However, this study argues that news framing of specific topics of coverage of the humanitarian disaster in Somalia in 2011 is likely to be determined by the function it serves. Therefore, the global awareness and perception of a humanitarian disaster in a developing country like Somalia depends on the global information flow, and this depends on the interests of the news agencies and news media. In light of the preceding discourses, it is particularly interesting to explore the importance given to the famine in Somalia by news agencies (ie Reuters and Panapress) and news media (ie Al Jazeera English [AJE] and CNNI).
This study therefore explored news sources and their relationship to assigning importance to certain news-making functions in reporting on the 2011 Somalia famine using the research questions below, as according to Schneider (2011), news sources enable journalists to shape the story. in a special way. So who were the news sources that AJE, CNNI, Panapress and Reuters used in their coverage of the Somalia famine in 2011. What was the relationship between the news sources and the news framing features used in their reporting.
Methodology
The data was collected from the archives of the individual Panapress, Reuters, AJE and CNNI websites between December 2012 and January 2013. News items in the period and scope of the study were selected from search results where both keywords appear in the title or title, introduction, subtitle, the first three paragraphs of the story, or the first three photos in the case of a photo story. However, search results for the 2011 Somalia famine reported by Panapress could not be accessed directly from their website due to the requirement to subscribe to television services.
Despite a series of official inquiries by phone, email and filling out Panapress' online customer subscription form, there was still no response. This was successfully done by copying the headline and/or lead of the 2011 Somali famine news from the search results from the archives and pasting it into the Google search engine. Dichotomous values were recorded as responses based on predefined concepts of news frame functions that were operationalized using 15 predefined questions developed from existing literature (Chu & Hamidah, 2010; Entman, 1993; Kent, n.d.; Zhou & Moy, 2007).
The questions explored the presence/absence of news design features using the aforementioned Tankard Units of Analysis. Indicators of the news shaping function were derived by dividing the total number of positive dichotomous values recorded by the total number of expected results. These numbers were then converted to categorical variables and collapsed into three categories indicating the degree to which news framing features were used: low (≤.50), average, and high (68+).
Intercoder reliability testing involved one of the authors and a second coder using the codebook as a guide. These tests included the Kruskal-Wallis test to determine differences in the use of news framing features and news sources, the Mann-Whitney U test to distinguish the most significant differences in the use of news framing features, and the Chi-square (test for independence) to explore the relationship between news organizations and the use of news framing functions and the relationship between news sources and use of news framing functions.
The Results A. Coverage
The question must then be asked: was the "news famine" in the online news media a demonstration that the global news media deemed Somalia's tragic disaster unworthy of prominence as a peripheral nation in the global economic, political and of information flow. It also displays the average score for "remedial suggestion", which is at least half that of other news framing functions. However, Table 3 contradicts the bar chart shown in Figure 2, demonstrating that “suggesting remedies” was the most used news framing function.
This contradiction arose because the means were suggested with low levels, while "problem definition" and other framing functions appeared with high mean scores. Similarly, neither CNNI, Panapress, nor Reuters considered making moral judgments a priority, as evidenced by the low scores in the use of the moral judgment news framing function. There were significant differences in the use of all news framing features as revealed by the Kruskal-Wallis test, where p is < 0.05.
There were statistically significant differences in the Kruskal-Wallis test for the use of news sources. When reporting on the Somali famine, humanitarian organizations were relied upon the most. However, like the use of news-making functions by news organizations, the overall relationship between the use of news sources and the news-making function at all levels, as shown in Figure 3 below, mostly showed low mean scores, except for problem definition .
The emergence of most of the low-scoring news framing functions describing indifference resulted from how news media and news agencies failed to strategically prioritize aspects of hunger across news items ( i.e., headline/subheading, heading, subheading, pull citation, photo, photo caption, and body text stories). Overall, the results suggest that AJE, CNNI, Panapress, and Reuters all had significant differences in their use of all news framing functions except for suggesting remedies. Clustered bar graph of the influence of news sources on the use of news framing functions at 3 levels.
Low Medium High Low Medium High Low Medium High Low Medium High Low Medium High.
Discussion
Another interesting result to consider is that the Kruskal-Wallis test for determining the most significant differences in the use of framing functions by news organizations showed that Reuters, perhaps the most powerful news agency in the world, devoted importance of diagnosing causes. For example, assigning importance to the diagnosis of a famine may result in the eventual declaration of a famine, which in turn contributes to increased media coverage of the famine, government pledges of support, and domestic and international charitable contributions. This is reflected in how the UN's declaration of a Somali famine in July 2011 caused donations to aid agencies to surge overnight.
The present study confirms this, finding that although the media only reported isolated food crises in the Horn of Africa prior to the declaration, media interest in the famine grew following UN recognition of an unfolding disaster. Kumar and Biernatzki (n.d.) note that this is what led to an alliance of regional governments in the 1960s, with assistance from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and led to the establishment of several regional and national news agencies, including Panapress to better represent local and regional interests. Therefore, news agencies may have predicted consequences based on prior knowledge of the conditions in Somalia and the severity of its consequences.
The Somali government, faced with the stark reality of the existing and impending catastrophic disaster, may have sought global support by predicting consequences to save millions of its own people from famine. This suggests that the "thematically reinforcing clusters of facts" to often suggest multiple solutions, by a powerful and influential actor in global political circles, may likely have been used to "guide the recipient's thinking and conclusion" (Entman, 1993 , p. 52) by characteristically defining the 2011 Somali famine as a catastrophic disaster requiring quick solutions. Since problem definition scores occur in the average to high range, the problems of the famine will be more visible than those in the low to average range, thereby steering the audience's thinking towards problem solving.
Moreover, the designation of famine as a humanitarian disaster, while real, was an act ultimately intended to stir emotions and motivate action. Moreover, since neither the victims of the famine nor the Somali government had any real influence in determining the framing functions of the news, the designation of the famine as a humanitarian disaster may have given them an ounce of political and economic leverage, as they are now considered 'in need'. '.
Conclusion and Suggestions for Future Research
That being the case, the non-use of famine victims and the Somali government as news sources by Panapress and Reuters contradicts the above statement. Remembering that Somalia is among the most dangerous places on earth for journalists to operate, and considering that Panapress was created by African governments to promote African interests, the regional news agency could have used its network of contacts among member states. to leverage access to news sources such as famine victims, the Somali government, insurgents and experts. Therefore, in light of these results, we suggest that another area of future research, perhaps, would be to investigate how content and gatekeeping processes can be combined to understand how and why decisions about the use of special news framing functions were achieved by the editorial team.
The proposal also takes into account observations by Fenton (2010) that news is what journalists make of it, and it is dependent on a range of economic, social, political and technological factors as well as those related to the work environment. A Tale of Two Wars: Framing Analysis of Online News Sites in Coalition Countries and the Arab World During the Iraq War. Foreign Policy and the Framing of the 2003 Iraq War in Elite Swedish and American Newspapers.
A study commissioned by FAO/FSNAU and FEWS NET from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left. Retrieved from http://www.dcaf.ch/Chapter-Section/Chapter-9-Framing-and-problem- definition-British-responses-to-the-war-against-Bosnia.
Old-growth forests on network news: News sources and the shaping of environmental controversy. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.my/books?id=EIJ5LGa1WQYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=news +sources&hl=en&sa=X&ei=z57vUY7JBc3trQerw4CwDw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=. Adejo (Eds.), Issues in history and international studies: An essay in honor of Professor David Sarah Momoh Koroma (pp. 465-483).
Retrieved from http://books.google.com.my/books?id=7kyAkYcZnskC&printsec=frontcover&dq=news+.
