Osas, thank you for all your prayers, and for keeping me informed and in touch. Yilkur Dashe, Sarah Adelabu, Kwopnan Bulus and other colleagues (academic and non-academic staff of the department), thank you for your support and encouragement.
BACKGROUND AND OUTLINE OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
In doing so, the study focused on the Plateau State Civil Service as a microcosm of the Nigerian civil service. It was against this backdrop that Obasanjo's government introduced another civil service reform in 2004 (The Obasanjo Reforms, 2004).
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The Nigerian Federation questions the extent to which the theories are apt to capture the factors that actually motivate Nigeria's public sector employees in light of the particularities of the ecology of her public administration.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
RESEARCH HYPOTHESES/BROADER ISSUES TO BE INVESTIGATED The main assumption of the research is that
Content and process theories of organizational motivation adequately explain the motivation of workers in the Plateau State Civil Service;. Non-administrative criteria in the socio-cultural environment of Nigeria's public administration and external to the immediate work environment of Plateau State civil servants significantly affect their work ethics and performance;.
JUSTIFICATION FOR THE STUDY
The administrative reforms will be more powerful and strategic to achieve bureaucratic efficiency and effectiveness and affect output quality in the Plateau State Civil Service if they take note of the non-administrative criteria present in the workers' socio-cultural environment. By evaluating the role of factors within the socio-cultural environment of the Plateau State Civil Service in inhibiting or enhancing employee motivation and performance, the study brings to light the power of factors within the average worker's environment to bring forth his psyche, relationships . and productivity at any level;.
SCOPE OF STUDY
He evaluated content and process organizational motivation theories to determine the extent to which they capture the factors that encourage or discourage employee performance in achieving set goals. Furthermore, Dariye hails from the Southern Senatorial Zone of Plateau State and it was during his tenure that one of the deadliest ethno-religious conflicts in the history of Jos in Plateau State took place in 2001.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
As a follow-up to this, the state was placed under an administrator (Major General Chris Alli [Rtd]) for a while before he (Dariye) was reinstated as governor when calm returned to the state. This also led to tensions that engulfed the state in incessant political crises, exacerbated by the attacks of Boko Haram insurgents in the metropolis and the night attacks by Fulani herdsmen in the hinterlands.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF THE RESEARCH
OPERATIONALISATION OF CONCEPTS
However, the study focused on assessing the factors outside the work environment that also drive employees. The civil service assists the executive branch by ensuring the continuity of policy, the fulfillment of the government's obligations to its citizens and the economic growth of the nation.
OUTLINE/ORGANIZATION OF STUDY
These were analyzed and presented to reduce the bulk of the data and facilitate handling and documentation of research findings. By answering the research questions, the discussion enabled clarification of the relationships, if any, between the two variables under study based on hypothesis tests.
CHAPTER SUMMARY
Research questions, hypotheses, significance and purpose of the study were also highlighted and briefly discussed. This chapter highlights the theories and models on which the core of the research is built.
THEORETICAL UNDERPINNINGS OF THE STUDY
Riggs’ Fused-Prismatic-Refracted/Diffracted Model
The Refracted/Diffracted society, on the other hand, aptly captures the characteristics of developed societies. Prismatic is the middle point of the model and is characterized by a high degree of formalism, heterogeneity and overlap.
The Contingency theory
In essence, contingency theory rejects the universality of leadership and management principles and focuses on the system's external environment. Churchman (1968) analyzed environmental variables as those that are beyond the direct or positive control of the managers of the organization's resources, but can affect the organization. The variables of the secondary system arise from the interaction of subsets of the variables of the primary system.
Further evaluations of contingency theory were made by researchers such as Meyer et al (1978) who claimed that the theory is widely accepted and thus no longer controversial.
CHAPTER SUMMARY
The next chapter covering the literature review contains a more elaborate exposition of the relationship between the postulations of the theories and the extent to which they have been validated or refuted by the characteristics of Nigeria's public administration ecology.
CHAPTER THREE
THE ECOLOGY OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
- The Public Administrative Ecology of the More Developed Nations
- The Public Administrative Ecology of the Less Developed Nations
Through their work, the horizons of public administration have expanded and the doors of the profession have been opened to all types of social scientists. In the 1950s, there was an increased interest in the study of the importance and impact of ecology on public administration. Critics of the science of public administration claim that the public administrations of countries are influenced by their environment.
This is even more so because of the differences in societies and the social structures that exist within them.
NIGERIA’S PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION .1 The Ecology of Nigeria’s Public Administration .1 The Ecology of Nigeria’s Public Administration
- The Ecology of the Plateau State Civil Service
The Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP), whose leader, Ken Saro-Wiwa, was killed by the Abacha-led military regime for anti-government activities in 1995, also had similar aims but was basically a non-violent group (Ogoni Bill of Rights, 1991). These characteristics of the contemporary Nigerian state did not emerge in the later years of her history. It places great emphasis on the capacity of public administration at all levels to function optimally.
Geographically, the state is located in the North Central region of the country, an area generally referred to as the Middle Belt (Blench, 2003).
MOTIVATION
Today such extreme conceptualizations of economic man have been discredited especially by Man. It relates to the problem of how to get the best out of the human element at work. It is the result of the interaction between a person's motives (the employee's attitude) and the factors in the work situation (the work environment) he faces.
In the late 1960s, Porter and Lawler developed an extension of the Vroom Expectancy model known as the Porter-Lawler Expectancy Model.
S. Adams’ Equity Theory This theory suggests that
Under-rewarding occurs when a person believes that they put in more effort than others, but receive the same reward or put in the same amount of effort as another person for a smaller reward. In contrast, with excessive reward, a person will feel that the ratio of effort to reward is higher than the other person, so that they get more for the same effort or get the same reward even with less effort. While research shows that underrewarding motivates individuals to eliminate inequality, research also shows that this is not the case for overrewarding.
Several factors may moderate the relationship between specific and challenging goals and high levels of motivation.
F. Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory
- CHAPTER SUMMARY
- RESEARCH PARADIGMS
- RESEARCH DESIGN
- AREA OF STUDY
- POPULATION OF THE STUDY
- SAMPLE SIZE
- SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
- METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
The individualistic nature of the society excludes any scope for the political, socio-cultural, etc. Jucius's perspective also provides a footing for this research into the strength of the non-administrative criteria to influence employee motivation in the Plateau State civil service. is further developed based on the research design and methodology contained in the next chapter. Ngu (2009) considered these decisions as influenced by the type, nature or purpose of the research.
The estimated total number of employees in the Plateau State Civil Service is sixteen thousand [16000] (Plateau State Civil Service Commission Annual Reports, 2011).
Secondary Data: The secondary data were sourced from documents, information archived in the Cabinet Office of the Plateau State civil service, books by authors like Riggs (1961), Dahl
- TESTS OF VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY
The use of three data collection instruments was to enable cross-validation of responses. Uzoagulu (1998) defined validity in terms of the adequacy of an instrument in measuring what it is intended to measure. It implies the degree to which an empirical measure adequately reflects the real meaning of the concept under consideration (Babbie and Mouton, 2001).
Kerlinger (1973) and Asika (2005) defined it as consistency between independent measurements of the same phenomena, which is related to the predictability, stability and reliability of the measuring instrument.
Tests of Validity
Reliability, on the other hand, generally means that the significant results of a research should be constant and repeatable in the sense that researchers trying to conduct the same research under the same conditions should reach the same conclusions as the previous research. Babbie and Mouton (2001) describe the concept as the ability of a given technique, applied repeatedly to the same object, to produce the same result each time. Biereenu-Nnabugwu (2010) together with the views of Black and Champion (1976) and Obasi (1999) posited that reliability is the ability of an instrument to produce the same consistent results over time when applied to the same sample.
Efforts were made to adequately capture the characteristics of the variables examined within the designated primary data collection instruments.
Test of Reliability
- METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS
- ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE RESEARCH
- EVALUATION OF THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- CHAPTER SUMMARY
- DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSES
- Results, Analyses and Interpretation of the Questionnaire Data
Where d = the difference between the pair of ranks of the same individual in the two traits. A total of three hundred and ninety (390) questionnaires were administered, but only three hundred and forty-three (343) copies of the total number returned were considered valid enough for the analyses. It served as a buffer for properly measuring the qualitative aspects of the data (Gupta, 2011).
All were employees of the Plateau State Civil Service at the time the research and data collection was carried out.
Inferential Statistics and Hypotheses Testing
The most represented educational level in this study is the polytechnic with 39.9%, which shows that it is the highest level of tertiary education that most of the respondents received. In the immediate search, the points reached a degree of density, close to each other towards the center of the diagram, thus revealing a fairly good correlation between the analyzed variables (Gupta, 2011). Western oriented content and process theories of organizational motivation are objective specific and fully consistent in explaining the factors that underpin worker motivation in the Plateau State Civil Service.
The results from Table 2 show that the result for the respondents' motivators was statistically significant compared to the population average, t p< 0.05.
Test
The confidence interval shows that on a number of occasions, up to 95% on a scale of 100%, the difference between employee motivation and performance is between 68.8995 and 71.6923.
