Dilapidated road infrastructure in Musina CBD
Illegal solid waste dumping sites in Nancefield Musina
A sack containing stolen electric cables that were recovered in Musina in 2015
Recreational land uses in Beitbridge Town
Untarred roads in Beitbridge town
Uses and Zoning in Musina Town, 2016
An extract of the status of the transportation network in Musina
An extract of major land Uses and Zoning in Beitbridge Town, 2016
Transportation network in Beitbridge Town as at 2016
Request for permission to conduct a study in Musina Local municipality
Request for permission to conduct a study in Beitbridge Town Council
Request for permission to conduct a study in Beitbridge Rural District Council
Request for permission to conduct a study at Beitbridge border post, Zimbabwean
Request for permission to conduct a study at Beitbridge border post, South African
Letter of approval from Beitbridge Town Council
Approval letter from Beitbridge Rural District Council
Local respondents’ questionnaire
Key informants’ questionnaire
Letter from the language editor
Turnitin Plagiarism check report
INTRODUCTION
- Introduction
- Purpose of the study
- Background to study: Musina and Beitbridge
- Why did Musina LM and Beitbridge RDC twin?
- Terms of reference of the twinning agreement
- The bilateral agreement context
- Statement of research problem
- Research aim and objectives
- Research aim
- Research objectives
- Research questions
- Scope of the study
- Contextual scope of the study
- Geographical scope
- Significance of study
- Research assumptions
- Definition of key terms
- Chapter summary
It is not clear how the twin implementation strategy of the Musina-Beitbrug twinning agreement has achieved objectives for the benefit of the two towns. Reference was made in particular to the mandate for spatial development and the implementation of the twinning agreement.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- Introduction
- The notion of twinning
- Trans-border twinning impact evaluation survey approach
- The research design
- Impact evaluation indicators of the twinning agreement
- Sampling procedure
- Primary data collection tools
- Secondary data collection methods
- Validity and reliability of data
- Data analysis and presentation
- Qualitative data analysis
- Quantitative data analysis
- Ethical considerations
- Goal achievement matrix
- Chapter summary
25 Outcomes of cross-border cooperation for space development: Insights from the Musina and Beitbridge Twinning Agreement. . review) were assessed to understand which aspects of the legislation were used in Zimbabwe. Snowball -SPSS -The status quo of the twinning agreement regarding space development cooperation.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
Concept of twinning agreements
- The origin and evolution of twinning
- Theoretical framework of twinning agreements
- Policy frameworks that inform twinning at international level
- Policy frameworks that inform twinning at national level
This section highlights some of the theories, models and theoretical guidelines that inform the basis of twinning processes. The theoretical framework of my research is informed by a number of disciplines as city-city cooperation hosts a number of issues and therefore can be examined using different theories. 32 Outcomes of cross-border cooperation for space development: Insights from the Musina and Beitbridge Twinning Agreement. a dominant position in global economics argues that world systems theory is "explicitly transnational" and concerned with "spatial dynamics of uneven development".
How previous studies of twinning agreements differ from the current study
- How the study entitled “Local economic development through twinning in SADC” of 2014 differs from the
- How the study entitled “A tale of two cities by UN-HABITAT” of 2007 differs from the current study
- How the study entitled “Strategic alliances in South Africa” of 2005 differs from the current study
De Villiers (2005), conducted a study entitled “Strategic alliances between communities, with particular reference to the twinning of South African provinces, cities with international partners”. The twinning arrangement statistics were therefore also generalized among other twinning arrangements in South Africa. The present study focuses specifically on the spatial elements of the Musina-Beitbridge twinning arrangement after more than a decade, which is a completely different scenario.
Experiences of best and worst case scenarios of twinning agreements
- Examples of best practices of twinning agreements and lessons learnt
- Examples of worst practices of twinning agreements and lessons learnt
On this occasion, the political leaders of the two municipalities expressed interest in the twinning agreement and added more concrete projects in terms of infrastructure development, education and health. In this case, a twinning agreement was implemented without making a proper assessment of the readiness of the receiving party. Stakeholders and political leaders should not take advantage of the twinning arrangement to further their personal journeys as this may jeopardize the success of the twinning.
Conceptual framework
The study was guided by an understanding of the development of twinning, theories, models, legislation, the implementation of twinning under study, experiences from elsewhere, the actors or stakeholders involved and the challenges faced. The outcome of the study was based on what is on the ground, as well as the effectiveness of twinning in achieving its goals. Effectiveness of cross-border twinning in achieving goals -Strategies for improving cross-border spatial planning through twinning.
Chapter summary
CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION OF DATA ON THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF MUSINA AND BEITBRIDGE LOCAL MUNICIPALITIES.
Introduction
General overview of Musina Local Municipality (LM)
On the southern borders are Tshipise and Mopane, and on the northwest it borders Botswana and Zimbabwe.
General overview of Beitbridge Town Council (TC)
Beitbridge has much in common with the Limpopo Province of South Africa in terms of culture and other resources such as river systems, labor, commercial and agricultural practices. The location of Musina LM and Beitbridge TC enables cross-border connections with Botswana through the Pontdrift and BeitBridge border posts. This makes the border post one of the busiest and characterized by various cross-border issues that affect cross-border development planning in Southern Africa.
Physical characteristics of Musina Local Municipality (LM) and Beitbridge Town Council (TC)
- Summary of Physiography features of Musina LM, South Africa
- The summary of Physiography of Beitbridge TC, Zimbabwe
- Common physiography characteristics of Musina and Beitbridge and trans-border spatial planning
Beitbridge District is one of the driest areas in Zimbabwe and falls under the agro-ecological region (IRT, 2011). This can reinforce the concept of cross-border spatial development planning with the concept of Transboundary Conservation Area (TFCA). Therefore, there is a need to link and share expertise on these two separate MoUs as they can work hand in hand in dealing with cross-border spatial planning.
Land use situational analysis of Musina LM and how transborder development comes in
- Residential land uses and the influx of immigrants in Musina
- Trans-border transit management in Musina
- How the twinning agreement can influence institutional land uses
- Recreational land uses that the twinning agreement could take advantage of
In the case of Musina, the location of the Beit-Bridge SEZ characterizes it as a gateway economic zone. The focus area of the MUTASSHI initiative was largely directed at the activity corridor between the town of Musina and the Beit-Bridge border post. The proposed development would include the establishment of a regional shopping center, warehouses, office buildings and industries. of the initiative was to reflect developments on the Zimbabwean side by making use of the friendship agreement between Musina and Beitbridge. One of the most important issues affecting the community and infrastructure of the city of Musina is the movement of large trucks through the city.
How the twinning agreement addressed service delivery situation
- Water services, Sanitation and Solid waste management
- Electricity service provision in Musina
However, they managed to prevent this and found some stolen cables in Zimbabwe. Although one of the aims of the twinning agreement was to address service delivery challenges, not much has been achieved. 50% of key informants from Musina indicated that theft of electric cable has recently become a problem around Musina, which continues to affect electricity supply in most parts of the city.
Land use situational analysis of Beitbridge, and how transborder planning comes in
- Why residential land uses In Beitbridge, where not enhanced by the twinning agreement
- Trans-border transit management in Beitbridge Town Council
- Inadequate institutional land uses, which should be addressed through collaborative planning
- Recreational land uses, where the twinning can capitalise on
Beitbridge City Council is also still working on ward demarcation to produce digitized maps. Tarred roads cover a total of 24.5 km while gravel/dirt roads cover 56.6 km. The city has a good road network with a railway line for intercity passenger and freight trains. However, Figure 4.7.4 illustrates some of the current recreational land uses in Beitbridge and how twinning can occur.
Service Delivery Situation in Beitbridge and how transborder planning comes in
- How water services, storm water drainages and solid waste are managed
- Inadequate electricity services in Beitbridge
At least 75 percent of the population uses the solid waste collection system, i.e. to bring their waste to a collection point instead of disposing of it informally in their yards or streets. Piped sanitation is available to approximately 68 percent of the population, and at least 75 percent benefit from solid waste collection. According to Zimstats, the people of Beitbridge Town Council have access to electricity, while 31.6% do not have access to electricity.
Summary of trans-border twinning development gaps derived from the situational analysis
According to key informant number 9, the high population in Beitbridge is putting a lot of pressure on the existing water and sewerage services as they always face problems of bulk sewage and burst water pipes because they cannot cope with the high population levels. Some local residents in the Beitbridge location of Dulibadzimu East are still practicing open defecation in the nearby forests. Key informant 9 indicated the importance of borrowing ideas from Musina to address sanitation problems in Beitbridge town council.
Chapter summary
This is because most of the goals aimed at infrastructure development, shared information, shared expertise on service delivery and special economic zones, but just as funding and staffing were insufficient. In the case of Musina, the location of the Beit-Bridge SEZ characterizes it as a gateway economic zone. There is a need to share information and expertise in service delivery to deal with road infrastructure, congestion, water service delivery, solid waste management and cable theft.
Introduction
The construction of the research questions was guided by Conell et al's key questions for designing twinning arrangements in Section 3.1.2.8 of Chapter 3 of this study.
Respondents’ demographic profiles
- Ward location of local residents
- Age of respondents
- Gender of respondents
- Home language of respondents
- Employment status of respondents
The age groups of the respondents were analyzed to understand the age groups. representativeness of the respondents who participated in the survey. Figure 5.2 showed that most of the local residents in Musina were young people, namely 15 years old. Respondents' home language was analyzed to understand the socio-cultural representativeness of our respondents.
Response to how the local residents were engaged
- Respondents’ level of awareness of the twinning agreement
- Programme of first encounter with the twinning agreement
- Period of first learning about the twinning development cooperation
- Respondents’ participation in joint implementation projects
- Programmes respondents participated in
- Respondents’ perception of the trans-border projects
- Local residents’ desires regarding the twinning implementation process
This shows that marketing and advertising of the twinning agreement did not take place on a large scale. In the local municipality of Musina, 65% of the respondents did not know about the existence of the twinning agreement, while 35% did. This reveals that most of the residents there did not participate in the spatial development projects that took place.
Discussions with key informants from both municipalities
The interviews focused on contextual evaluation, input evaluation, process evaluation, how twinning contributed to spatial planning and outcome evaluation of the cross-border twinning agreement in Musina and Beitbridge. Lendrum (2000) suggested that the evaluation of a twinning agreement should be measured against agreed key performance indicators that were established at the beginning of the relationship. K13 Male Department of Home Affairs, South Africa Immigration Officer Beitbridge Border Station, South African side.
Contextual evaluation of the twinning agreement
- Drivers of the Musina- Beitbridge twinning formation
- Evidence of benchmarking exercises undertaken
However, all 11 other officials indicated that they were aware of the twinning agreement and offered reasons as to what prompted the two municipalities to twin. From the local municipality of Musina, the key informants (K2, K3 and K4) indicated that during the preparation of the Spatial Development Framework of Musina, they realized that they had to consider the neighboring local municipality. To facilitate the movement of local residents between the two municipalities of the country through cross-border cooperation for spatial development.
Input evaluation of the twinning agreement
- Responsibilities given to departments
- Inputs that were put in place to kick-start the implementation process
To understand how responsibilities were divided to implement the terms of the twinning agreement, key informants were asked to identify the responsibilities assigned to each of the wards of Musina Local Municipality and Beitbridge City Council. All respondents indicated that a Joint Implementation Committee (JIC) had been established for each of the 8 themes of the Twinning Agreement, as indicated in Chapter 1 of this thesis. However, 70% of the local residents indicated in questionnaires that they were not aware of this twinning agreement.
Implementation process evaluation
- The implementation plan used
- Time taken to complete tasks
- Frequency of stakeholder trans-border meetings between 2004 and 2016
- Forums for communicating with local residents
The CEMR (2004) states that the implementation of a town twinning agreement must ensure the active participation of local citizens. To find out the level of stakeholder involvement, key informants were asked to indicate how much time it took to complete the discarded twinning projects. From 5.7.2 above, the key informants generally indicated that shortly after the agreement was signed in 2004, they would meet 4 times a year, as agreed.
Responses on whether the implementation process contributed to spatial planning or not
- Evidence of sharing spatial planning development information and expertise
- How were inadequate and decaying infrastructures addressed through the twinning agreement?
- The strategies used to integrate spatial planning legislations from different countries
- Progress of the Special Economic Zones Projects
To determine the sharing of information and expertise in the field of spatial planning, key informants were asked about their experiences with sharing information and expertise. 36% of key informants indicated that there were no strategies to integrate land use planning legislation. To determine the progress of the major spatial planning projects that were part of the cross-border twinning, the key informants were asked to what extent the Special Economic Zones of both municipalities have been realised.
Overall outcome evaluation
- Success factors of the twinning agreement
- Overall response on whether goals were achieved
- Major challenges encountered during the implementation process
Table 5.9.1 shows that one of the major challenges faced by twinning was the dissolution of Beitbridge District Council and the establishment of the Town Council in 2004. When the twinning agreement was signed in 2004, it was signed between Beitbridge Rural District Council and the local council. However, the lack of time-bound goals may also have contributed to the blurring of the twinning agreement.
Overall spatial planning goals achievement scores
Therefore, the lack of leadership continuity may have contributed to the failure to achieve the aims and objectives of the twinning agreement, as they did not have an overseer. These included the economic collapse (Parkins, 2011), the creation of two local municipalities in Beitbridge (Netsianda, 2011) and the lack of an independent budget for the twinning arrangement. According to them, the twinning agreement had a good start, but the implementation process was not effective.
Key informants’ general satisfaction with the twinning program
Chapter summary
The collected data succeeded in answering the objectives of the research study, presenting the impact indicators outlined in the research design, namely contextual issues of the agreement; initial planning of the agreement;
Introduction
Summary of research findings
One of the aims of the twinning agreement was to exchange ideas on projects that could generate income for the development of Musina and Beitbridge, but this has not been given due attention. The citizens expressed their dissatisfaction and pointed out a series of issues that, in their opinion, should be resolved by the twinning agreement. They indicated that they should be more engaged in the twinning agreement to be aware of everything that is going on.
Conclusion of research findings
The key informants admitted that although they had a keen interest in reviving the twinning agreement, they had no strategy or person in charge to get it going again. The Musina IDP of 2015/2016 stated that the joint implementation committees of Beitbridge and Musina had to be revived for the twins to work. Furthermore, some local residents were not aware of the twins' existence and there is insufficient communication between the relevant stakeholders.
Recommendations
- Appointment of twinning champions and town planners
- Establishment of a central secretariat
- Preparation of a concrete implementation plan
- Establishment of a public participation model
- Establishing a legal framework
- Summary of recommendations
There should be a marketing strategy so that the twinning agreement can be advertised through newspapers, radio stations and the internet and billboards. For the twinning agreement to work, the public should be involved not only in the implementation phase, but from the idea phase. After all, the local residents are the direct beneficiaries of these partnerships and therefore should be informed of what is happening.
Areas for future research
As stated by key informants, the stakeholders in the twin cities needed a legal framework that they could abide by. Also of interest could be the need to assess success factors for cross-border spatial development in developing countries and compare it with the developing countries. This would provide a better picture of how cross-border spatial development takes place across the globe and enable a more conclusive analysis.
General Conclusion
Available from: www.musina.gov.za/index.php/spatial-development- frame:draft-reviewed-sdf-jan-2015.pdf [Accessed 21 January 2015]. I am currently conducting a study titled “Evaluating the impact of cross-border spatial development cooperation: Insights from the Musina-Beitbridge twinning agreement between the South and Zimbabwe”. This is part of the requirements for the Master's Degree in Urban and Regional Planning. This questionnaire is addressed to key informants from Beitbridge City Council/Musina Local Municipality. I am conducting a study entitled “Evaluating the impact of cross-border spatial development cooperation: Insights from the Musina-Beitbridge twinning agreement between South Africa and Zimbabwe”. This is part of the requirements for the Master's Degree in Urban and Regional Planning.
