I am also indebted to the people of the Tarangire-Manyara Conservation Project for allowing me to use some of their research work in this study. I would like to thank and honor my supervisor, Professor Charles Breen of the Natural Resources Institute, University of Natal, for his tireless efforts to see me succeed in writing this work.
Introduction
Research questions
Aim and objectives
Assumptions
Structure of the dissertation
Guided by the conceptual framework developed in Chapter Three, the discussion explores how the conceptual framework, related to the findings, can be useful in understanding problems and issues that commonly underlie the relationships between people, rangers and wild animals in general. . Actions are identified that could be useful in establishing an integrated biosphere area as a possible solution to the problems of habitat fragmentation in the Emboreet district.
Conservation in pre-colonial Africa
Conservation in the colonial era
In particular, the colonial period saw the alienation of land by the state to establish national parks and game reserves (ART, 1999). The new colonial system introduced the concept of 'protected areas' in the form of national parks and game reserves, from which local people were excluded.
Conservation in post-colonial Africa
In many African countries, the establishment of national parks was not so much an acceptance that the principle of national parks was morally correct, but rather it was the colonial state's attempt to implement its economic and social interests (Carruthers, 1989). Regardless of the protectionist approach that national parks have inherited from the colonial era, wildlife corridors and migration routes have continuously shrunk.
Governments' response
But neither the changes in legislation nor the intensification of law enforcement operations have changed the reality that the livelihood patterns of local communities have been disrupted. The state's inability to protect wildlife was limited by the financial crises that engulfed most African countries in the 1980s.
Decentralization in the framework of CBNRM
One of the key mechanisms developed to implement CBNRM in Africa is community conservation. Collaborative management: This is a form of community conservation that aims to create agreements between local communities or groups of resource users and conservation authorities for negotiated access to natural resources, which are usually under some form of legal authority.
Selected models of CBNRM programmes in southern Africa
The other is to facilitate a debate between local people and the conservation authorities about the management of national parks and other protected areas, through joint planning for co-management of these areas (Rihoy, 1999; Johnson, 1998). The wildlife management area brings together local traditional leaders (chiefs), national parks and wildlife service personnel.
The changing conservation paradigm
These approaches contain only a few of the many valuable ingredients of the new paradigm of interconnected natural systems (a mosaic of life). This is a philosophy not about the things we do (such as conserving through protected, disconnected areas like national parks to preserve species), but rather about the way we live.
A framework for the analysis of the problem
The program aims to promote the integrity of the park by reducing conflicts between wildlife and communities. These policies and actions can only succeed if they lead to support for the integrity of the park and the areas beyond (Bergin, 1996; LEAT, 1998).
Rationale for the study
The purpose of the chapter is to provide the reader with important contextual information to promote an understanding of the various issues that the research addresses. Emboreet Ward is located approximately 75 kilometers southwest of Arusha in northern Tanzania (Figure 3.1.). With an area of about 36,468 km2, Ward is located in the famous Maasai Steppe, east of Tarangire National Park in Simanjiro District.
Population
Climate
The department is known to be a wet season dispersal area for most migratory wildlife that move east from Tarangire National Park. Nevertheless, it is clear that pastoralism alone cannot sustain the majority of people in the study area. 34;If there are no alternative sources of income to supplement livestock farming and reinvestment in cattle, poverty increases.
Although there is no recent census of the livestock population in the area, Emboreet Ward is estimated to have approximately 65,235 head of livestock, including cattle, sheep, goats and donkeys (Groundwater Survey, 1993). Competition for water during the dry season and the exchange of diseases between different domestic herds and wild animals are evident and may intensify over time. This ranges from small-scale maize cultivation in all locations in the district to medium-scale maize and bean cultivation in the area adjacent to Tarangire National Park.
These operations tend to be a source of conflict when the camp owner and some village leaders reach an agreement on these releases without public consent.
Selection of study area
Data collection
The reason for using open interviews was to allow spontaneity and flow of discussion between the researcher and the respondents. In some cases the interviews were recorded (in agreement with the interviewer) as this enabled the researcher to keep up with the respondents, who sometimes spoke quickly. The second reason was to enable the researcher to go back to the recorded interviews later to better understand points made during the interview.
This method was used to understand the issues shaping contemporary interactions between people and wildlife, as well as the impact that land fragmentation has on the relationship between people and wildlife. For the purpose of this study, document examination means the process of examining specific topics of various reports and documents to record relevant findings that serve as the basis for a new investigation (Haralambos and Holbom, 1995). It is distinguished from the literature review by the nature of the material reviewed. The former allowed analysis of documents as they were found, while the latter allowed the researcher to decide on the relevance of the material to the investigation and to search for documents.
Observations at all stages of the study contribute information about persistence and change." In line with Mikkelsen's understanding, observations were made of various land uses, settlements, actions and behaviors that could influence the dynamics of human-wildlife interactions.
Data analysis
Limitations
Concluding remarks
Introduction
Fragmentation
Ward: the distribution of zebras and wildebeest as a reference because these are the main migratory species from Tarangire National Park through Emboreet Ward to Simanjiro Plains (Ecosystems, 1988; TCP, 1998); cultivation (agriculture) and grazing (pastoralism). There are two seasons, the wet and the dry season, that mark the distribution of zebras and wildebeest between Tarangire National Park and Emboreet Ward (Lamprey, 1964). Although a continuous wildlife distribution pattern can be an indicator of healthy habitat (Fryxell and Sinclair, 1998), this is not the case in the study area due to seasonal migration of zebras and wildebeest.
In this study, the distribution patterns of zebra and wildebeest were acquired from TCP research results (1998). The distribution was delineated to investigate changes in the distribution patterns of zebras and wildebeests in Emboreet Ward. The Taran, gire River is the source of water for wildlife in Tarangire National Park (see Chapter Four for further explanation), See Figures 5.1 and 5.2. Dry and wet seasons distribution of zebra and wildebeest in and around Tarangire National Park.
Despite the limitations, the findings in Table 5.1 indicate an increasing presence of zebra and wildebeest over the period.
DISCUSSION
- Introduction
- Traditional exclusion of wildlife from livelihood options as a cause of fragmentation in the Emboreet Ward
- Towards an integrated development model for managing livelihoods in the Emboreet Ward
- The need for wildlife, pastoralism and agriculture in the Emboreet Ward
- A policy for integrated livelihoods in Emboreet Ward
- Concluding remarks
The findings show that wild animals are still not part of the life strategies of the local population in Emboreet district. Two forces seem to shape Maasai behavior in the Emboreet Division. An objective empowerment of the country is needed to see the opportunity and necessity of including wild animals in rural survival.
There is also a need for objective empowerment of the Maasai to see the opportunity to use wildlife to reduce risk and increase prosperity. There is a need to promote objective empowerment of the state to see the possibility and necessity of incorporating agriculture into rural livelihoods. In the context of Emboreet Ward, the Development Cube model raises many policy-related questions.
This is crucial because all livelihood strategies in Emboreet District are part of the land use system under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Land Affairs. Furthermore, the contribution of this ministry to the establishment of the IBA and Biosphere Reserve is crucial, given the fact that more than half of the local population in Emboreet District engage in agriculture as their main livelihood strategy (Chapter 5). In establishing a biosphere reserve in Emboreet division, this ministry plays an important role.
- Respondent's Profile 1. What is your marital Status?
- Costs Of Interacting With Wildlife
- Evaluating Community Conservation Service (CCS) 15. What is your position about CCS in the following statements?
- Ward Profile
- Natural Resources
- Livestock
- Agriculture
- Wildlife
- Community Conservation Service (park-People Relations)
- Wildlife and People Interaction
The role of leadership in the structure and functioning of community-based natural resource management organizations: A Zimbabwean case study. 34;Population estimates, densities and biomass of large herbivores in the Simanjiro Plain, northern Tanzania." Africa Journal of Ecology. 34;Zebra migration between Tarangire National Park and the Simanjiro Plain, northern Tanzania in 1972 and recent trends." Africa Journal of Ecology.
34;Ecological assessment for wildlife corridors and buffer zones for Lake Manyara National Park, Tanzania, and its immediate vicinity.” Analysis of migratory movements of the large mammals and their interactions with human activities in the Tarangire Area, Tanzania as a contribution to a strategy for conservation and sustainable development Analysis of migratory movements of the large mammals and their interactions with human activities in the tarangire area area, Tanzania as a contribution to a conservation and sustainable development strategy.
Closed for open trees in L2 Open trees with herbs in temporarily flooded area in temporarily flooded area.
