62 Figure 5.1 Feeding pattern of goats fed with urea-treated hay, urea-sprayed hay and untreated hay. 78 Figure 5.6 Sleep pattern of goats fed urea-treated hay, urea-sprayed hay and untreated hay.
1
- Background
- Justification
- Research question
- Research hypotheses
- Objectives
- Main objective
- Specific objectives
Rumen filling is also a function of initial bulk density and the space it eventually occupies in the rumen (Merten, 1987). Reticulo-yellow filling will be similar regardless of when the meal ends (ie morning = afternoon = evening).
6
INTRODUCTION
RUMINANTS FEED AND FEEDING
They are efficient processors of feeds containing large amounts of digestible cellulose and are not suited to indigestible fibers or concentrated secondary compounds. Good examples of ruminants with these anatomical descriptions are cattle (Bos taurus and Bos indicus) and sheep (Ovis aries).
SMALL RUMINANT PRODUCTION
Therefore, it becomes essential to supplement low quality forage when they are in isolation. Furthermore, they are usually fed ad-libitum regardless of the system in which they are raised since feeding strategies and tactics aimed at optimal production must take voluntary food intake as a key factor (Pulina and Bencini, 2004).
DESCRIPTION, NUTRITION AND PRODUCTION OF GOATS
VOLUNTARY INTAKE OF FEED IN SMALL RUMINANT NUTRITION
Should the products of rumen fermentation become imbalanced due to the inefficiency of its ecosystem, feed intake and utilization may also be low or affected (Chanjula and Ngampongsai, 2008). By way of consistency, concentrate supplementation always reduces hay intake and three main factors including rumen filling, nutrients in the rumen and palatability of the feed do affect intake.
FORAGES AND ROUGHAGES AS SMALL RUMINANTS DIET
Aroma and taste of forage plants is also an important indicator for acceptability and intake by animals, but regardless of feed's nutritional value, intake and palatability are changed by the presence of chemical compounds such as phenols, alkaloids and tannin (Ngwa et al., 2003). Their quality parameters such as crude protein, palatability and DM digestibility vary significantly due to differences in variety, ripening and management practices (Bohnert et al., 2007).
PHENOMENA IN THE RUMEN
The main lubricant that acts as a buffer and provides a medium for microbial access to the food particles of these forages in the rumen is rumen juice or juice (Seo et al., 2007). During in situ degradation of mixed hay, Baumont et al., (1997) added that NDF and dry matter decreased and increased, respectively, when voluntary intake was different among all at levels and 1608 g in the same order.
FACTORS AFFECTING RUMEN FILL OR CONTENT AND SIZE
Degradation is an important factor associated with room creation in the rumen and generally improves forage absorption. Intake of low-quality feed is therefore limited by the large amount of non-degradable and slowly degradable materials in the rumen.
EFFECT OF TIME ON RUMEN DIGESTA LOAD
Through distension, the digestive load in the rumen could act as a satiety agent and the rate at which this load flows out of the rumen also determines roughage intake (Weston, 1985; Campling, 1970). Mechanisms that improve forage absorption include changes in processes involved in digestive clearance, an increase in the digestive load maintained in the rumen, and modulation in the responsiveness of the central nervous system to the sensory output provided by the reticulo- rumen is generated.
PASSAGE RATE AND RETENTION TIME
Weston (1985) also reported that the rate of digestion from the rumen to the omasum is the main factor limiting the voluntary consumption of low-quality forage. Several dietary nutrients influence the rate of fiber transit in the rumen, i.e.
DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION AND THE NEED FOR IT
Their use increases voluntary feed intake (Archibeque, 1999), rumen microbes produce microbial protein which is a good source of nitrogen for the host animal and nutrient digestibility and feed passage from the rumen is positively improved. Another compelling reason for the requirement of a supplemental nitrogen source in ruminants is the proper functioning of the rumen, especially when the diet component is of very low quality (Hernandez and Sanchez, 2014).
UREA TREATMENT AND OPTIMIZATION OF LOW QUALITY ROUGHAGE
Tafaj (2005) pointed out that it is not a strategy to overcome the limitation of low-quality forage by feeding concentrates as a supplement to ruminants, but to increase the quality of raw forage. A reduction in the level of concentrate from 50 to 20% in the low fiber forage diet improved rumen conditions as the rumen solids passage rate and fiber digestibility increased as the concentration of large particles and medium particle size decreased. of rumen digestion and faeces. .
SOURCES, INTAKE AND IMPORTANCE OF WATER IN RUMINANTS
Usually, ruminants may not need water when that available in food, especially palatable food, has met their requirements (Sileshi et al., 2003). For example, sheep drink less or no water provided that the feed contains more than 70% (Sirohi et al., 1997).
FACTORS INCREASING WATER INTAKE IN RUMINANTS
DIGESTIBILITY AND THE ASSOCIATED DEPRESSION ON ROUGHAGES
There are a number of methods to determine the digestible value of feed (Muamba et al., 2014), but erroneous conclusions can be drawn in in vitro and in sacco methods if they are not supported by feed trials that provide information on health and productivity of the animals (Norton, 1998). On the other hand, in vivo apparent digestibility can be determined by complete collection of faecal output from animals (Muamba et al., 2014).
FACTORS AFFECTING DIGESTIBILITY
In addition, Baumont et al. 1997) found a lower digestibility of mixed grass hay and argued that it was a resulting established effect of higher fiber content (NDF & ADF) and low crude protein. Additionally, as clover or forage species mature, intake declines, digestibility declines, and utilization becomes poor (Hogan and Weston, 1971; Minson, 2012; . Favreau et al., 2010).
FEEDING BEHAVIOUR OF GOATS
Post-ingestion effects such as nutritional value, toxicity and above all rumen filling always influence the feeding behavior of the animals, contribute to their satiation process and control their intake to prevent excess (Baumont et al., 2000; Favreau et al., 2010) ). Somehow, just like sheep, goats have been found to pay less attention to post-ingestion consequences and sometimes prefer novelty seeking diverse diets just for pleasure with implication for welfare rather than functional purpose (Favreau et al., 2010).
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK (ANN)
CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS
28
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- DATA COMPUTATION
- ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK (ANN) TRAINING
- ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK (ANN) VALIDATION
- Modification of Datasets
- RESULTS
- Data variations
- ANN training model (I) of rumen fill (kg)
- ANN validation model (I) of rumen fill (kg)
- ANN training and validation model (II) of rumen fill (g/kgBW)
- Pattern of RF (g/kgBW) between observed and predicted values in validation
- DISCUSSION
- Dietary characteristics
- Animal characteristics
- Artificial neural network (ANN) Model (I) for rumen fill (kg)
- Modified rumen fill (g/kgBW) and the predictors
- CONCLUSION
Where SPT=species/type, AGE=age, PHY=physiological state, MGT=housing system, LBW=body weight, MBW=adult body weight, DM=dry matter, CP=crude protein, NDF=neutral detergent fiber, ADF=acidic detergent fiber, CHO= non-fiber non-protein carbohydrate and RFD=dry rumen fill. DM=dry matter, CP=crude protein, NDF=neutral detergent fiber, ADF=acid detergent fiber, CHO=non-fiber, non-protein carbohydrate, SPT=species/type, AGE, PHY=physiological state, MGT=housing system , LBW=body weight, MBW=adult body weight, RF=rumen fill. In the same vein, ANN validation model (II) in Figure 3.7 shows that rumen fill increases by 0.608 for each increase in input.
48
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- EXPERIMENTAL SITE
- EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS AND HOUSING MANAGEMENT
- EXPERIMENTAL FEED
- UREA TREATMENT OF HAY
- SPRAYING OF HAY WITH UREA
- FEED PREPARATION AND DEGRADATION IN THE RUMEN
- DEGRADATION PROCEDURE
- EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND FEEDING MANAGEMENT
- IN VIVO DIGESTIBILITY TRIAL
- MEASUREMENTS AND DATA COLLECTION
- CHEMICAL ANALYSES
- STATISTICAL ANALYSES
- RESULTS
- Feed quality
- In vivo digestibility
- Dry matter intake of goats
- Water intake of goats
- Body weight changes in goats
- DISCUSSION
- Diet quality
- Degradation, nutrients intake and digestibility
- Dry matter intake
- Water intake
- Live weight change
- CONCLUSION
For apparent nutrient digestibility, the same procedure was used to analyze goat faecal samples for dry matter (ADMD), organic matter (AOMD), neutral detergent fiber (ANDFD) and acid detergent fiber (AADFD) (Van Soest et al., 1991). Nevertheless, it is sufficient to say that the variation in nutrient digestibility of UTH, USH and NTH was due to the effect of varying quality or nutrient composition (Bohnert et al., 2007). Unlike the expected increased level of water intake due to the effect of urea inclusion for goats fed UTH and USH (Sileshi et al., 2007), water intake of goats fed untreated hay was higher (P < 0, 05) at certain times during the collection period.
67
INTRODUCTION
Likewise, nutritional value, rumen filling and toxicity (post-ingestion effects) determine on the other hand when animals stop eating. Reticulo-rumen filling is a key factor for ruminant productivity and the extent of dry matter intake is the dominant process to assess it. Consequently, body size or maturity of ruminants (Boudon et al., 2009) and some other factors such as availability of essential nutrients in feed (McLaren & Doyle, 1988) and time of feeding (Boudon et al., 2009), determine the reticulo - rumen fill.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND FEEDING MANAGEMENT
BEHAVIOURAL OBSERVATIONS
Ruminant (Lying) RLD Animals chew without any visible food in the mouth when lying down. Lazy (Sleep) IDL Animal that curls its head into its body while lying or lying down, with eyes visibly closed and or without performing any other visible activity. Mineral lick MLI Animal standing or lying with its head down deep in the mineral salt lick container.
SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURE
Social ( Play ) SPL An animal that engages in any form of entertainment by itself or with others who display emotion. Social ( Fighting ) SFI An animal that engages in any form of fighting or fighting with others even though the individual pen was limited. RF and other digestate contents were weighed to the nearest gram on a portable electronic scale (Mettler Toledo Spider 2, 1–15 kg).
CHEMICAL ANALYSES
The entire intestine was removed from the carcass, and the ends of the reticulo-yolk, egg, abomasum, small intestine, colon, cecum, and large intestine were identified and tied to prevent mixing of the digesta contents.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Artificial neural network (ANN) model prediction of reticulo-rumen fill of goats
RESULTS
- Daily feeding pattern of goats
- Daily rumination pattern of goats while lying down
- Daily rumination pattern of goats while standing
- Daily idling pattern of goats while lying down
- Daily idling pattern of goats while standing
- Daily sleeping pattern of goats
- Daily recreational activities pattern of goats
- Daily offensive activities pattern of goats
- Daily hygienic activities pattern of goats
- Daily pattern of drinking of goats
- Daily minerals or salt licking by goats
- Effects of roughage quality on wet and dry digesta in the reticulo-rumen,
- Effects of period of meal termination on dry reticulo-rumen fill, omasal digesta
- Correlation between wet and dry digesta along the GIT
The chewing pattern of standing goats, as shown in Figure 5.3, is in the general zigzag state, and the goats at different times of the day reached the peak. In addition, it equally signaled the hyperactivity of UTH-fed goats although at other times of the day, the time spent fighting was not significant (P>0.05). Inclusion of urea to feed either by treatment or by spray was associated with a progressive decline (P < 0.05) in fill; therefore, the quality of the diets negatively affected the reticulorumen filling of the goats.
DISCUSSION
- Behavioural observation
- Behaviour over time
- Digesta load in the reticulo-rumen and other organs of the GIT
- Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) loads
- Artificial neural network (ANN) model prediction
On the contrary, dry reticulo-ruminal filling of goats fed UTH was only less than that of goats fed USH and not NTH. The period of measurement of reticulo-rumen filling of goats and digesta in other compartments was also significant. Wet reticulo rumen fill of goats measured in the evening was greater than in the afternoon, which was similar to that of the morning.
CONCLUSIONS
97
Influence of the method of feed retention on feeding behavior, intake and characteristics of the reticulo-rumen contents in sheep fed ad libitum. Comparison of intake and digestibility of different diets in Ilamas and sheep: a preliminary study. Prediction of intake and digestion in ruminants by a model of rumen kinetics integrating animal size and plant characteristics.
On the suitability of the Illius and Gordon model for simulating fiber intake and digestibility in ruminants. Effects of fiber type on daily patterns of feed intake and eating behavior in young sheep.
