Where the work of others has been used, this is duly acknowledged in the text. It first examines the important historical processes that led to the declaration of the first modern protected area in 1872.
Hunters become Shepherds
Stevenson-Hamilton, the first ranger of the Kruger National Park, hunted extensively in Zambia (Carruthers and his director saw it as his duty to protect the antelope and 'game stock' at the expense of predators. Early rangers often saw it as their duty duty to protect 'game animals' and easily killed all predators in national parks, including eagles, owls and snakes (Smuts.
The First Modern Protected Area
The connection between national pride and the danger of irreparable loss is important in the early efforts of the early American conservation movement. One of the highest ideals was the concept of setting aside land as common property for the protection of nature, and closing the border would prove to be just that.
Influence of the Sporting Lobby and Naturalists
National parks soon became popular attractions in America, something Stevenson-Hamilton wished could be said of the South African public. The first national parks in the United States crystallized "the romantic settler frontier experience that brought some of the earth's most spectacular and monumental scenery within the shadow of a self-conscious new nation." Carruthers.
Interconnectivity of New Nations
Influence of British Administrators
The Provisional Government therefore quickly re-declared the three ZAR reserves that had been abandoned during the Anglo-Boer War. This is important because although the idea of leaving land fallow specifically for nature began in the United States, there is evidence of different approaches in the colonies of the "English World".
Cultural influences in the Anglo World
34;Strengthening the enthusiasm for wildlife was the fact that the sports lobby in Britain was extremely powerful. The imperial administrators of the Transvaal were also influenced by the literary work of 'penitent butchers' ..who lamented the decline of wildlife in the area. that it was a 'precious inheritance of the Empire'." (Carruthers, 1995:29). Apart from sharing a common language and culture, there is evidence to suggest that early conservationists readily borrowed ideas from their colleagues in the Anglo- world sought.
Protected Areas create momentum
I happen to hear a lot about the US National Parks and their success as a public attraction. Miller states that in the United States of America the land area under the protected area network increased significantly between 1970 and 1994 with a 2.8-fold increase in the National Park system, a 3-fold increase in the National Wildlife Refuge system and a 9-fold increase in national Wilderness Areas.
Increase in number of Protected Areas
Despite the reservations being de-proclaimed at the beginning of the 20th century, with increasing urbanization, and an increasingly prosperous middle class emerging in a number of colonies, this trend was reversed. In South Africa, the recent increase in the number of protected areas has even led to the re-establishment of some of the previously abolished parks, particularly Pongola and Dongola.
Game Preservation in East Africa
Protected areas in South Africa that were declared include the continent's first game reserve, Pongola, which was abolished in 1921 after it was found to contain too little game (Stevenson-Hamilton. Human population growth in Kenya, the limits of The country's 22 national parks, established since 1946, have remained intact (Leakey.
Ascendance of Science
Date
Summary of Important Historical Processes
The situation in Lesotho is reminiscent of the conflicts that took place in the United States in the early 20th century between those who supported sustainable use and those who favored sustainable use. In 1993, the Lesotho Managed Resources Areas Order, No. 18, established the legislative framework for protected areas of the equivalent of IUCN categories V and VI.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
To construct a conceptual framework based on a historical understanding of the establishment of protected areas in the colonies of the English world. To determine the main constraints that have worked against the establishment of protected areas in Lesotho;.
IUCN Protected Area Categories
Land and/or marine area subject to active intervention for management purposes to ensure the maintenance of habitats and/or meet the requirements of specific species. Large area of unaltered or slightly altered land and/or sea, retaining its natural character and influence, without permanent or substantial habitation, which is protected and managed to preserve its natural state.
Land area designated as Protected Areas in African countries
Source: calculated from information obtained from the World Conservation Union www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/UN_listl accessed 11 January 2005.
COMPONENT B
CONTENTS PAGE
- Conservation and the Importance of the Anglo World 46 4.3 The First African Colonial Conservation Policies 47
- INTRODUCTION
- AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
- Research Objectives
- METHODOLOGY
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
- Rapid Depletion of Natural Resources
- Conservation and the Importance of the Anglo World
- The First African Colonial Conservation Policies
English sport hunters and the latent interest of the upper class in wildlife as a resource to be hunted played a crucial role in the establishment of the first African protected areas. This research describes the historical processes that resulted in the establishment of protected areas, mainly in the colonies of the English world. To explore the global historical processes that resulted in the proclamation of the first modern protected areas;
A literature review was conducted to investigate the historical processes that led to the establishment of the world's first modern protected areas. What influence did the English world exert from a conservation perspective and the establishment of the first protected areas? The importance of conservation in the African colonies of the English world becomes even more striking when the current network of African protected areas is examined in detail.
British Africa
Conservation History of Lesotho
One of the first Europeans to settle in Moshoeshoe's kingdom was the French missionary, Eugene Casalis. The days on which they leave are welcomed with enthusiasm by the less affluent part of the population. Those of the natives who could procure horses and carts had facilities for hunting, which were unknown to their fathers.
In the minds of the settlers, the frontier was not yet closed and hunters even ventured as far north as East Africa. With the completion of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project in the late 1990s, two de facto protected areas in the Maloti Mountains were partially established. Local communities adjacent to both Bokong and Ts'ehlanyane receive a percentage of the tourist revenue generated, but.
LEGEND
RESULTS
- Conceptual Framework
- Interview Results
Historical events that took place mainly in the colonies of the Anglo world from the mid-19th century are illustrated in the conceptual framework (Figure 3). While the colonies were still expanding and the use of natural resources, especially wildlife, was a vital expansionist resource, colonial societies were ambivalent about wildlife protection and often disagreed with administrators' conservation efforts. In a number of settlement colonies, the emergence later in the 20th century of an affluent, urban class with tenuous ties to nature and the countryside, but with nostalgic and patriotic memories of the role nature had played in the forging of the nation, made that increasingly popular among urban dwellers to the exclusion of other protected areas.
With the majority of the population living in cities, the partisan interests of rural residents become less politically important than during the early years of the colonies. The conceptual framework describes the historical events that took place in the colonies of the English world, and especially in the United States of America, Canada, New Zealand, Australia and South Africa. There are a number of countries that were former colonies of Britain where protected areas are not an important feature of the current political economy.
SETTLER SOCIETY ENVIRONMENTAL & SPATIAL LEGISLATIVE
DISCUSSION
Unlike the settlement colonies, Lesotho does not have an urbanized, influential and prosperous middle class, with a long cultural association defining hunting as a noble sport, to support the establishment of protected areas in the country. The historical overview of the past 150 years suggests that a number of critical factors influenced the proclamation of the first modern protected areas in the English world. The majority of Lesotho's wildlife had been exterminated before the arrival of British colonial rule, so there would have been no compelling reasons for British administrators to establish protected areas.
Pongola Game Reserve was not viable in an era that predated modern wildlife management techniques, so it would have been somewhat unusual for British administrators to establish protected areas in Lesotho a century before the development of trapping techniques of games. The historical events already described, which caused settler anxiety following the rapid overexploitation of wildlife and forest resources, are not evident in Lesotho as the socio-economic conditions of the country differ markedly from other colonies of the Anglo world. Although there is international pressure on the country to adhere to a number of environmental treaties, it is difficult to conceive of practical alternatives that will result in the expansion of the country's protected areas.
CONCLUSION
Lesotho's current socio-economic realities therefore require conservationists and international donor agencies to devise new strategies that will result in an expanded protected area network of appropriate categories while delivering tangible economic benefits to communities. Large area of unmodified or slightly modified land and/or sea, features and/or species, primarily accessible for scientific purposes. National Park (protected area managed mainly for the ecosystem Natural Monument (protected area managed mainly for protection and recreation) preservation of specific natural features).
Natural area on land and/or sea, designated to protect the area containing one or more specific natural or natural/cultural. Managed resource protected area (protected area Other uncategorized conservation areas managed mainly for the sustainable use of natural ecosystems). This is listed as category sustainable flow of natural products and services to meet unallocated (UA) in UNEP-WCMC lists of protected areas.
Interview Transcripts
They are deliberately protected by the chief Do you know the name of the chief. In terms of the government, do you think the government saw the environment as important. It was not conservation of all nature, it was kind of highlighted or selected conservation.
Following on from that point, one of the things that confuses me about Lesotho, if you look at the terrain it is very rugged or mountainous. And the problem in Lesotho was that by the 1840s most of the game had been shot by white settlers in the Free State. Exactly how it started I'm not sure, but It was an initiative of the National.
If you have more animals than everyone else, then you are the best in the community, regardless of the effect of the limited amount of pasture available. So that based on the support we provide, this thing will succeed.
