136 Table 6.10: The level of knowledge at the start of the project as experienced by project participants and respondents of the information officer. 221 Table 7.66: Participation of information officers in the different phases of the project according to both categories of respondents.
1 1.1 INTRODUCTION
2 officials and non-governmental organisations, has been critical to the success, cost-
A sustainability advisory system must adapt over time to the changing needs of its clients as the public sector faces increasing demands for accountability to justify the allocation of resources and demonstrate that effective needs-based programs are in place. A sustainable extension system must be self-sustaining in terms of funding, programming, recruitment, and client support in order to operate at a sustained level of activity.
5 This study will focus on the perception and knowledge of project participants and extension
PROBLEM STATEMENT
The planning of the business (the business plan) must be done in collaboration with the beneficiaries (FAO, 2009:ix). Failure seems inevitable if a participatory approach in community development projects does not manifest itself in the responsible involvement of the participating groups, institutions or stakeholders and staff in the department from the beginning and in all phases of the project.
7 needs of projects participants and the assisting directorates of the Department of Agriculture
OBJECTIVES
8 1.4 HYPOTHESIS
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
9 f) There is less involvement of the people concerned in a more precise definition of their
OUTLINE OF THE STUDY
10 problem statement, hypothesis, objectives, questionnaire and literature cited in this research
11 CHAPTER 2
PARTICIPATION
- Definition of participation
12 some who regard participation as an end in itself and (f) by others who see it as a means to
13 (ii) Participation in information giving;
14 (iv) Coverage; and
The importance of participation in development programmes
15 (i) People will only commit their own resources (such as labour, land, energy,
16 (ix) This brings to the fore the most central aspect of development (and the aspect
Community participation
16 (ix) This brings to the fore the most central aspect of development (and aspect.
17 context of a development project, beneficiaries, as individuals, maybe allowed to participate
18 2.2.3.1 Ownership and responsibility
Participation of extension .1 The role of extension .1 The role of extension
19 2.2.4.2 Technology transfer
Principles underlying an effective extension approach
Extension programmes
In the case of African agricultural extension, attention has increasingly turned to a loosely defined collection of "participatory" approaches, none of which has claimed any kind of operational dominance.
22 2.2.4.5 Accountability of extension
Participatory monitoring and evaluation
23 (iii) a planned period for formally analysing and discussing the information that has
24 been implemented. Project evaluation may assist in determining major problems
25 local participation and multiplicity in other areas, and develop social and
Stakeholder participation
A stakeholder is someone who has a real or perceived interest in a project or its outcome (Batchelor, 2010; Sparrius, 2000). They can be actively involved in the project and include those whose interests will be affected by the project: customers, sponsors, owners, beneficiaries, financiers, suppliers and contractors.
27 Stakeholder management starts with stakeholder engagement. Engaging stakeholders in the
Greater Stakeholder Participation
28 2.2.6 Group dynamics factors associated with greater participation
Group Cohesiveness and Performance
29 proximity on group cohesiveness raises questions about how to maximise
Participation of rural people
30 Participation processes in rural development projects are important and critical for a project,
PROJECTS AND PROGRAMMES .1 Definition of a project .1 Definition of a project
31 Burke (2003:2-4, 48-59) gave examples and features of what may be called a project
32 (iii) A budget;
Defining project objectives
33 (iv) Resources: - the manpower resources would be linked to the schedule bar chart
The project cycle
34 (a) Gittinger (1982) has presented a project cycle as follows
35 (iii) Execution or implementation; and
Phases of the project
Project identification/ registration
38 way that these projects are registered and information captured. At this stage, the project
Project preparation
Project appraisal and prioritization
Project pipeline – Projects that are approved enter the pipeline
Project negotiations
On hold
39 Projects on hold will be those projects where funding is provided and committed for years
Project implementation planning
Project implementation
Project operations
Project evaluation
40 Milestone: Evaluation report
Types of projects
41 Botha and Lombard (1991:36) indicated that agricultural projects have varied characteristics,
- conceptual or consideration phase
- People
- The planning phase 4. The plan
- Implementation phase 5. Execution
- Monitoring and evaluation 6. Learning and termination
- Project success
To achieve these goals, the project manager uses project management systems to effectively plan and control the project (Burke. Identification of stakeholders and their expectations should be one of the main activities in the project concept phase (Sparrius.
45 2.3.6.3 Development programmes
Measuring project success
46 (vi) Adequate communication channels (sufficient information is available on the
47 Different people assess project success differently and at different times. According to
Factors found in successful projects
Project failure
- Farmers and community constraints
48 collective action, top-down planning, and insufficient support causes more problems for
49 results in tremendous duplication and eventually a largely reduced development impact. In
Projects constraints
Partner – The company may want to take on a partner who may have previous experience in the project and also to spread the risk. Training – The project may become a training ground for new recruits, in which case the learning curve will be an expense to the project.
52 Major causes of project failure have been categorised as follows by Regenesys School of
Symptoms of project failure
The symptoms and other causes of project failure have been listed by various authors as follows:. i) Missing project plan and business case update;. ii) Lack of stakeholder communication;.
54 (iii) No external involvement in quality assurance;
55 (i) Unclear, over-arching corporate objectives;
Indicators of project failure
56 (vi) Changing requirements and specifications;
FARMERS OR CLIENT NEEDS ASSESSMENT .1 Defining client’s needs .1 Defining client’s needs
57 2.4.2 Participatory need assessment
58 Different groups of people may be concerned about different needs, or they may have
Consultation during needs assessment
The extent of the need for complementary or substitute services from the international humanitarian system will depend in part on the capacity and willingness of the controlling authorities to meet the needs of the affected population. An awareness of the primary responsibility of these authorities for people's welfare, and the extent to which it is met, should inform any assessment of needs.
Training needs of extension officers
Consultation with potential beneficiaries and involvement of potential beneficiaries in the assessment process is inconsistent and sometimes non-existent (Atkinson. Any assessment must also consider the issue of national and local capacity and responsibility (Darcy & Hofmann, 2003).
Training needs of farmers
An assessment of people's coping ability should identify the risks they are most susceptible to, and should differentiate more clearly between the levels of risk they face, as a basis for determining appropriate prioritized and targeted responses.
60 ground for action, and builds a sense of identity and participation in order to implement
CONCLUSION
62 CHAPTER 3
DESCRIPTION OF THE RESEARCH AREA .1 Reasons for choosing North West Province .1 Reasons for choosing North West Province
- Description of the Province
63 3.2.3 The population
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
RESEARCH DESIGN
- Gathering statistical information
64 3.4.2 Problem conceptualisation framework
The questionnaire design
A description of socio-economic aspects of project participants and extension officer respondents
65 1.7 Non-farming and other farming-related income of the respondents
The perception and knowledge of project participants and extension officers concerning participation in projects
The perception of project participants and extension officers concerning the beneficiaries’ needs in projects
66 3.2 Training as an intervening variable
Type of questions
Literature review
Seeking approval from the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (DARD) (DARD)
Survey
STUDY POPULATION AND SAMPLING PROCEDURE .1 Study population .1 Study population
- Sampling procedure
INSTRUMENTATION AND DATA COLLECTION .1 Instrumentation .1 Instrumentation
68 3.6.2 Data collection
INTERVIEW PROCEDURE
DATA ANALYSIS
69 The following statistical tests were done
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF DATA
MEASUREMENT OF THE STUDY VARIABLES
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The original intent of the study was to sample 35% of projects across the province. Some projects that could have been part of the study were not considered due to lack of information from the districts.
71 CHAPTER 4
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION AND SIZE
72 4.3 TOPOGRAPHY
73 The Province boarders several districts of Botswana and the following provinces in South
HISTORY
74 4.5 MUNICIPALITIES OF THE NORTH WEST PROVINCE
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FEATURES .1 Mining .1 Mining
- Community services
The Province is actually the largest contributor to South Africa's mining sector, providing 64% of the country's platinum production, 46% of all granite and 25% of all gold mined. Mining accounts for 31% of the province's GDP and uses 24% of the labor pool, which equates to more than 64,000 jobs.
76 4.6.3 Manufacturing
Agriculture
Tourism
Enterprises
STATUS OF AGRICULTURE .1 Introduction .1 Introduction
77 General agricultural practices in the semi-arid areas of the Ngaka Modiri Molema and Dr
Farming profile (i) Farmers (i) Farmers
Climate
79 In the Table 4.3 below, the temperature, precipitation and humidity levels are indicated
80 4.7.4 Land cover
Land use patterns
Land ownership
Of the total area of agricultural land in the province, 33% is in the former homelands (developing agriculture) and 67% is used for commercial farms. In the former homelands, 29% of the agricultural land is arable land (71% grassland), while in commercial agriculture the figures are 35% arable land and 65% grassland (Figure 4.5 below).
Soil types
85 arenosols, while the south-west has calcareous sands and loams and erinaceous lithosols
Soil potential
Water for agricultural purposes .1 Irrigation .1 Irrigation
86 certain areas adjoining river systems (Brits, Rustenburg, Taung, and Molopo), as well as
Sources of water
87 Limpopo river system, lie within the boundaries of the Province, namely the Elands
88 groundwater regions in the North West Province can be divided into the following
Land reform projects
Each project under NWILARP will be coordinated and supported over a five-year incubation period with the aim of achieving sustainability during this period. The province projected that there would be an average of 500 farmers per year, each with an average of 500 ha for livestock farming, 150 ha for dryland crop production and 30 ha each for irrigated crop production.
91 4.7.10 Land Tenure
92 result, individuals in the communal areas generally have few rights to own and sell land,
93 CHAPTER 5
INTRODUCTION
LOCATION OF THE PROJECTS IN LOCAL AND DISTRICT OFFICES OF THE NORTH WEST PROVINCE
- Location of the projects in Local Agricultural Development Centres of the North West Province West Province
94 Table 5.1: The location of the projects in the different Local Agricultural
95 According to project participants, the local development centre with the highest percentage of
96 5.2.3 Location of projects in local municipalities of the North-West Province Table 5.3 below shows the location of projects in 12 out of 20 local municipalities. It should also be acknowledged that 20% of project respondents also listed Moretele as an important local municipality, while 24% of consultants listed Rustenburg as an important local municipality.
- AGE DISTRIBUTION OF PROJECT PARTICIPANTS AND EXTENSION OFFICERS Age is a very crucial factor and it plays a major role in project or programme development, Age is a very crucial factor and it plays a major role in project or programme development,
- MARITAL STATUS OF PROJECT PARTICIPANTS AND EXTENSION OFFICERS Alfred and Odefadehan (2007:65-71) pointed out that marital status could have an influence Alfred and Odefadehan (2007:65-71) pointed out that marital status could have an influence
- GENDER OF PROJECT PARTICIPANTS AND EXTENSION OFFICERS
- EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS OF PROJECT PARTICIPANTS AND EXTENSION OFFICERS EXTENSION OFFICERS
The majority of project participants (71 %) and educators (82 %) are married, while only a few are negatively affected, divorced or widowed. The majority of project participants (62 %) and information officer respondents (75 %) are male, while 38 % of project participants and 25 % of information officer respondents are women.
103 The educational qualifications and/or human capacity development of project participants
PROFESSION OF PROJECT PARTICIPANTS AND EXTENSION OFFICERS According to the findings, and as expected, the majority of project participants (70 %) According to the findings, and as expected, the majority of project participants (70 %)
104 5.9 EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF PROJECT PARTICIPANTS AND EXTENSION
NON-FARMING INCOME OF PROJECT PARTICIPANTS AND EXTENSION OFFICERS OFFICERS
INCOME AND FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE AS PERCEIVED BY PROJECT PARTICIPANTS AND EXTENSION OFFICERS PARTICIPANTS AND EXTENSION OFFICERS
- The level of project production
- Percentage of income expected from the project
- Frequency of financial assistance to projects
Extension officers (27%) reported that project participants should expect a project income of between 16-30%, and 23% reported that they should expect an income of 46-60%. A small number of project participants (4%) and extension officers (4%) reported that they should expect an income of more than 91%.
TYPE OF FUNDED PROGRAMMES ACCORDING TO PROJECT PARTICIPANTS AND EXTENSION OFFICERS AND EXTENSION OFFICERS
- Type of project funding
108 like. Assistance from these programmes is requested by the community as needs arise to
Programme type
109 the extension officer‟s object of concern and therefore the extension officer must work with
110 5.12.3 Sub-programme types
111 5.12.4 Scale of production at project level
- Production value of the project
- Projects’ total yield processed
- Project status
- PROJECT DIVISION
- THE LEGAL REGISTRATION OF THE PROJECTS .1 Types of legal entities .1 Types of legal entities
- PROJECT ACCESSIBILITY
- Location of the projects in terms of distance
- Location of the project in terms of authority level
- Land on which projects were established
- SUMMARY OF MOST IMPORTANT FINDINGS
The results in Table 5.18 below show that the majority (77%) of the project participants and extension workers indicated that the projects were not divided into smaller farmer parts, while 19% of the project participants and extension respondents indicated that the projects were divided into smaller farmer parts. The results of the survey (Table 5.22) showed that 45% of the project participants and 52% of the educators' respondents (48% of both respondent categories) indicated that projects were set up on municipal land.
121 (v) Regarding employment, 39 % project participants are employed
122 CHAPTER 6
INTRODUCTION
NEED AS AN INTERVENING VARIABLE .1 The projects meeting farmers needs .1 The projects meeting farmers needs
- The “Other” project meeting farmers needs
The highest percentage across both respondent categories indicated the following order, in order of preference: horticulture (34%), livestock (24%), poultry (20%) and field crops (6%). 124 6.2.3 The content of choosing an extension program or project to help farmers Needs assessments and choosing projects by content are or should be.
124 6.2.3 The content of choice of an extension programme or project to assist farmers Needs assessments and the choice of projects according to content are, or should be,
TRAINING NEEDS OF PROJECT PARTICIPANTS
Extension officers are responsible for determining training needs to ensure that project participants receive relevant training. When dealing with training issues, it is appropriate to ask the questions Terblanche raises in his study about the need for a new generation of farmers and agriculturists in South Africa: “is the education and the training.
126 situation sufficient to address the need for a new generation of farmers and agriculturists?”
Number of days of formal training received by project participants since the initial phase of the project initial phase of the project
Number of days of formal training needed to assist project participants to produce optimally at the initial phase of the project produce optimally at the initial phase of the project
There is a significant difference between the number of days of training received at the start and the number of days of training needed to produce optimally (p<0.0001). Looking at the means of the two variables, it appears that according to the participants, the average number of days of training received (14.30 days) differs significantly from the number of days needed for training (25.25 days).
129 (b) The extension officer respondents
Relevance of training in terms of what was produced
It is clear from Table 6.5 below that only 8% of all respondents indicated that training was unimportant, even very unimportant. Although the majority (52 %) of respondents indicated that training was very important, they clearly indicated the need for more training days (25.98 days on average).
NEEDS ASSESSMENT
The Chi-Square test conducted showed that there is no statistical difference at 5% significant level across all categories of respondents.
131 47) stated that extension needs are important from two points of view: firstly, their
Frequency of needs assessments
Consultation during needs assessment
133 The highest percentage of project participants (73%) reported that they were consulted and
134 6.4.3 Methods used to assess the needs of project participants
135 6.5 KNOWLEDGE AS AN INTERVENING VARIABLE
Production knowledge
- Project participants and extension officers’ knowledge in successfully managing the projects
- The level of knowledge at the beginning of the project as perceived by project participants and extension officer respondents participants and extension officer respondents
A total of 34% of project participants and 24% of consultants indicated a low level of knowledge, while 38% of consultants and only 11% of project participants indicated a high level of knowledge at the beginning of the project. The fact that as much as 49% of all respondents indicated a low and very low level of knowledge is alarming and requires urgent attention.
137 again emphasise the need for: (a) the training of project participants before the project starts,
- Production level of the project
- Assessment of the project functioning
- The assessment of the general success of projects
- SUMMARY OF THE MOST IMPORTANT FINDINGS This chapter revealed the following important findings: This chapter revealed the following important findings
The fact is that 98% of respondents indicated a poor to very poor level of functioning. The highest percentage of the two categories of respondents (58%) indicated that the projects were only slightly successful.
142 CHAPTER 7
PARTICIPATION AT PLANNING STAGE AS PERCEIVED BY PROJECT PARTICIPANTS AND EXTENSION OFFICERS PARTICIPANTS AND EXTENSION OFFICERS
- Introduction
- Project planning
Participation of stakeholders in project initiation
Project ownership
145 community. Only a few respondents reported that projects were owned by donors, local
The extent of details provided in the project proposal
Projects can only be properly evaluated if all the basic information about the project is well covered (IDT, 2003). The chi-square test (=3.056; p = 0.558) shows that there is no statistically significant difference between the two categories of respondents regarding the details of the project proposal (Table 7.4).
Project sponsorship
The Chi-Square test ( =4.547; p . =0.326) indicates that there is statistically no significant difference between the two respondent categories, namely project participants and extension officers, at a 5% significant level, with regard to project sponsorship. The highest percentage, according to both respondent categories, was on partial infrastructure support (34%) and for a full sponsorship (30%) of a project (i.e. infrastructure, labor and production inputs), 15% for other project activities, with the lowest percentage of partial support for labor (0.5%).
Summary of the most important findings
According to Lewis (2003), most of the projects that are not properly financed, because the budget is not properly allocated, tend to fail, while if there is an effective sponsor, project failure will be avoided (Anon., 2002).
149 project participants and 10% of extension officers indicated that there is still no market. What
Market status as perceived by project participants and extension officers
150 7.2.3 The degree to which the produce meets market requirements in terms of quality Planning for the quality requirements for projects is essential to avoid project failure
150 7.2.3 The extent to which the product meets market requirements in terms of quality Planning for the quality requirements for projects is essential to prevent project failure.
151 7.2.4 The degree to which the produce meets market requirement in terms of
- Market assessment in terms of price
- Market assessment in terms of quantity it can absorb
- Transportation of produce to the market
- Marketing of produce
The majority of project participants (39%) and extension officers (36%) indicated that the market assessment in terms of amount it can absorb is average. The highest total percentage, according to both respondent categories, was at the local community market (33%), the second highest was buyers at auction sales (25%) while other means of marketing products accounted for 20%. The Chi-square result = 13.128; p = 0.062) shows that there is no statistically significant difference at 5% significant level between the project participants and extension officers on where products are sold.
155 7.2.9 The percentage of the gross income on transport costs
Summary of the most important findings
156 7.3 KNOWLEDGE OF PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY AS PERCEIVED BY PROJECT
Status of production knowledge of the commodity in the area at the time of interview interview
A total of 23% of project participants and 14% of extension officers reported that they had average knowledge about the commodity in the area at the time of the interview, while only 12%. of project participants and 26% of extension officers reported having excellent knowledge. An interesting aspect is that 16% of project participants and 15% of extension officers indicated that they still have no knowledge, which is a worrying aspect, as shown in Table 7.11 below.
Summary of status of production knowledge of the commodity before project start and at the time of the interview
Knowledge of special design requirements before production
According to the total percentage of both respondent categories, 38% had no knowledge and 24% had only average knowledge. This is a clear indication that the knowledge of special design requirements is important for the success or failure of a project.
161 7.3.6 Knowledge of special design requirements at the time of interview
162 7.3.7 Summary of knowledge of special design requirements before production
Knowledge of special machinery and equipment requirements before production production
163 knowledge of special machinery and equipment requirements “before” production (Table
164 A total of 38% of respondents across both types of respondents had no knowledge, 24% had
Knowledge of special machinery and equipment requirements at interview Respondents were also assessed in terms of their knowledge about the requirements of Respondents were also assessed in terms of their knowledge about the requirements of
No knowledge decreased by 21%, while average knowledge of both categories of respondents increased by 14% and excellent knowledge by 11%.
Knowledge of special transport requirements before production
167 and 20% only some knowledge, is alarming and this might have an effect on the outcome of
Knowledge of special transport requirements at interview
168 association between the two respondent categories. Extension officers have a significantly
Summary of knowledge of special transport requirements before production at interview interview
Knowledge of product quality assurance requirements before production starts Produce must meet market requirements in terms of quality, and quality assurance
