The study used mixed research methods, based on the integrative nature of the study's research design and philosophy. The study found that successful commercialization of a new product is influenced by consumer perception of it, proper application of launch decisions and the level of customer involvement.
GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE THESIS
- BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
- Commercialization of Technological Innovations in Zimbabwe: The Status quo
- RESEARCH PROBLEM
- OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
- RESEARCH QUESTIONS
- CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK & RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
- MOTIVATION AND RESEARCH CONTRIBUTION
- Market Opportunities
- Policy Interest
- Economic Development Interest
- Framework for Sustainable PPPs’ Development & Management
- RESEARCH APPROACH
- LIMITATIONS
- SCOPE OF THE STUDY
- KEY ASSUMPTIONS
- DISSERTATION STRUCTURE
- INTRODUCTION
- INVENTIONS OR INNOVATIONS?
- PERSPECTIVES ON COMMERCIALIZATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL
- Why Commercialize TIs? Why Focus On Commercialization?
- KEY DETERMINANTS OF SUCCESSFUL COMMERCIALIZATION OF TIs
- DETERMINANTS OF SUCCESSFUL COMMERCIALIZATION OF TI’S
- Commercialization Facilitators
- Factors Hindering the Successful Commercialization of Technological Innovations
- EMPIRICAL STUDIES ON FACTORS HINDERING COMMERCIALIZATION OF
- CONSUMER PERCEPTIONS AND TIs
- Wrong Target Market
- Innovation Types vis-à-vis Consumer Perceptions
- Market Location
- The Need to Manage Perceived Risks
- Post-Purchase Attitudes and Perceptions of the Innovation’s Early Adopters
- Perceptions on Radical Innovations
- Country of Origin” (COO) concept
- Perceptions regarding new product pricing, quality and value
- PRIVATE-PUBLIC PARTNERSHIPS (PPPs) IN COMMERCIALIZATION
- PPPs Defined and Conceptualized
- The Role of Private-Public Partnerships in Commercialization
- Developing a Framework for Creation of PPPs
- CHAPTER SUMMARY
- INTRODUCTION
- COMMERCIALIZATION AND SUCCESSFUL COMMERCIALIZATION OF TIs
- CATEGORIZATION OF COMMERCIALIZATION MODELS
- The Traditional Sequential New Product Development (NPD) Model
- Multidimensional Models
- Dimensional Model of Commercializing Innovations (Chiesa and Frattini, 2011)
- SUSTAINING CONTINUOUS COMMERCIALIZATION AND REALIZATION OF
- THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: MODEL OF COMMERCIALIZING TIS IN
- PROPOSED HYPOTHESES
- CHAPTER SUMMARY
The main objective of the study was to investigate the determinants of commercialization of technological innovations in Zimbabwe's research institutions. Based on the research findings, what can be done to improve the commercialization of technological innovations in Zimbabwe's research institutions?
RESEARCH AND COMMERCIALIZATION POLICY IN ZIMBABWE
THE ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT IN COMMERCIALIZING TIs
The same authors argue that, moreover, governments have a duty to provide services that influence the TIs by inspiring private sector R&D and facilitating technology transfer and commercialization. Legislation to provide the infrastructure and smooth technology transfer (TT) processes and commercialization of the national R & D outputs.
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH AND COMMERCIALIZATION POLICIES
- The Research Council of Zimbabwe (RCZ) as a Regulator
- Science and Technology (S & T) Policy Launch (2002)
- The Innovation Commercialization Fund (2005)
- Creation of the Commercialization of Research Department (CRD), (2009)
- From the year 2010 up to date
According to its mission (RCZ, 2014), “the Research Council establishes and maintains ties with professional organizations and knowledge centers to strengthen its role as a facilitator of national and international cooperation in the field of science and technology. A short survey by the Ministry of Science and Technology Development (MSTD), (2010) details some constraints on the commercialization processes in the country.
INSTITUTIONAL ROLE AND THE ZIMBABWEAN SCENARIO
- SIRDC and its Institutes
As noted earlier, Zimbabwe has managed to establish a number of research institutes since independence (1980) and after the establishment of the RCZ. Other established public research institutes include the Tobacco Research Board (TRB), Kutsaga Research Institute, Agricultural Engineering Institute (AEI), University of Zimbabwe (UZ) research institutes and other state universities and polytechnics, Harare Institute of Technology (HIT), Blair Research Laboratory (BRL), Henderson Research Station (HRS) and Cotton Research Institute (CRI), among others (RCZ Research Institutes' Database, 2013).
CHAPTER SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
RESEARCH DESIGN
- Mixed-Research Design (Mixed Methodology)
To examine factors that facilitate and inhibit successful commercialization of innovations in Zimbabwe's private and public research institutions. To assess customer perceptions of the state of innovation commercialization in Zimbabwe against their innovation expectations.
RESEARCH PARADIGM / PHILOSOPHY
Additionally, the researcher adopted the multi-methodology design because empirically, it has been clearly established that mixed methods are both "feasible and central to understanding technology research and commercialization" (Markman et al and this indeed i resembled this study.To explore the role of Private-Public Partnerships (PPP) in ensuring successful Research and Development, and Commercialization (R & D-C) of research results.
RESEARCH STRATEGY
RESEARCH POPULATION
By 'active' this meant that the institute had to be fully operational with an ability to produce marketable output (in the form of tangible, new products) and had to be registered with the Research Council at least during the study period. This ensured that the sampling frame was composed of only those research institutes with a capacity for commercialization.
SAMPLE AND SAMPLING
- Research Sample
- Sampling: Techniques and Procedures
These represented approximately 65% of the research institutions in Zimbabwe, which was considered a fair representation of the total sample, making the results of this study generalizable and reliable. Due to the mixed nature of the research methodology, the researcher used both probability and non-probability techniques.
DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS
- Questionnaire
- Personal Interviews
- Secondary Data Review
Section B required respondents to reflect on their access to the market as well as their preferences (if any) of the technological innovations from various research institutes. The questionnaire for the employees of the research institutes, which used the same structure as above, mainly aimed to collect the views of the employees on the determinants of the commercialization of technological innovations in their respective institutes.
PILOT TEST
Secondary data was useful because it provided the researcher with necessary background information and guidelines for the study. Previous empirical studies on the commercialization of innovations were reviewed, providing the researcher with insight into previous results of studies related to the current study.
DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE AND RESPONSE RATE
- Data Collection Procedure
- Response Rate
The responses to the open interviews were coded, tallied, cross-analysed (Patton, 1990) and thematically grouped, i.e. the use of trained research assistants and consistent follow-ups yielded 341 usable responses (251 from clients and 90 from research institutes). staff), while five of the planned six interviews were carried out.
RESEARCH FINDINGS VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY
These questions (variables) were divided into two themes with the respective values of Cronbach's Alpha. These questions (variables) were divided into two THEMES with the respective values of Cronbach's Alpha.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
This is the overall Cronbach's alpha for the customer questionnaire as measured by the internal consistency of perceptions, i.e. taking into account the results of research institutes and emerging consumer themes gives an average Cronbach's alpha of 0.9288, so the collected data was judged to be highly reliable.
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS
CHAPTER SUMMARY
DATA ANALYSIS AND PRSENTATION OF RESULTS
RESPONDENTS’ DEMOGRAPHICS
- The Descriptives for Customers
- The Descriptives for Research Institutes’ Respondents
Commercialization units or departments exist in all research institutes, with the majority (66%) of these units being found in the private sector, compared to 17 (34%) in public research institutes. The majority (36.7%) of respondents confirm that the NPD rate is average, followed by 23.3% who rate the NPD rate as poor.
FAILURE BY RESEARCH INSTITUTES TO COMMERCIALIZE
NEW PRODUCT ACCESS BY CUSTOMERS
For the purposes of ranking reasons for not purchasing and/or using at least one new product, “lack of access or market unavailability” was ranked as the most important by 64 of the responding customers. Import preference is overwhelmingly rated as the least important reason for not buying or using local innovations by 95 of the responding customers, accounting for 77.2% of the least important ranking.
DETERMINANTS OF COMMERCIALIZATION
- Factors Hindering the Commercialization of Technological Innovations
- Customers’ Views on Commercialization Determinants
- Institutes’ views on Commercialization Determinants
In the same table, 233 responses are recorded as having indicated one of the reasons that could hinder the commercialization of TIs to some extent. A total of 113 responses are recorded stating one of the reasons as a factor that could not hinder the commercialization of TIs at all.
CUSTOMER PERCEPTIONS ON ZIMBABWE’S INNOVATIONS
- Customer Expectations versus their Fulfillment
- Perceptual Mapping
Those who disagree that local innovation is preferred over imports also strongly disagree that Zimbabwean innovation is of high quality. Those who strongly agree that local innovation is preferred over imports also strongly agree that innovation in Zimbabwe is of high quality.
THE ROLE OF PPPs IN COMMERCIALIZATION OF TIs: PRESENTATION OF
- Risk Sharing
- Product Knowledge Sharing and Information Dissemination
- PPPs Improve Economic Competitiveness
- PPPs enhance Demand-driven Research
- Avoidance of Technology Duplication
- Enhancement of Capacity Building
- PPPs as Innovation Policy Tools
The interview participants state that these alliances in the form of PPPs "increase the visibility of the new product". The above views show a positive relationship between economic competitiveness and technology acquisition of research institutes.
ROAD MAP - MODEL PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS
- Measurement Development and Modification
Using Table Table 6.24a with variance accounted for below, any variable with a mean less than 0.350 is removed because it is judged not to contribute adequately to the principal components in this situation. In Table 6.24b above, the variance in the twelve variables is 63.342%, which has been maximized by removing five redundant variables.
THE ROADMAP USING AMOS
- The Initial Model
- The Initial Model Fit Measures
- The Final Model
- Summary of the Overall Model Fit
Autocorrelation was also performed and the autocorrelation plot of the parameter when using PKM to estimate sector support decays exponentially (as shown in the figure below), indicating a good fit of the parameter in the model. The null hypothesis here is that “the regression weight is not significant” and the alternative is that “the regression weight is significant”.
TESTING OF THE HYPOTHESES
The parameter polygon when using PKM to estimate sector support has a bell shape, which means that the posterior distribution of this parameter is normally distributed. The autocorrelation plot of the parameter also decays exponentially, indicating a good fit of the parameter in this final model.
CHAPTER SUMMARY
H2b: There is a positive relationship between successful commercialization and the government giving sufficient support for commercialization. H8: Successful commercialization of a new technology depends on the perceptions consumers or potential consumers have of it.
INTRODUCTION
DETERMINANTS OF COMMERCIALIZATION OF TIs IN ZIMBABWE
The competitiveness of the operating environment and market-related factors such as: who will buy the new product must be taken into account. Customer engagement also emerges as one of the key determinants of successful commercialization of technological innovations.
CUSTOMER PERCEPTIONS OF ZIMBABWE’S INNOVATIONS
Chiesa and Frattini (2011) argue that customer acceptance is one of the key dimensions of commercialization success or failure, reflecting market acceptance of technological innovations. While these are indeed key perceptual issues, this study considers the availability and dissemination of information to be key, especially in the commercialization of new technological innovations.
THE ROLE OF PRIVATE-PUBLIC PARTNERSHIPS (PPPs) IN
Thus, the study shows that there is a positive relationship between economic competitiveness and the acceptance of research institutions' technologies. The survey respondents support the view that PPPs facilitate capacity building projects for their respective institutions.
CHAPTER SUMMARY
According to Martinelli et al. 2008), supporting Landry et al.'s (2002) findings, informal networks often facilitate more formal relationships that facilitate spin-off and licensing agreements with established firms. Even though governments are reported to exhibit some PPP behavior (Caerteling et al., 2013), this trend (identified by the study) has clear implications for policy makers.
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
SUMMARY OF THE THESIS’ REPORT
The researcher also addressed the issues of data validity, reliability, replicability, and generalizability of the study's results. The researcher conducted Cronbach's Alpha (α) reliability tests as part of determining the reliability of the study results.
CONCLUSIONS
The commercial performance of a new product can be influenced by the approaches (launch strategies) used to commercialize it and bring it to market, so there is also a positive relationship between successful commercialization and the launch strategies used. Simply understanding market expectations (in itself) does not guarantee successful commercialization of technological innovations – it is rather implementation of customer expectations that can guarantee successful commercialization.
CONTRIBUTION TO THE BODY OF KNOWLEDGE
This study unlocks value by exploring the role that PPPs play, particularly in the commercialization of technological innovations. Perhaps the main contribution of the study lies in the final model shown in Figure 8.1.
RECOMMENDATIONS
It is also necessary to conduct research for a proven market, because without a real market for the outcomes of the research results, success will remain rare. The Science and Technology Policy discussed earlier must therefore be sensitive to the demands of research.
METHODOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS
They should take full advantage of emerging social media communication platforms like Facebook, Twitter and Whatsapp to create new product awareness. Long-established experiences from the USA, as illustrated in literature (Bremer, 2001; Mowery, et al., 2001), show that formalized policies that actively promote transfer of government-funded innovations from research agencies to the private sector have been put in place.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY AND PROPOSALS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
A possible improvement of the study could include these variables, definitions and differences in the data collection instrument. Brester, Gary W, Marsh, John M, & Atwood, Joseph A. Distributional impacts of country of origin labeling in the US meat industry.
Ethical clearance certificate
Informed consent form
Research instrument 1 (Questionnaire for customers)
Research instrument 2 (Questionnaire for research institutes’ staff)
Research instrument 3 (Interview Guide)
Publications / Research Articles emerging from the Thesis’ and related themes
Language Editing Confirmation
