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Dr. A .G .P . van der W all Department o f L atin

EA RLY M ED IEVAL ST Y L IST IC R H ET O R IC

A c c o r d i n g to t h e w e l l - k n o w n e x p e r t o n m e d i e v a l r h e t o r i c , J a m e s J . M u r p h y , t h e t h r e e t y p i c a l m e d i e v a l f o r m s o f r h e t o r i c a r e t h e a r t o f l e t t e r w r i t i n g , t h e a r t o f p r e a c h i n g a n d t h e a r t o f p o e t r y ( M u r p h y , 1 9 7 1 ', p. xv). In th is p a p e r w e a r e con< e r n e d o n l y w i t h t h e s e c o n d o f th e s e a rts, n a m e l y , t h e r h e t o r i c o f p r e a c h i n g . T h o u g h t h e p r e c e p t i v e t r e a ti s e s o n t h e r h e t o r i c o f p r e a c h i n g , t h e s o - c a l l e d a r t e s p r a e d i c a n d i , d i d n o t o r i g i n a t e b e f o r e t h e t h i r t e e n t h c e n t u r y , p u l p i t r h e t o r i c w a s v e r y m u c h a l i v e in t h e e a r l i e r p a r t o f t h e M i d d l e A g e s a n d fin e e x a m p l e s o f th is k i n d o f e l o q u e n c e c a n b e q u o t e d . It w o u l d b e a n a n a c h r o n i s m , h o w e v e r , to a p p l y t h e s t a n d a r d s o f cla ssic al r h e t o r i c to e a r l y m e d i e v a l r h e t o r i c , b e c a u s e o n ly o n e e l e m e n t o f classical r h e t o r i c s u r v i v e d b e y o n d t h e t i m e o f t h e F a t h e r s ( K e n d a l l , 1978, p. 149).

T h i s g r e a t l y r e d u c e d k i n d o f r h e t o r i c is s o m e t i m e s c a l l e d ‘s t y listic ’ r h e t o r i c in c o n t r a s t w i t h t h e full s c o p e o f c las sica l o r ‘C i c e r o n i a n ’ r h e t o r i c ( H o w e l l, 1961, p. 6), b e c a u s e it relies a l m o s t e x c lu s iv e l y o n figures o f s p e e c h for t h e a d o r n m e n t o f d i s c o u r s e (C r o l l, 1966, p. 264).

A u g u s t i n e ’s w o r k D e d o c t r i n a C h r i s t i a n a w a s m a i n l y r e s p o n s i b l e for p o ­ p u l a r i z i n g styli sti c r h e t o r i c in t h e field o f p r e a c h i n g (C ro l l, 1966, p. 256).

A c c o r d i n g to A u g u s t i n e t h e a i m o f p r e a c h i n g is ‘to t e a c h , to d e l i g h t , a n d to i n f l u e n c e t h e w i l l ’ [d o c e r e , d e l e c t a r e , f l e c t e r e - D e d o c t . c h r . , IV', 96), a n d he s p e c i fic a lly m e n t i o n s e l o q u e n c e as o n e o f t h e i n s t r u m e n t s to o b t a i n this

^ p ? i \ ( D e d o c t . c h r . , I V , 4-5 ). F u r t h e r m o r e , in t h e field o f e l o q u e n c e t h e figures o f s p e e c h { t r o p i ) a r e e s p e c i a l l y i m p o r t a n t sin ce t h e y a r e also u s e d in t h e Bible (De d o c t . c h r . , I l l , 87 -8 ). A u g u s t i n e f u r t h e r e x p re s s e s t h e o p i n i o n t h a t e l o q u e n c e s h o u l d b e a c q u i r e d o n l y a t a y o u t h f u l a g e (D e d o c t . c h r . , I V , 6 a n d 8). a n d e v e n t h e n is n o t n e c e s s a r y to l e a r n it f r o m a r h e t o r i c i a n : it c a n be p i c k e d u p m e r e l y b y r e a d i n g t h e w o r k s o f e c c le s ia s tic a l a u t h o r s o r by l i s t e n i n g t o a n d i m i t a t i n g e l o q u e n t s p e a k e r s (De d o c t . c h r . , IV , 9, 12 a n d 22).

T h e s e v iew s o f A u g u s t i n e e x e r t e d a p r o f o u n d in f l u e n c e o n m e d i e v a l p r e a c h i n g ( M u r p h y , 1971^, p. xiii). N o t t h e least a m o n g th o s e w h o p u t A u g u s t i n e ’s i d e a s i n t o p r a c t i c e w a s t h e A n g l o - S a x o n m o n k a n d s c h o l a r , t h e

\ ’e n e r a b l e B ede. L i v i n g r o u g h l y t h r e e c e n t u r i e s a f t e r A u g u s t i n e , B ed e w r o t e , a m o n g n u m e r o u s o t h e r w o rk s , a s h o r t tr e a t i s e , De schematibus et tropis, o n t h e stylistic d e v ic e s o f elocutio. In this little t r e a t i s e h e defines a n d i l l u s t r a t e s t h i r t y d if i'e re n t fi g u r e s o f s p e e c h — s e v e n t e e n schemata a n d

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t h i r t e e n tropi. A s f a r a s t h e d e f i n i t i o n s a r e c o n c e r n e d , B e d e d o e s li t t l e m o r e t h a n q u o t i n g t h e A rs M a io r o f A e liu s D o n a t u s , t h e f a m o u s g r a m m a r i a n o f t h e f o u r t h c e n t u r y a n d t e a c h e r o f S t J e r o m e . I n o n e r e s p e c t, h o w e v e r , B e d e i n t r o d u c e s a n i n n o v a t i o n in this b ooklet: t h e e x a m p l e s to i l lu s tr a t e t h e figure s o f s p e e c h a r e n o l o n g e r d r a w n f r o m t h e c las sica l a u t h o r s b u t , w i t h o n e e x c e p t i o n , c o m e f r o m t h e L a t i n t r a n s l a t i o n o f t h e Bible.

I n t h e r e m a i n i n g p a r t o f th is a r t i c l e a n a t t e m p t will b e m a d e t o i l l u s t r a t e f r o m B e d e ’s o w n p r e a c h i n g h o w h e u t i l i z e d his k n o w l e d g e o f t h e s c h e m e s a n d t r o p e s t o c a s t his m e s s a g e i n t o a n a t t r a c t i v e f o r m . I n t h e p r o c e s s tw o facts will e m e r g e : firstly , t h a t B e d e u s e d i n his h o m i li e s n o t o n l y m o s t o f t h e s c h e m e s a n d t r o p e s d i s c u s s e d in his tr e a t i s e , b u t also a few w h i c h a r e n o t m e n t i o n e d t h e r e ; s e c o n d l y , t h a t B e d e ’s u s e o f sty listic d e v ic e s is n o t s i m p l y a n a i m l e s s p l a y i n g w i t h t h e s o u n d a n d o r d e r o f w o r d s , b u t t h a t it i n v a r i a b l y serv es t h e p u r p o s e o f s t r e n g t h e n i n g a m o r a l o r d o g m a t i c a l t r u t h .

Anaphora, r e p e t i t i o n o f t h e s a m e w o r d a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f successive s e n t e n c e s o r c l a u s e s ( L a n h a m , 1968, p. 8), is o n e o f t h e m o s t f r e q u e n t l y us e d f ig u res in B e d e ’s h o m i li e s . I n t h e e x p o s i t i o n o f M a r k 1:7, ‘A f t e r m e c o m e s o n e w h o is m i g h t i e r t h a n I ’, B e d e giv es a n i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e v a s t d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n J o h n t h e B a p t i s t a n d C h r i s t b y c o n t r a s t i n g f o u r t i m e s t h e w o r d s

• m i g h t y ’ (fortis) a n d ‘m i g h t i e r ’ (fortior):

F o r t i s q u i d e m est m u l t u m q u i in c o n f e s s io n e m p e c c a t o r u m , f o r t i o r q u i in r e m i s s i o n e m b a p t i z a t ;

for tis q u i s p i r i t u m s a n c t u m h a b e r e d i g n u s est, f o r t i o r q u i t r i b u e r e ;

for tis c u i i n t e r n a t o s m u l i e r u m m a i o r n e m o est,

f o r t i o r c u i m i n o r a t o p a u l o m i n u s a b a n g e li s o m n i a s u b i e c t a s u n t s u b p e d i b u s eius;

fortis q u i r e g n u m c a e l o r u m p r i m u s v e n i t p r a e d i c a r e , f o r t i o r q u i h o c solus p o t u i t d a r e .

(H om ily I, 1.120-7).

I n t h e f o u r t h c o u p l e t t h e effect o f a n a p h o r a is f u r t h e r s t r e n g t h e n e d b y m e a n s o f r h y m e a n d r h y t h m : p l a n u s r h y t h m m p o tu it dare a n d t r i s p o n d a i c u s in v e n it p r a e d i c a r e (for t h e d if f e r e n t k in d s o f stress r h y t h m , see P o l h e i m , 1925, p p . 73-7: C r o l l , 1966, p p . 3 03 ff.; W illis, 1964, p p . 113-17).

I n t h e i n t r o d u c t o r y p a r t o f H om ily I, 9 B e d e uses a n a p h o r a t o d r a w t h e a t t e n t i o n o f his h e a r e r s to t h e t h r e e p r i n c i p a l i d e a s d e v e l o p e d in t h e h o m i ly : C o m m e n d a t e n i m n o b i s b e a t i s s i m u s e v a n g e l i s t a e t a p o s t o l u s l o h a n n e s p ri-

v i l e g i u m a m o r i s p r a e c i p u i q u o c e te ris a m p l i u s m e r u i t h o n o r a r i a d o m i n o ;

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c o m m e n d a t t e s t i m o n i u m e v a n g e l i c a e d i s c r i p t i o n i s q u o d v e r i t a t e d i v i n a s u b n i x u m n u l l u s f i d e l i u m d u b i t a r e p e r m i t t i t u r ;

c o m m e n d a t p l a c i d a m s u a e c a r n i s a b s o l u t i o n e m q u a m d o m i n o s p e c i a l i t e r se v is i t a n t e p e r c e p i t . (H om ily I, 9.4-9).

B e d e uses s e v e r a l v a r i a t i o n s o f a n a p h o r a . I n H om ily I, 11 h e uses o n e w o r d (i n c i r c u m c i s i ) n o less t h a n s e v e n t i m e s in o r d e r to b r i n g o u t th e full m e a n i n g o f s p i r i t u a l c i r c u m c i s i o n (H om ily I, 11.183-99). I n th is i n s t a n c e h e selects a w o r d fr o m a S c r i p t u r a l t e x t (A cts 7:51) a n d r e p e a t s it s e v e n tim e s , e a c h t i m e a t t a c h i n g a n e w m e a n i n g to it. I n his e x p o s i t i o n o f L u k e 2:5 2 , ‘As J e s u s g r e w u p h e a d v a n c e d in w i s d o m a n d in f a v o u r w i t h G o d a n d m e n ’ (E t lesus pro fm eb a t sapientia el aftale et gratia apud Deum et homines), h e w a n t s to e m p h a s i z e t h e fa c t t h f . t h i s a d v a n c e o f J e s u s w a s a c c o r d i n g to his h u m a n n a t u r e . I n s t e a d o f r e p e a t i n g t h e w h o l e verse, h e r e p e a t s his e x p l a n a t i o n t h r e e tim es: ‘a c c o r d i n g t o his h u m a n n a t u r e h e a d v a n c e d . . . ’ (lu xta hominis naturam proficiebat), a n d e a c h t i m e a d d s a d i f f e r e n t w o r d f r o m t h e verse:

sapientia ... aetate ... gratia. T h e w h o l e p a s s a g e t h e r e f o r e looks like this:

l u x t a h o m i n i s q u i p p e n a t u r a m p r o f i c i e b a t s a p i e n t i a n o n q u i d e m ipse s a p i e n t i o r e x t e m p o r e e x i s t e n d o q u i a p r i m a c o n c e p t i o n i s h o r a s p i r i t u s a p i e n t i a e p l e n u s p e r m a n e b a t sed e a n d e m q u a p l e n u s e r a t s a p i e n t i a m c ete ris ex t e m p o r e p a u l a t i m d e m o n s t r a n d o .

l u x t a h o m i n i s n a t u r a m p r o f i c i e b a t a e t a t e q u i a d e i n f a n t i a a d p u e r i t i a m d e p u e r i t i a a d i u v e n t u t e m c o n s u e t o h o m i n i b u s c r e s c e n d i o r d i n e p e r v e n i t .

l u x t a h o m i n i s n a t u r a m p r o f i c i e b a t g r a t i a n o n ipse p>er a c c e s s u m t e m p o r i s a c c i p i e n d o q u o d n o n h a b e b a t s e d p a n d e n d o d o n u m g r a t i a e q u o d h a b e b a t .

(H om ily I, 19.1 81-90).

T h e w o r d s o f J o h n t h e B a p t i s t in J o h n 1:30, Post me venit vir qui ante me fa c tu s est quia prior me erat, a r e e x p l a i n e d in a v e r y n e a t w a y . T h e w h o l e s e n t e n c e is r e p e a t e d a n d e x p l a i n e d t h r e e tim es ; w h i l e t h e e x p l a n a t i o n r e m a i n s b a s i c a l l y t h e s a m e , B e d e e a c h t i m e uses f e w e r w o r d s u n t i l his t h i r d e x p l a n a t i o n c u l m i n a t e s in t h r e e r h y m i n g w o rd s:

P o st m e v e n i t v i r q u i a n t e m e f a c t u s est q u i a p r i o r m e e ra t : po s t m e v e n i t humanitate,

q u i id e o m e p r a e c e l l i t dignitate, q u i a p r i o r m e e r a t divinitate.

ÍH om ily I, 15 .4 8-5 1).

-A lthough C a m p b e l l d e s c r i b e s t h e l a n g u a g e o f H om ily 1,7 a s ‘s i m p l e t o t h e p o i n t o f a u s t e r i t y ’ ( C a m p b e l l , 1978, p. 184), this h o m i l y c o n t a i n s o n e o f t h e finest a n d m o s t e l a b o r a t e e x a m p l e s o f a n a p h o r a . B e d e ’s e x p o s i t i o n o f L u k e

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2:1 9, ‘B u t M a r y t r e a s u r e d u p all th e s e th i n g s a n d p o n d e r e d o v e r t h e m ’, re v o l v e s a r o u n d six q u o t a t i o n s f r o m O l d T e s t a m e n t p r o p h e c i e s w h i c h a r e g r o u p e d in t h r e e p a ir s . E a c h q u o t a t i o n is i n t r o d u c e d b y t h e w o r d legerat.

T h e first a n d s e c o n d p a i r o f q u o t a t i o n s a r e p r e c e d e d a n d f o llo w e d b y s e n t e n c e s b e g i n n i n g w i t h ih e v tv b v id e b a l. T h e w o r d is s u b s t i t u t e d by memineral in t h e s e n t e n c e p r e c e d i n g t h e t h i r d p a i r o f q u o t a t i o n s , a n d by audiebat in t h e s e n t e n c e f o l lo w in g t h e t h i r d p a i r . T h u s t h e in itia l w o r d s o f th e

tw e l v e c o n s e c u t i v e s e n t e n c e s f o r m this p a t t e r n : v i d e b a t ... le g e r a t ... l e g e r a t ... v i d e b a t ; v i d e b a t ... le g e r a t ... l e g e r a t ... v i d e b a t ; m e m i n c r a t ... le g e r a t ... le g e r a t ... a u d i e b a t . (H om ily I, 7.125-4 9).

T h e s e few e x a m p l e s o f a n a p h o r a in B e d e ’s p r e a c h i n g ( a n d t h e r e a r e m a n y m o r e ) c l e a r l y i l l u s t r a t e t h a t B ed e tr i e d his best to m a k e his e x p o s i ti o n as easy as p o ss ib le for his a u d i e n c e . E v e n t h e s i m p l e s t m o n k c o u l d n o t fail to c a t c h at least o n e o f t h e i t e r a t e d e x p l a n a t i o n s . B a l d w i n ’s v ie w o f t h e force o f r e f r a in seem s t h e r e f o r e to b e fully j u s t i f i e d : ‘T h e v e ry in s is te n c e e x h i b i t s s t rik i n g ly t h e v a l u e o f c u m u l a t i v e p r o g r e s s fo r c h a r g i n g e x p o s i t i o n w i t h e m o t i o n ’ '.B aldw in, 1928. p. 256).

Homoioteleuton. like e n d i n g s o f p h r a s e s o r s e n t e n c e s ( L a n h a m , 1968, p. 54), o c c u r s , like a n a p h o r a , a l m o s t in all B e d e ’s h o m ilie s. As this s c h e m e is us e d so o f t e n , it is i m p o s s i b l e to d is cu ss all t h e e x a m p l e s t h a t I h a v e fo u n d . N e v e r t h e l e s s , a few se l e c te d e x a m p l e s will b e sufTicient to i l l u s t r a t e B e d e ’s p r e d i l e c t i o n for this s c h e m e .

T h a t h o m o i o t e l e u t o n in B e d e ’s h o m i li e s is n o t a l w a y s a n d n o t m e r e l y th e re s u l t o f t h e i n h e r e n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f L a t i n , b u t i n t e n t i o n a l l y c o n t r i v e d , is i l l u s t r a t e d in H om ily I, 6 w h e r e h e q u o t e s R o m a n s 13:12 b u t a d d s a few w o r d s o f his o w n to p r o d u c e a r h y m i n g p a t t e r n ( t h e a d d e d w o r d s a re ita lic iz e d ) :

1 n o x p ra e c e s s it antiquae caecitatis

2 dies a u t e m a d p r o p i n q u a v i t aelernae salulis 3 et ipsia b i c i a m u s o p e r a t e n e b r a r u m 4 el u! filii \w c\i ambulemus

(H om ily 1.6 .259-61;.

T h e p a t t e r n o f h o m o i o t e l e u t o n in m e m b e r s 1 a n d 2 is o b v io u s ; -it ... - a e ...

-tis. Less o b \ i o u s is t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f r h y t h m o r c u r s u s in all f o u r m e m b e r s : t r i s p o n d a i c u s . p l a n u s , v e lo x a n d t r i s p o n d a i c u s . T h e p a r a l l e l i s m b e t w e e n m e m b e r s 1 a n d 3. a n d b e t w e e n 2 a n d 4 (nox - tenebrae; dies - lux) a n d t h e a n a p o h o r a a c q u i r e d in m e m b e r s 3 a n d 4 s h o u l d also b e n o te d .

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A s e n t e n c e o c c u r s'm H om ily 1,25 in w h i c h t h r e e p a i r s o f c o n s e c u t i v e v e r b s in t h e i m p e r f e c t s u b j u n c t i v e p r o d u c e h o m o i o t e l e u t o n in t h e last a n d p e n u l ­ t i m a t e w o r d s o f e a c h m e m b e r :

1 S e d a b s i t u t t e r r e n a s t u l t i t i a q u i d d i c e r e t i n v e n i r e t , 2 e t caelestis s a p i e n t i a e q u i d r e s p o n d e r e t defic e re t;

3 a b s i t u t i m p i e t a s c a e c a soli i u s t i t i a e n e m u n d o lu c e r e t o b s i s te r e t (H om ily 1,25.50-3 ).

T h e f o l lo w in g s e n t e n c e f r o m H om ily 11,8 w h i c h d e s c r ib e s t h e h u m a n n a t u r e o f C h r i s t , uses h o m o i o t e l e u t o n to g r e a t effect; t h e s h a r p c o n t r a s t b e t w e e n t h e r h y m i n g w o r d s s h o u l d e s p e c i a ll y b e n o te d :

1 N o n e n i m h a e c d e c o a e t e r n a p a t r i d i v i n i t a t e 2 sed d e a d s u m p t a l o q u i t u r h u m a n i t a t e 3 q u a m s u s c i p i e n d o m i n o r a t u s est 4 p a u l o m i n u s a b an g e li s

5 et in q u a r e s u r g e n d o a m o r t u i s 6 g lo r ia e t h o n o r e c o r o n a t u s est

(H om ily 11,8.54-7).

T h e c o n t r a s t b e t w e e n t h e r h y m i n g w o r d s in t h e i n t r o d u c t o r y s e n t e n c e o f H omily 11.16 is a g a i n strik in g :

1 m i n u s c a p a c e s e r a n t a d i n t e l l e g e n d a a r c h a n a divina^ su b lim i/a/w 2 m i n u s fo rte s a d t o l e r a n d a a d v e r s a h u m a n o i p r a v ! / a / ú

3 sed eis a d v e n i e n t e s p i r i t u c u m a u g m e n t o d i v i n a i agnitionw 4 d a t a est e t i a m c o n s t a n t i a v i n c e n d a e h u m a n ^ i pers ecutiio «w

(H om ily II , 16.2-6).

I n t h e f o l l o w i n g s e n t e n c e f r o m H om ily 11,22 t h e d u a l n a t u r e o f love is e x p r e s s e d n o t o n l y t h r o u g h r h y m e , b u t also t h r o u g h r h y t h m :

1 H a e c so la e t v e r a est p r o b a t i o in t e g r i in D e u m a r r w n i (p l a n u s ) 2 si e r g a f r a t r e s s t u d u e r i s c u r a m solliciti e x e r c e r e l a b o w ( p l a n u s )

(H om ily 11,22.10-11).

T h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n w h i c h is e ff e c te d t h r o u g h b a p t i s m , is d e s c r i b e d in a s t r i k i n g p a s s a g e in H om ily II , 18:

1 S o l a a u t e m f i d e l i u m p i e t a s n o v it,

2 q u i a p e c c a t o r in f o n t e m d e s c e n d i t sed p u r i f i c a t u s a s c e n d i t , 3 filius m o r t i s d e s c e n d i t sed filius r e s u r r e c t i o n i s a s c e n d i t ,

4 filius p r a e v a r i c a t i o n i s d e s c e n d i t sed filius r e c o n c i l i a t i o n i s a s c e n d i t , 5 filius i r a e d e s c e n d i t sed filius m i s e r i c o r d i a e a s c e n d i t ,

6 filius d i a b o l i d e s c e n d i t sed filius D e i a s c e n d i t.

7 S o la h a e c e c c l e s ia m a t e r q u a e g e n e r a t n o v it (H om ily 11,18.62-8).

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A p a r t f r o m t h e h o m o i o t e l e u t o n o f t h e fi n a l w o r d s o f e a c h m e m b e r , a p a t t e r n o f i n t e r n a l h o m o i o t e l e u t o n m a y b e o b s e r v e d in m e m b e r s 3 t o 6: -is ... -is;

-o n is ... -o nis; - a e ... -ae; a n d -i ... -i. F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e h o m o i o t e l e u t o n is c o u p l e d w i t h p l a n u s r h y t h m in e a c h m e m b e r e x c e p t in 5, w h e r e t r i s p o n - d a i c u s is used.

A p a t t e r n o f a r t i f i c i a l w o r d o r d e r o f w h i c h B e d e is v e r y fo n d , b u t w h i c h is n o t d is c u s s e d in his D e schematibus et tropis, is chiasmus. L a n h a n de fin e s th is s c h e m e as follows: ‘T h e t e r m is d e r i v e d f r o m t h e G r e e k l e t t e r X (chi) w h o s e s h a p e , if t h e t w o h a lv e s o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n a r e r e n d e r e d in s e p a r a t e verses, it r e s e m b l e s ’ ( L a n h a m , 1968, p. 22).

T h e u t t e r c o n t r a s t b e t w e e n S a t a n a n d C h r i s t is d e s c r i b e d in t h e fo l lo w in g w ay:

Ip s e e n i m r e c t e m o r s et m e n d a c i u m sicut e c o n t r a d o m i n u s v e r i t a s v o c a t u r e t v i t a

(H om ily 11,20.197-9).

N o t a b l e in th is i n s t a n c e is t h e a l l i t e r a t o n o f m - s o u n d s t o d e s c r i b e th e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e d e v il , a n d t h e a l l i t e r a t i o n o f v - s o u n d s w h i c h a p p l y to th e L o r d . T h e p o l a r i z a t i o n o f mors-vila a n d mendacium-veritas is a b s o l u t e . T h e t e a c h i n g o f J o h n t h e B a p ti s t c o n c e r n i n g t h e tw o n a t u r e s o f C h r i s t is e x p r e s s e d in a r h y m i n g c h ia s ti c cla use:

c e l s i t u d i n e m h u m a n i t a t i s eiu s p a r i t e r et

d i v i n i t a t i s a e t e r n i t a t e m m a n i f e s t a v o c e p r o n u n t i a t (H om ily 1,2.2-3) .

C h i a s m u s is a g a i n u s e d to d e s c r i b e t h e i m p l i c a t i o n s o f C h r i s t ’s i n c a r n a t i o n : n o n s o l u m h o m o fieri c u m D e u s esset

sed e t i a m c u m d iv es esset p a u p e r fieri d i g n a t u s est.

(H om ily 1,18.48-50).

T h e c o n t r a s t b e t w e e n Deus dives a n d homo pauper is th u s n e a t l y ex p re s s e d . It is also p o ss ib le to see a p u n in Deus a n d dives.

T o i m p r e s s o n t h e m i n d o f his h e a r e r s t h e t r u t h t h a t a n y o b e d i e n c e a n d love d i s p l a y e d b y t h e C h r i s t i a n is a sign o f t h e L o r d ’s g r a c e r a t h e r t h a n o f th e b e l i e v e r ’s d e v o t i o n , B e d e a g a i n uses this s c h e m e :

n o n h u m a n i m e r i t i sed m u n e r i s esse d iv i n i (H om ily 11,22.30-1).

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C o g n a t e w o r d s , p r o d u c i n g c h i a s t i c a l l i t e r a t i o n , a r e u s e d to u n d e r l i n e C h r i s t ’s d i v i n i t y a n d t r u t h :

o m n i a d i v i n a e v e r i t a t i s et v e r a e d i v i n i t a t i s ... a r c h a n a (H om ily 1,9 .245-6 ).

C ro s s w i s e a l l i t e r a t i o n is a g a i n u s e d in H om ily 11,1 to d e s c r i b e th e C h r i s t i a n ’s d u t y t o w a r d s a fello w b e l i e v e r w h o lives a life o f sin:

c a s t i g a r e p o l l u t a p e r v e r s a c o r r i g e r e (H om ily 11,1.159).

Antonomasia, o r t h e s u b s t i t u t i o n o f a d e s c r i p t i v e p h r a s e fo r a p r o p e r n a m e i L a n h a m , 1968, p. 12), is c o m b i n e d w i t h c h i a s m u s to d e s c r ib e C h r i s t as

c o g n i t o r m e r i t o r i u m a c s e d i u m d i s t r i b u t o r (H o m ih 11,21.64).

S o m e t i m e s t h e c h i a s m u s is d o u b l e d , as in t h e f o l lo w in g p h r a s e w h i c h is r e m i n i s c e n t o f a p a s s a g e in t h e B e n e d i c t i n e R u le :

e s u r i e n t i c i b u m p o t u m s i ti e n ti

a l g e n t i v e s t i t u m m i n i s t r a n d o (H om ily 1,9.157-8 ).

So, too, w h e r e s o m e a s p e c t s o f C h r i s t ’s e a r t h l y m i n i s t r y a r e d e s c r ib e d : l a n g u e n t e s c u r a r e

e r u d i r e nescios

c o n t u m a c e s r e d a r g u e r e (H om ily 1,2 1.174).

P a l i n d r o m i c p h r a s e s c o m e v e r y clo se to c h i a s m u s . A g o o d e x a m p l e o c c u r s in H om ily 1,9.237-8:

i n s t r u c t u s r e v e l a t i o n e a c s a n c t i s p i r i t u s g r a t i a d e b r i a t u s .

I n H om ily 11,6.90-1 it is c o m b i n e d w i t h a l l i t e r a t i o n to d e s c r i b e t h e C h r i s t i a n ’s d u t y to a v o i d lies:

n o n l o q u i i n i q u i t a t e m l a b i is n e c l i n g u a m e n d a c i u m m e d i t a r i . W h i l e B e d e ’s use o f c h i a s m u s a n d p a l i n d r o m e se e m s to b e d e l i b e r a t e , it is a l m o s t im p o s s i b l e t o s a y w h e t h e r th is is t r u e o f his e m p l o y m e n t o f p a r o e m i o n o r a l l i t e r a t i o n , s i n c e t h e l a t t e r o c c u r s n a t u r a l l y in l a n g u a g e ( K e n d a l l , 1978, p. 159). I n a few i n s t a n c e s , h o w e v e r , it is u s e d in s u c h a n e l a b o r a t e w a y

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t h a t it is h a r d to t h i n k o f it a s a c c i d e n t a l . T h u s a l l i t e r a t i o n is c o m b i n e d w i t h homoioptolon ( a c c o r d i n g t o L a n h a m , 1968, p. 54, ‘t h e use o f v a r i o u s w o r d s in a s e n t e n c e o r v ers e w i t h s i m i l a r case e n d i n g s ’) to d e s c r i b e C h r i s t ’s gentleness:

m a n s u e t u m m i t e m q u e a c m i s e r i c o r d i a e s u p e r n a e p r a e c o n e m m i n i- s t r u m q u e

(H om ily 1,12.121-2).

I n a d d i t i o n , t h e w o r d e n d i n g s in th is p h r a s e f o r m a p a l i n d r o m i c p a t t e r n : - u m , - e m , -ae, -ae, - e m , - u m .

W h e n h e discu sses t h e k i n g s h i p o f C h r i s t , B e d e a g a i n uses a l l i t e r a t i o n in a v e r y s t r i k i n g w ay:

i u r a v i t D o m i n u s D a v i d d e f r u c t u v e n t r i s eiu s s e d e r e s u p e r s e d e m s u a m sed...

(H om iiy II .2 4 .4 7 -9 ).

N o t o n ly is a series o f t h r e e c o n s e c u t i v e w o r d s in d - f o llo w e d b y a series o f five c o n s e c u t i v e w o r d s i n s-, b u t t h e i n i t i a l sy lla b le s o f t h e s - w o r d s also f o r m a p a l i n d r o m i c p a t t e r n : sed-, su-, sed-, su-, sed.

Paronomasia o r p u n n i n g a p p e a r s t o b e a m o r e d e l i b e r a t e l y used fig u re i H u p p é , 1959. p. 40). T h o u g h B e d e d o e s n o t use it as o f t e n as s o m e o f th e o t h e r figures, it still o c c u r s a n u m b e r o f ti m e s . I n a s e n t e n c e w h i c h d e s c r ib e s t h e i n a b i l i t y o f O l d T e s t a m e n t l a w to l e a d m e n to a life o f p e r f e c ti o n , a p u n b e t w e e n edoctos a n d eductos a p p e a r s :

L e g is s i q u i d e m l i t t e r a q u a e n e s c i e n t e s q u i d a g e n d u m q u i d v i t a n d u m ess et e d o c u i t n e c t a m e n edoctos u t s u a d e c r e t a c o n p l e r e n t u r a d i u v i t q u a s i d e s e d i b u s i g n o r a n t i a e p r i o r i s in p o r t i c i b u s suis c o n t i n e - b a t n e c s a n a b a t l a n g u i d o s

(H om ilr 1.23.41-5).

T o a c c e n t u a t e t h e t r u t h t h a t p r a y e r s h o u l d b e c o m p l e m e n t e d b y m o r a l b e h a v i o u r , a p u n is m a d e o f oratio a n d operalio:

Sic e t e n i m s u b p l i c a n t e s c o n c i t e q u a e d e s i d e r a m u s a c c i p i m u s q u i a n i m i r u m \ e r b a d e v o t a e orationis a d i u v a t m a n u s p i a e operationis (H om ily 11.20. 213-15).

A p u n is m a d e oiore a n d opere to pre ss h o m e t h e p o i n t t h a t t h e t r u e p r a i s e o f G o d s h o u l d consist o f b o t h w o r d s a n d deeds:

Sic e n i m s o l u m m o d o D e o n o s t r o i u c u n d a fit l a u d a t i o , si q u o d ore c a n i m u s n o n i n p u g n a m u s opere...

(H om ily I I . 16.381-2).

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P a r o n o m a s i a is a g a i n u s e d to i n t e n s i fy t h e c o n s o l a t i o n t h a t t h e toils o f this life a r e c o m p a r a t i v e l y b r i e f a n d light:

Breve n i m i r u m v i d e t u r e t leve t o t u m q u i c q u i d a e t e r n a b e a t i t u d i n e f i n i t u r

(H om ily 11,24.339-4 1).

A s c h e m e w h i c h B e d e i n c o r r e c t l y c la s s e d a m o n g t h e t r o p e s , b u t o n e o f w h i c h h e w a s e x t r e m e l y f o n d , \s hyperbalon. T h i s s c h e m e o f a r t i f i c i a l w o r d o r d e r is, a c c o r d i n g to K e n d a l l , ‘t h e o n e w h i c h m o r e t h a n a n y o t h e r , gives B e d e ’s p r o s e its d i s t i n c t i v e f l a v o r ’ ( K e n d a l l , 1978, p. 153). H y p e r b a t o n is briefly d e s c r i b e d b y L a n h a m as ‘t h e s e p a r a t i o n o f w o r d s u s u a l l y b e l o n g i n g t o g e t h e r ’ ( L a n h a m , 1968. p. 56). N o t t o g o i n t o a ll t h e m a n y i n t r i c a c i e s o f h y p e r b a t o n w e m a y sirr: jlify m a t t e r s b y l o o k i n g o n l y a t t w o t y p e s o f s e p a r a t i o n , n a m e l y t h e s e p a r a t i o n o f a n a d j e c t i v e a n d a n o u n , a n d t h e s e p a r a t i o n o f a p r e p o s i t i o n f r o m its o b je c t .

T h e sim p l e s k i n d o f h y p e r b a t o n m a y b e se e n in t h e f o l lo w in g phras es:

in v e r a m c a elestis v i t a e b e a t i t u d i n e m (Horn. 1,2.132);

u n i c a a n i m a e n o s t r a e salu s (Horn. 11,24.78-9);

a d c a elestis r e g n i g a u d i a (Horn. 11,14.1);

p e r c o r d i s sui m u n d i t i a m (Horn. 11,19.219).

A m o r e c o m p l e x f o r m o f h y p e r b a t o n is f o r m e d w h e n t w o s i m p l e h y p e r b a t a i n t e r l o c k , as in t h e fo l l o w i n g e x a m p l e s :

visa s u o r u m p u t r e d o v u l n e r u m (Horn. 11,14.46);

p r a e d i c a n d a sui d o n a r e d e m p t o r i s (H am. 11,20.139-40) ; p e r d i v i n a e u n i t a t e m p o t e n t i a e (Ham. 11,21.165-6);

p r o m e i c o n f e s s io n e n o m i n i s (Horn. 1,9.36);

a d a e t e r n a c a e l e s t i u m t e n d i t p r a e m i a g a u d i o r u m (H o r n . 11,13.132).

I n th is la s t i n s t a n c e b o t h h y p e r b a t a a r e a ls o i n t e r r u p t e d b y t h e v e r b tendit.

B e d e 's use oicursus h a s a l r e a d y b e e n m e n t i o n e d . T h o u g h h e d i d n o t i n v e n t th e s e r h y t h m i c a l c l a u s e e n d i n g s , h e w a s t h e first to g iv e r e c o g n i t i o n to stress r h y t h m as a l i t e r a r y f o r m b y i n c l u d i n g a p a r a g r a p h o n this to p i c in h isD ea rte metrica. As f a r a s t h e e a r l y M i d d l e A g e s a r e c o n c e r n e d , u s u a l l y f o u r

r h y t h m i c a l p a t t e r n s a r e d i s t i n g u i s h e d ; cursus planus (' - - ' -), cursus tri- spondaicus ( ' - - - ' - ) , cursus tardus ( ' - - ' - - ) a n d cursus velox ( ' - - - - ' - o r s o m e t i m e s ' - - ' - ' -). T h e s e c a d e n c e s w e r e a l r e a d y p r e s e n t in t h e G r e g o ­ r i a n S a c r a m e n t a r y (W illis, 1964, p. 113) w h i c h w a s u s e d in B e d e ’s m o n a s t e r y , a n d it w a s o n l y n a t u r a l t h a t B e d e u t i li s e d t h e m in his h o m i li e s to giv e ' a b e a u t i f u l f l o w a t t h e e n d o f a r h e t o r i c a l u n i t ’ (C r o l l , 1966, p. 306), in o r d e r to m a k e his p r e a c h i n g m o r e a t t r a c t i v e a n d effective.

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A r h e t o r i c a l f i g u r e w h i c h possesses s o m e c h a r m a n d is o c c a s i o n a l l y u s e d b y B e d e ( t h o u g h n o t m e n t i o n e d in his De schematibus el tropis), is isocolon o r ‘t h e r e p e t i t i o n o f p h r a s e s o f e q u a l l e n g t h a n d u s u a l l y o f c o r r e s p o n d i n g s t r u c t u r e ’ ( L a n h a m , 1968, p. 62). A s a r u l e th e s e p h r a s e s h a v e like e n d i n g s a n d o fte n c o n t a i n cu rs u s. A f ine e x a m p l e o f is ocolo n c o n v e y s t h e b asic g o sp e l m e s s a g e o f C h r i s t ’s d e a t h ;

Ip se s u u m p r o n o b is s a n g u i n e m fu d i t, s u a m p r o v i t a n o s t r a m o r t e m o b t u l i t (H om ily 11,14.51-2).

B o t h m e m b e r s co n sist o f tw e l v e s y lla b le s a n d e n d in p l a n u s r h y t h m . A s i m i l a r e x a m p l e giv es e x p r e s s i o n t o t h e i d e a t h a t e t e r n a l g lo r y is w o n t h r o u g h stru ggle s:

P r o m i s i t n o b is d o n a g lo r ia e sed p r a e m i s i t c e r t a m i n a p u g n a e . (H om ily 11,21.8).

E a c h m e m b e r co n s i s ts o f t e n sy lla bles, t h o u g h o n l y t h e s e c o n d h a s cu rs u s.

T h e p u n b e t w e e n prom isit a n d praemisit f u r t h e r in tensifies t h e c o n t r a s t b e t w e e n d o n a a n d certamina.

T h e r e a r e also a n u m b e r o f s c h e m e s w h i c h a p p e a r less f r e q u e n t l y in B e d e ’s h o m i li e s . Scesis onomaton (s e v e ra l s y n o n y m s u s e d c o n s e c u t i v e l y — L a n h a m ,

1968, p. 90) c a n b e seen in H om ily 11,7:

E t b e n e in G a l i l a e a v i d e t u r a d i s c i p u l i s q u i i a m d e m o r t e a d v i t a m , d e c o r r u p t i o n e a d i n c o r r u p t i o n e m , d e p o e n a t r a n s m i g r a v e r a t a d g l o r i a m (H om ily 11,7,160-3).

Hypozeuxis (a s e p a r a t e v e r b u s e d for e a c h c l a u s u l a — L a n h a m , 1968, p. 58) a n d asyndeton ( t h e o m i s s i o n o f c o n j u n c t i o n s — L a n h a m , 1968, p. 18) a r e

c o m b i n e d in H om ily 11,11:

S e d q u i a s u n t n o n n u l l i q u i s p i r i t u s g r a t i a p l e n i in f ir m o s c u r a n t m o r t u o s s u s c i t a n t d a e m o n i b u s i m p e r a n t m u l t i s v i r t u t i b u s c o r u s c a n t ipsi a n g e l i c a m in te r r is v i t a m g e r u n t ...

(H om ily 11,11.154-7).

E x a m p l e s oipolysyndeton ( t h e use o f m a n y c o n j u n c t i o n s — L a n h a m , 1968, p.

78), anadiplosis ( t h e s a m e w o r d u s e d to e n d o n e s e n t e n c e o r c la u s e a n d to b e g i n t h e n e x t — L a n h a m , 1968, p. 7), epanalepsis ( t h e s a m e w o r d used to b e g i n a n d e n d a s e n t e n c e o r c l a u s e — L a n h a m , 1968, p. 42) andepizeuxis (the s a m e w o r d u s e d c o n s e c u t i v e l y in t h e s a m e s e n t e n c e — L a n h a m , 1968, p. 46) c a n b e g i v e n , b u t as t h e s e s c h e m e s a r e o f n o g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e in B e d e 's p ro s e , t h e y c a n b e left asid e. Polyptoton ( t h e s a m e w o r d o r s t e m u s e d several

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ti m e s b u t in diíTere nt cases — L a n h a m , 1968, p. 78) se e m s to b e o f s l ig h t ly g r e a t e r i m p o r t a n c e :

U n d e m e r i t o i l i u m scire o m n i a q u a s i Deum et q u a s i D ei fi li u m a Deo venisse c r e d u n t e t c o n f i t e n t u r

(H omily 11,12.184-6).

Syllepsis (d e f ia n c e o f r u l e s o f c o n c o r d — L a n h a m , 1968, p. 95) seem s to be m o r e i n t e r e s t i n g t h a n i m p o r t a n t , a n d n o t a s c h e m e w i d e l y u s e d b y Bede.

O n l y t h e fo l l o w i n g e x a m p l e , w h e r e una is u s e d in a p l u r a l sense, h a s b e e n n o ted :

u n a e a d e m q u e s u n t d o n a v i r tu t is /H om ily 11,12.157 8).

B ede also uses s e v e r a l o f t h e t r o p e s m e n t i o n e d in h i s / ) ? schematibus et Iropis.

A t t e n t i o n h a s a l r e a d y b e e n d r a w n to e x a m p l e s o f a n t o n o m a s i a a n d h \ p t e r b a t o n . Allegory a p p e a r s o n a l m o s t e v e r y p a g e o f B e d e ’s hom ilies. T h e re a s o n for this m u s t b e s o u g h t in t h e fact t h a t sin ce t h e t i m e o f O r i g e n C h r i s t i a n e x e g e t e s b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e B ib le p ossessed d if f e r e n t levels o f m e a n i n g . A p a r t f r o m t h e l i t e r a l sen s e o f t h e B ib le, t h e r e w e r e also t h r e e f i g u r a ti v e senses, o n e o f w h i c h w a s t h e a ll e g o r i c a l. As B e d e ’s exegesis d e > e n es a n a r t i c l e ol its o w n , o n l y a few e x a m p l e s o f his a ll e g o r i c a l exegesis will be g iv en . I n H om ily 1,22 B e d e giv es t h e d a u g h t e r o f t h e C a n a a n i t e w o m a n this a l l e g o r i c a l m e a n i n g :

F il ia d a e m o n i o s a p r o q u a p o s t u l a t a n i m a q u a e l i b e t est in ecclesia m a l i g n o r u m m a g i s s p i r i t u u m d e c e p t i o n i b u s q u a m c o n d i t o r i s sui m a n c i p a t a p r a e c e p t i s . . . )

■Homily I. 22.9 0-2).

Homily 1.14, w h i c h d e a l s w i t h t h e m i r a c l e p e r f o r m e d b y J e s u s a t t h e w e d d i n g in C a n a , a b o u n d s in f i g u r a t i v e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . T h e six s t o n e w a t e r - j a r s w h ic h w e r e u s e d b y J e s u s to t u r n w a t e r i n t o w i n e , a r e seen to r e p r e s e n t o u t s t a n d i n g fig u re s f r o m e a c h o f t h e six ag es o f this w o r ld :

■Aqua a u t e m s c r i p t u r a e s a c r a e s c i e n t i a m d e s i g n a t q u a e suos a u d i t o r e s et a p e c c a t o r u m s o r d e a b l u e r e e t d i v i n a e c o g n i t i o n i s solet fo n t e p o t a r e ; v a s a sex q u i b u s c o n t i n e b a t u r c o r d a s u n t d e v o t a s a n c t o r u m q u o r u m p e r f e c t i o v i t a e e t fidei e x e m p l u m r e c t e c r e d e n d i a c v i v e n d i p r o p o s i t a est g e n e r i h u m a n o p e r sex s a e c u l i l a b e n t i s a e t a t e s , id est u s q u e a d t e m p u s d o m i n i c a e p r a e d i c a t i o n i s

H om ily 1.14.98-104).

D a v i d , fo r in s t a n c e , se rves as t h e e x a m p l e f r o m t h e f o u r t h ag e; b e c a u s e he su ffered p e r s e c u t i o n a t t h e h a n d s o f S a u l , h e a ll e g o r i c a l l y ty pifies J e s u s w h o w as p e r s e c u t e d b y t h e J e w s :

(12)

A t si in S a u l e l u d a e o s p e r s e q u e n t e s in D a v i d C h r i s t u m e t e c c l e s ia m s ig n ific a ri c o g n o v e r i t ...

(H om ily 1,14.188-9 0).

A n e x a m p l e o f metaphor, w h i c h is d e f i n e d b y L a n h a m as ‘c h a n g i n g a w o r d f r o m its l i t e r a l m e a n i n g t o o n e n o t p r o p e r l y a p p l i c a b l e b u t a n a l o g o u s to i t ’ ( L a n h a m , 1968, p. 66), c a n for in s t a n c e b e seen in H om ily 11,12.211 w h e r e B e d e s p e a k s o f t h e ‘eyes o f t h e h e a r t ’ (oculi cordis).

M etonymy, t h e c h a n g i n g o f a n a m e ( L a n h a m , 1968, p. 67), c a n b e seen in t h e fo l lo w in g se n te n c e :

M u n d u m a u t e m a p p e l l a t h o m i n e s m u n d i h u i u s a m o r i d e d i t o s s ic u t e c o n t r a s a n c t i q u i c a e l e s t i u m d e s i d e r i o f l a g r a n t caeli r e c t e v o c a n t u r (H om ily 11,17-58-61).

Onomatopoeia, t h e ‘use o r i n v e n t i o n o f w o r d s t h a t s o u n d like t h e i r m e a n i n g ’ ( L a n h a m , 1968, p. 69), is u s e d a few tim es . T h u s in H om ily I, 2 5 B ed e d e s c r ib e s h o w t h e P h a r i s e e s l i s t e n e d to Jes u s:

A u d i e r u n t in v i d i e t d is s o lu ti s u n t n e c c o n p u n c t i s u n t t e m p t a v e r u n t e u m e t d e r i s e r u n t d e r i s u s t r i d e r u n t in e u m d e n t i b u s suis

(H om ily 1,25.42-4).

T h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s u n d e r w h i c h M o s e s r e c e i v e d t h e L a w o n M o u n t S in a i a r e d e s c r i b e d in t h e f o l lo w in g w ay:

Ib i i n t e r f l a m m a s i g n i u m e t m i c a n t i a f u l g u r a f r a g o r q u o q u e to n i- t r u o r u m e t c l a n g o r s o n a b a t b u c i n a e . . .

(Horiuiy 11,17.237-9).

T h e r e a r e a ls o in B e d e ’s h o m i l i e s a few e x a m p l e s o f homoeosis o r sim ile ( L a n h a m , 1968, p. 54). E x p l a i n i n g w h y a n d h o w J e s u s t o o k fo o d a f t e r his r e s u r r e c t i o n , B e d e says:

S i m p l i c i t e r i t a q u e e t p i e s e n t i e n d u m est r e s u s c i t a t u m a m o r t e et i n m o r t a l e i a m f a c t u m c o r p u s d o m i n i c u m n u l l a m q u i d e m neces- s i t a t e m a t t a m e n f a c u l t a t e m h a b u i s s e v e s c e n d i , i d e o q u e u b i o p o r - t u n i t a s p r o b a n d a e s u b s t a n t i a e n a t u r a l i s e x i g e b a t cibis esse r e f e c t u m , q u i n i m i r u m c ib i n u l l u m s a g i n a e a d i u m e n t u m u t m o r t a l i u m c o r p o r i - b u s s o le n t illi p r a e b u e r i n t , sed quomodo in ignem missa aqua ita mox comesti spiritali eius sint virtute absumpti

(H om ily 11,9.171-8).

Evil t h o u g h t s w h i c h k e e p o n r e t u r n i n g to th e m i n d a r e li k e n e d to a s w a r m o f flies w h i c h k e e p o n c i r c l i n g a r o u n d o n e ’s h e a d (H omily, 11,12.210-12).

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B e d e o f t e n m a k e s t h e s c h e m a t i c o r n a m e n t m o r e o b v i o u s ( a n d also m o r e effective) b y w e a v i n g s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t s c h e m e s t o g e t h e r in a c o m p l i c a t e d p a t t e r n . T h u s n o less t h a n t e n d if f e r e n t s c h e m e s a n d tr o p e s a r e c l u s t e r e d t o g e t h e r in a s i n g l e s e n t e n c e in H om ily 11,7 in o r d e r to a c c e n t u a t e t h e g lo r io u s v i c t o r y o f C h r i s t o v e r S a t a n :

1 A g n u s q u i t o l l i t p e c c a t a m u n d i l e o n e m q u i i n t u l i t p e c c a t a m u n d o c o n fr e g it,

2 a g n u s q u i n o s s u a e c a r n i s et s a n g u i n i s l i b a m i n e n e p e r e a m u s reficit, 3 l e o n e m q u i n o s r u g i e n s c i r c u i v i t e t q u e m d e n o b is p e r d a t i n q u i r i t , 4 a g n u s q u i s u a e m o r t i s s i g n u m f r o n t i b u s n o stris a d d i s c u t i e n d a t e l a

m o r t i f e r i ho stis in p o s u i t (H om ily 11,7.2 06-1 1).

I n this p a s s a g e t h e fo l l o w i n g figures a r e used;

(i) H o m o i o t e l e u t o n o n -it in t h e fi n a l w o r d s o f e a c h m e m b e r , a n d a tr a n s v e r s e p a t t e r n o f w o r d - e n d i n g s in m e m b e r 1: -it, -ta, -it, -la, -it.

(ii) C u rs u s : p l a n u s in m e m b e r s 1 t o 3, t a r d u s in 4.

(iii) N e a r is o c o l o n in m e m b e r s 1 to 3: 25, 2 4 a n d 2 2 s y l la b l e s r e s p e c ti v e ly . (iv) A n a p h o r a in m e m b irs 2 a n d 4 (agnus qui), a .lte rn a te d w it h leonem qui

in m e m b e r s 1 a n d 3.

(v) P o l y p t o t o n o f sev< r a l w o r d s ; m undi - mundo; qui - quem; nos - nobis.

(vi) A r e p e a t e d p a t t e r n ol p a r o e m i o n in m e m b e r 1; q u i .. pec- ... mun-.

(vii) Z e u g m a ; all t h e r e l a t i v e c la u s e s d e p e n d o n t h e v e r b confregit.

(viii) O n o m a t o p o e i a ; leo rugiens.

(ix) M e t o n y m y ; agnus a n d leo u s e d for C h r i s t a n d S a t a n . (x) T h e w o r d tela is u s e d m e t a p h o r i c a l l y .

T h e e x a m p l e s o f B e d e s ’s r h e t o r i c w h i c h w e h a v e q u o t e d m a k e it c l e a r t h a t B e d e t r i e d his b e s t to p r e s e n t t h e c o n t e n t o f his p r e a c h i n g in a a t t r a c t i v e guise. T h e m a j o r i t y o f m o d e r n s c h o l a r s a r e a g r e e d o n t h e e l o q u e n c e , c l a r i t y a n d s i m p l i c i t y w i t h w h i c h B e d e d e l i v e r e d his h o m ilie s. B u t a l r e a d y in th e M i d d l e A g e s B e d e w a s k n o w n fo r his e l o q u e n c e . W r i t i n g to G isla, t h e siste r o f C h a r l e m a g n e , in A . D . 801 , A l c u i n c o i n e d t h e p h r a s e sermo sim plex as t h e s t a n d a r d m e d i e v a l d e s c r i p t i o n o f B e d e ’s style (A lc u i n , Ep. 216). W i l l i a m o f M a l m e s b u r y , t o o , a p p r e c i a t e d t h e s w e e tn e s s o f B e d e ’s e l o q u e n c e w h e n h e s a i d o f h i m , ‘d u l c i s f u i t e l o q u e n t i a e ’ ( W i l l i a m , Gesta Regum Anglorum , 1,59).

H a v i n g l e a r n e d L a t i n in his b o y h o o d as a c o m p l e t e l y fo r e ig n l a n g u a g e (Bla ir, 1970, p. 2 4 4 ), B e d e e v e n t u a l l y u s e d it w i t h g r e a t c o m p e t e n c e as a useful to o l in his ex e g e s i s a n d p r e a c h i n g (R i c h é , 1976, p. 381). O n e c a n on ly s p e c u l a t e a b o u t t h e s o u r c e o f B e d e ’s e lo q u e n c e . T w o possibilities s e e m to p r e s e n t th e m s e l v e s . T h e first is t h a t B e d e a c q u i r e d his p r o f i c i e n c y in L a t i n l a r g e l y t h r o u g h his o w n efforts, b y s t u d y i n g t h e e x i s t i n g t e x t b o o k s a n d by r e a d i n g t h e w o r k s o f e l o q u e n t a u t h o r s s u c h as A m b r o s e , J e r o m e a n d

(14)

A u g u s t i n e . I f this is i n d e e d t h e s e c r e t b e h i n d B e d e ’s k n o w l e d g e o f L a t i n , it p r o v e s t h e t r u t h o f A u g u s t i n e ’s d i c t u m , m e n t i o n e d befo re, t h a t e l o q u e n c e c a n be l e a r n e d w i t h o u t t h e i n t e r v e n t i o n o f a r h e t o r i c i a n m e r e l y b y im i t a t i n g e l o q u e n t m e n ; ‘N e c d e s u n t e c c le s ia s tic a e l i t t e r a e ... q u a s l e g e n d o h o m o c a p a x ... e t i a m e l o q u i o q u o d i c u n t u r , d u m in his v e r s a t u r , i m b u i t u r ’ ( A u g u s t i n e , De docl. chr., I V , 9). T h e o n l y o t h e r s o l u ti o n is t h a t B ed e m u s t h a v e h a d a c o m p e t e n t t e a c h e r w h o t a u g h t h i m h o w to a p p r e c i a t e a n d w r it e g o o d L a t i n , in w h i c h c.ise s o m e a t le a s t o f his h e a r e r s m i g h t h a v e s h a r e d t h e s a m e k n o w l e d g e o f L a t i n p r o s e style.

R EFER EN C ES

A L C U IN . E p isto la e . E d . b y E. D iim m le r. 1895. Monurnfnta G ennaniaf Historica. Epistolae I \ ’.

Berlin.

A U G U S T I N E . D e d o c t r i n a C h r is t ia n a . P r i n t e d in Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Lalinorum, v o l. L X X X . \ ie n n a .

B A L D W IN , C .S . 1928. M e d ie v a l R h e t o ric a n d P o etic ^to 1400). N e w Y ork.

B E D E . D e a rte m e tric a . P r in te d in Corpus Christianorum S .L . vol. C X X I I I A.

B E D E . D e s c h e m a tib u s el iro p is. P r in te d in Corpus Chnstianorum S .L . C X X I I I T u m h o u t.

B E D E . H o m e lia ru m E v a n g c iii L ib ri II. P r in te d 'mCorpus Christianorum S .L . C X X I I . T u r n h o u t.

B L A IR . P .H . 1970. T h e W o rld o f B ede. L o n d o n .

C A M P B E L L , J .J . 1978. A d a p ta t io n o f C la ssic al R h e io ric in O ld E n g lish L i te r a tu r e ’. In:

M edieval Eloquence. Studies in the Theory and Practice o jM e d ie ia l Rhetoric. E d. J a m e s J . M u rp h y . B erkeley.

C R O L L , M .W . 1966. S ty le , R h e t o r ic , a n d R h y th m . E d. by J . M a x P a tric k a n d o th e rs.

P rin c e to n .

H O W E L L , W .S . 19f i. L o g ic a n d R h e t o ric in E n g la n d . 1500-1700. N ew Y ork.

H l 'P P E . B .F . l ‘*59. D o c trin e a n d P o e try , A u g u s tin e 's In llu e n c e o n O ld E n g lish P o e try . N ew

^■ork.

K E N A L L . C .B . 1978. 'B e d e 's H istoria Ecclesiastica: th e R h e to ric o l 'F a i t h '. In; M edieval Eloquence. Studies in the Theory and Practice o f M edieval Rhetoric. E d. by J a m e s J . M u rp h y . B erkeley.

L A N H A M . R .A . 968. A H a n d lis t o f R h e to ric a l T e rm s. B erkeley.

M U R P H Y . J .J . 1971*. T h r e e M e d ie v a l R h e to ric a l A rts. B erkeley.

M L ’R P H '^ '. J .J . 1971^. M e d ie v a l R h e to ric . A S elect B ib lio g ra p h y . T o ro n to . P O L H E I M . k . 1925. D ie la te in isc h e R e im p ro s a . B erlin.

R I C H É . P. 1976. E d u c a tio n a n d C u ltu r e in th e B a r b a r a ia n W est, S ix th T h r o u g h E ig h th C e n tu rie s. T r . fro m 3 rd F r e n c h ed. by J o h n J . C o n tre n i. C o lu m b ia .

I'A N E N H A U S . G u ssie H e c h t. 1962. ''h c á c 'h De schematibus et tropis — a tr a n s la tio n .' In: The Quarterly Jo u rn a l of Speech, 4 8 :2 3 7 -5 3 . Illin o is.

W E T H E R B E E . \N . 1978. S o m e im p lic a tio n s o f B ed e's L a tin s ty le .' In: Bede and Anglo-Saxon England. E d. b \ R .'I'. F a rr e ll. British Archeological Reports 46. O x fo rd .

W I L L I A M O F M A L M E S B U R ^ ^ G e s ta R e g u m A n g lo ru m . E d. by W . S tu b b s . R olls Senes. L o n d o n .

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