The study used illustrated practical examples to show how GIS-based cadastral data can support land administration as practiced by different divisions of the Municipal Office of Asmara City. It is recommended that the Asmara Municipal Office adopt the designed GIS-based database.
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF ACRONYMS
INTRODUCTION
- General Introduction
- Problem Statement
- Aims and Objectives oftbe Study
- Objectives
- Limitations of the Study
- Structure of Thesis
A review of land and cadastral information systems in the city of Asmara reveals that decision makers are currently not receiving enough information from these systems to make informed decisions. The fourth chapter presents a description of the materials and methods used to achieve the objectives of the study.
LITERATURE REVIEW
- Introduction
- Land
- Urban Land
- Urban Land Administration
- Land Information Systems
- The Cadastre
- Historical Perspective of Cadastre
- Cadastral System Components
- Importance of Cadastre
- Geographic Information System
- Analytical Functions of GIS
- GIS-based Cadastral Databases for Municipal Offices
- Cadastral GIS for Property Taxation
- Urban Planning
- Public Services
- Summary
There are many definitions of "land administration", mainly caused by a different understanding of the word "administration". Anderson (1981), points out that land information system is an aid in the planning and development to maintain and improve the standard of living.
THE STUDY AREA
- Introduction
- Eritrea
After thirty years of bitter struggle, Eritrea achieved total de facto independence on May 24, 1991, following a stunning defeat of the occupying Ethiopian forces. Eritrea is located in one of the most strategic places in the world and has a long coastline of 1,200 kilometers.
Legend
City of Asmara
Although it would be easy to think of Asmara, the Eritrean capital, exclusively as an Italian-built colonial city, its origins date back some 700 years. 34;Zanta Ketema Asmara" which literally means history of Asmara, tells that originally there were, it is said, four tribes that lived in the present Asmara area on the central highlands. After the victory, a new name was given to the place given, "Arbaete Asmara" which literally means that the four are united.
The slope falls slightly as we move from the northern part of the city to the southern part of the city. The highest point in the city called "Forto" is in the western part of the city. The high altitude and location in relation to the Red Sea make the plateau, where Asmara is located, cooler, wetter and more suitable for rain-fed agriculture compared to the surrounding lowlands.
Land Tenur~ Systems in Eritrea
It began to consider this type of national land reform and a new land tenure system was formulated in 1994. The new land tenure system initiated a nationwide reform program establishing ownership of all land in the government while granting a usufructuary land for agricultural use and Tessarights (land for indigenous residence) and9 providing land leases for domestic and foreign investors (Eritrea Land Proclamation 'No. 58/1994).
Land Information System in Eritrea
Introduction of GIS in Eritrea
Cadastral System and Land Registration in Eritrea
Property Taxation System in Asmara City
Currently, the powers to set the property tax in the city of Asmara have been given to the Municipal Office. Although property tax is considered the main source of revenue for the Municipal Office, the database system of the Asmara Municipal Office shows that it is not well utilized. Under such a system (Table 3.2) a fee is imposed per square meter of the building surface, and sometimes the total land surface.
Any building or property, which is less than or equal to 50 square meters, is supposed to pay 3.0 Nalifa (Eritrean currency) times the total area. The Asmara Municipality Office sees property tax as an attractive and promising option for financing public service operations and providing the government with access to a broad and expanding tax base. Moreover, the Municipal Office sees the property tax as a source for increasing the efficiency in financing the provision of services.
Public services such as water supply, street lighting, sewerage, transport roads and health and safety services can be improved if taxes can fully cover both the operating and capital costs of the town hall.
Urban Planning in Asmara City
The Asmara Municipality office makes countless land-related decisions every day, and deals with property development, infrastructure and new development projects and also deals with activities such as the delivery of public services. The capacities of the Municipal Office to effectively and efficiently deal with these tasks are limited as there is no GIS-based cadastral database for the city of Asmara. Currently the main challenge of the Municipal Office of Asmara is planning and deploying new public services in a sustainable, effective and efficient manner, so that these services are accessed equally by/all city residents.
Summary
MATERIALS AND METHODS
- Introduction
- Data Need~d for the Study
- Data Collection
- IKONOS Imagery
- CAD Data
- Data processing
- Spatial Data Processing
- Modeling Network Data
- Property Appraisal System
- Selecting Factors that Influence the Value of Property
- Service Area Assessment and Allocation
- Allqcation
- Summary
PC ARC/INFO was also used to convert and build the topology of the existing AutoCAD data of the city of Asmara. The final product of the spatial data processing was: plots in the form of polygons representing real estates together with unique identifiers and roads of the city of Asmara and their unique identifiers. A conceptual diagram of the non-spatial cadastral unit relational database is shown in Figure 4.4 and Appendix D.
RID was used to associate roads with the spatial attribute table of the road network. For the purpose of this study, each street segment was assigned a speed limit based on the traffic code of the city of Asmara. GIS cost path analysis was used to determine hospital and fire station service catchments via a road network.
Therefore, the focus of the analysis will be on the following factors: the nature of the geographic area served, the land use pattern of the location, and the maximum travel speed that responding units can expect to maintain.
Results and Discussion
- Introduction
- The GIS-based Cadastral Database
- Querying the GIS-based Cadastral Data
- Banded Property Taxation system
The following eight maps of Asmara city were produced: Agriculture (Figure 5.3), Residential plots (Figure 5.4), Alternative land uses (Figure 5.5), Vacant areas (Figure 5.6), Administrative zones (Figure 5.7), Plot areas (Figure 5.5). 5.8), Packages relating to social and religious activities (Figure 5.9) and Commercial Packages (Figure 5.10). A land use map was generated, Figure 5.3, to show the land use of Asmara city, which is important for city administration. Industrial, vacant areas, commercial, informal settlements, educational, agricultural covers and 5% of the total area of the city.
24% of the residential parcels were identified as a secondary land use such as groceries, stationery, etc. In the city of Asmara, when the officials of the Municipal Office request information about vacant areas for development, the process of identifying such areas takes time and resources. A map showing the areas of individual parcels, (Figure 5.8), was created from the designed database as a means of comparison with the nominal parcel size obtained from the planning department of the Municipal Office.
A map showing commercial plots such as groceries, restaurants, bars and cafeterias is shown in Figure 5.10.
III ",I 400 Metre 0 Boundary
Hospitals and Fire Stations Service Area Assessment and Allocation
- Service Catchments of Hospitals
- Service Area of Fire Station
This figure shows that the southwestern part and some parts of the northeastern part of the city of Asmara are outside the catchment area of the hospital service. 32% of the total area of Asmara city can be reached within 16 minutes by car from Ftre station. Generally, most of the city is in the zone, which is beyond the recommended response time.
This option, Figure 5.20, consists of placing three fire stations in the most sensitive parts of the city, one of the stations, called location one, is located in the north of Asmara. This station would cover the metal industry and the textile industry and cover a considerable residential area currently uncovered in the south-east of the city. These new stations are located in the north-east and north-west parts of the city of Asmara.
These stations are expected to cover the residential areas of the city to the east and west of Asrnara city.
Summary
This option brings another alternative, which is very expensive and covers the entire city with fire stations. Although it is expensive to build five new fire stations, this option would provide the entire city with satisfactory fire stations in terms of response time.
CHAPTER: 6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
The designed GIS-based cadastral database gives administrators the ability to address factors that previously could not be addressed, such as access to the CBD. Many complex analyzes can be performed using GIS, which can improve the accuracy of land valuation and automate the land valuation process. One of the goals of the study was to develop land valuation for real estate taxation purposes: he believed that the band approach to real estate tax, if designed to reflect .. the structure of real estate values in terms of the number of bands, size. bands and tax structure ~and to overcome these technical and administrative problems, problems with equality and fairness of property tax administration in the city of Asmara.
This system is supposed to maintain the horizontal and vertical fairness of taxation in the city of Asmara. The results of the service coverage of hospitals and the only fire station show that a considerable area of the city of Asmara is not covered by the coverage of service areas. With the help of GIS, the created cadastral database was investigated to model the distribution of locations to recommend suitable locations for new fire stations.
The main aim of the study was to increase knowledge in the following areas: creating a sustainable and applicable GIS-based cadastral database for the city of Asmara, identifying the importance of GIS cadastral data and its application.
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