholars like Maina label as outdated. It further reviews the policy shift towards slum upgrading as an approach to eradicating slums and informal settlements and the implementation challenges encountered in effecting these changes.
Significance of the study
Lessons and conclusions from this study will help formulate appropriate structures, policies, strategies and procedures to improve the welfare of the urban poor and their housing environment. The study will provide further insight and information on the extent to which the program has succeeded and failed.
Research problems and objectives
This study will therefore harmonize these dimensions with debates on implementation issues and the failure of slum upgrading projects in Nairobi since Kenya's independence. In practice, the results of this study will contribute significantly to the understanding of some of the social, economic and political reasons for the rather slow adoption of the upgrade program and also to some extent its rejection.
Research problems and objectives: Broader issues to be investigated
There are very few studies that relate the complex situation that accompanies the implementation of slum upgrading policies. In addition, barriers to land ownership and obtaining secure tenure have continued to be contributing factors to the growth of slums, as the urban poor have no means of legally owning land.
Principal theories on which the research project is constructed
This has become a necessary strategy as slums and informal settlements continue to characterize urban cities in developing countries despite government efforts to curb their growth. It was against this background that it was emphasized that policy implementation is a complex process.
Research methodology
And because these policies are not participatory, interest groups, opposition parties and target groups are often left out of the decision-making process (Smith. The different analytical models of policies presented in them will help to understand the various issues that come into play in the implementation slum of policies. upgrades in Kibera.
Structure of dissertation
Conclusion
Introduction
Reviewing Concepts in Public Policy
- Public Policy
- Who makes policy?
- Factors influencing public-policy-making
- Policy as the implementation of goals
He defines politics as "the authoritative allocation, through the political process, of values to groups or individuals in society" (Easton, 1953:129). Dye (1982) points out that politics is not only about action but also about inaction.
Policy Implementation
- Top-Down perspective on Implementation
- The Bottom-Up Perspective on Implementation
- The ambiguity-conflict model
- Factors affecting successful implementation
- Threats to implementation
Policy ambiguity falls into two categories: (i) ambiguity of ends – measurable impact/change – and (ii) ambiguity of means – the means to an end (Matland. Hessing and Howlet add that policy implementation is an aimlessness subject to intra- and inter-organizational conflicts endemic to the public policy process.
Policy Implementation as a set of tasks
- Policy legitimization
- Constituency building
- Resource accumulation
- Organizational Design and Modification
- Monitoring the Progress and Impact of Policy Change
Brinkerhoff and Crosby argue that the nature of policy implementation efforts is characterized by different actors. In order to legitimize policy reform, policy reformers must market and promote the new policy to the various role players who can be influential in the implementation of the policy. When new goals and tasks are put in place, the existing organizational structure may require redesign or modifications.
Such modifications may present problems for existing procedures and routines which may be so entrenched that they become difficult to change. To make such assessments, the implementation process must be monitored and evaluated.
Conclusion
Brinkerhoff and Crosby claim that successful policy change can be evidenced by changes in behaviour, improved benefits for beneficiaries or improvement in production and efficient use of resources. However, it is important to note that some programs' benefits may only be experienced in the long term, therefore monitoring the progress becomes the most ideal.
Introduction
Definitions of slums
Secure Tenure
During the colonial period, the British government took control of large tracts of land under the guise of the utilization of unused land policy. When Kenya gained its independence in 1963, it inherited the land that had been under British control as part of the. The study found that the majority of the structures are on land that is either government owned or privately owned.
Furthermore, according to Amnesty International due to the haphazard nature of slums, many structures are built on land that is meant for infrastructure such as roads, railway tracks and power lines and therefore face with the threat of eviction or demolition as they have not had. any legal or perceived security of tenure. In its 2005 slum upgrading strategy, the government acknowledges that it faces numerous challenges in ensuring the majority of people living in the city's slums are safe.
Slum Upgrading
However, the government is committed to improving the physical and economic frameworks of slums to resemble those of urban structures. Amnesty International's (2009) perception of secure tenure resonates with that of UN-HABITAT in that if individuals can achieve tenure security, there will be an emphasis on housing improvement and development which will lead to improved living standards and the achievement of housing rights. The lack of secure tenure in most of Nairobi's slums explains the lack of enthusiasm to provide improved housing and infrastructure.
It is also the integration of the authentication of property ownership and rights through surveys and titles. However, Werlin warns that modernizing slums requires the government to acquire land for modernization and relocation purposes.
Past slum interventions employed in Kenya
Phase One
However, small inner-city slums without the benefit of political patronage continued to be eliminated. This ambitious housing program provided only a fraction of the housing units needed, while at the same time displacing thousands. Further evidence that the state was paying attention to the spread of slums and informal settlements was the appointment of a commissioner for residents who, with the head of the central government administration (the district commissioner) was responsible for maintaining and regulating the settlements (Amis , 1990; Ross, 1973) (cited in Majale.
At the same time, the Nairobi City Council (NCC), which was responsible for setting up and managing most of the public housing in the city, soon realized that the demand for housing was increasing every year and that its ability to provide adequate housing was inadequate, so the council began to pursue other courses of action in the direction of providing affordable housing (Majale. 1978 there was a change of government under President Moi, which only maintained the patron-client relationship of the previous regime.
Phase Two
What was even more interesting about this time was that as the struggle for multi-party elections began to intensify, so did the vigor with which slum demolitions were carried out. This tribe formed the majority of the opposition party calling for multi-party democracy in Kenya. Inasmuch as this gave a brief respite to the residents who had used the savings they had to rebuild their homes and businesses, Klopp describes this as feigned support on the part of the President, for on October 18, 1990, without warning , the city bulldozers finally came. destroyed the village of Muoroto.
Although the stated purpose of the evictions was to keep the Central Business District (CBD) in the heart of the city decent and clean, these cleansing operations began to infiltrate slums far from the CBD. Furthermore, contrary to NACICO's claims, the city inspector, Johnsone Wahome, told the press at the time that the.
Phase Three
Conclusion
Introduction
Kibera
Proximity to the city center provides a cheaper land for people from rural areas who move in search of employment opportunities. The multi-ethnic nature of Kibera's populism combined with the tribalism that characterizes Kenyan politics has seen Kibera host a number of small ethnic conflicts throughout its century-long history. The Nubians, the original settlers of Kibera, have always claimed the land and are currently pursuing the issuance of deeds by the British government based on a 70-year-old grant letter from the colonial authorities.
Finally, the largest group of claimants are tenants, who constitute 93 percent of Kibera's residents (Mulcahy and Chu, 2007: 14). Mutisya and Yarime estimate that about 10% of Kibera residents own the structures and subjugate them to the remaining 90% (2011).
The Kenya Slums Upgrading Program (KENSUP)
Assessment
On Habitat Day in October 2004, the two partners launched the Kibera-Soweto pilot project with graphic media presentations of the planned redevelopment of the slum into orderly blocks of flats. According to Mulcahy and Chu, the design of the structures was done through collaboration between the Nairobi City Council, UN-Habitat, the University of Nairobi and the residents of Kibera. The residents showed the initial plans during community meeting and were able to make changes to the schemes; however, residents had no input prior to the presentation of the plan.
The cause of this delay was apparently due to the problematic role faced by UN-HABITAT in relation to KENSUP and the Kibera-Soweto pilot. Therefore, according to Huchzermeyer, UN-HABITAT shifted its entry point to slum upgrading and limited itself to providing basic infrastructure such as water and sanitation.
The Move to Paradise
Furthermore, the Minister of Housing confirmed that the Langata drop-off site project is one of many projects that the Government has been working on in an effort to do away with slums in 10 years (Koross, 2009b). Flores and Calas (2011:5) further argue that several tenants refused to be relocated to Lang'ata because they did not want to pay higher rent than they pay in Kibera (The apartment rent is KShs USD) per month compared to Kibera average of KShs 500 (5.7 USD) per month)6. Regarding the Lang'ata housing design, Flores and Calas (2011:5) describe the apartments as 50m2 organized in three rooms (where one room is used as a living room and the other two as bedrooms); 1 bathroom (washbasin, toilet and separate shower); a kitchen and a small porch (where people can wash and dry laundry) (Figure 6).
In 2011, the government introduced a new program, the Kenya Informal Settlements Improvement Program (KISIP), to complement KENSUP. This was done to further promote Kenya's Vision 2030, in which the government envisioned a "well-settled population living in an environmentally safe urban environment" (Kenya Vision.
Challenges Facing the Implementation Process of KENSUP
- Community Participation
- Multiple Actors
- Secure Tenure
- Politicization of the Upgrading Program
Employees of the Slum Improvement Department (SUD) were quoted (in Flores and Calas, 2011: 7) as admitting that it is currently students from the University of Nairobi who currently reside in the langata apartments. However, KENSUP's heavy reliance on UN-HABITAT caused disruptions and delays in the implementation of the first phase of the programme. Land rights in Kibera are claimed by four categories of people whose overlapping claims have made the implementation of the upgrade plan unsuccessful.
The complexity of Kenya's land tenure system and the conflicting demands for land rights have made the issuance of secure title the most challenging part of the upgrading process. This is one of the strategies that Brinkerhoff and Crosby lay out as relevant for successful implementation to take place. Furthermore, the politicians have managed to shift the focus of the residents from development to politics, which has caused further delays in the implementation of KENSUP.
The upgrading process in the slum must improve the living situation of the slum dwellers without changing their socio-economic life.
