The study further argued that humanitarian military interventions carried out by powerful countries were carried out to protect geostrategic interests in those intervened countries. Multilateral efforts to transform humanitarian military interventions from pursuing the geostrategic interests of powerful states came in the form of the introduction of the UN Doctrine of Responsibility to Protect.
INTRODUCTION
- Background to the Study
- Statement of the Problem
- Hypothesis
- Preliminary Literature Study and Reasons for Choosing the Topic
- Research Objectives
- Research Questions
- Principal Theories upon which the Research is Constructed
- Political Realism
- Altruism
- International Society
- Methodology
- Limitations of the Study
- Structure of the Dissertation
Those who support non-intervention base their argument on the classic conceptualization of the concept of sovereignty. Proponents of non-intervention also base their argument on the strict adherence to the explicit interpretation of the UN Charter (Eisenhamerova, 2011: 15).
CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION OF HUMANITARIANISM
- Introduction
- Definition of Humanitarianism
- Socio-Religious Conceptualization
- Philosophical Conceptualization
- Political Conceptualization of Humanitarianism
- Humanitarian Military Intervention (HMI)
- Conclusion
This is true happiness itself, regardless of the satisfaction in the common acceptance of the terra;. The strict adherence to non-intervention is illustrated in the case of the Tanzanian occupation of Uganda.
AN HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF HUMANITARIAN MILITARY INTERVENTIONS
Introduction
Parallels can be drawn to the fact that when the European powers were involved in popularizing the doctrine in support of Christians under Muslim sovereigns, they were also involved in the persecution of non-Christians in Africa, Latin America and the Far East (Köchler.
Humanitarian Military Interventions from the Roman Empire to the Turkish Empire
- The Roman Empire
- The Crusades of Pope Urban II
- European Intervention in the Ottoman Empire
The undertaking of the crusade against the Muslims required coordinated command of the war that was a unifying experience. The development of the concept of humanitarian military intervention is based on religious and European power politics.
Humanitarian Military Intervention during the Cold War
- Indian Intervention in East Pakistan
- Vietnam Intervention in Cambodia
- Tanzania’s Intervention in Uganda
The creation of a well-codified body of law governing the behavior of states in the international system on behalf of the UN influenced humanitarian military intervention. In 1978 Vietnam intervened in Cambodia, ending the genocidal rule of the Khmer Rouge.
Humanitarian Military Intervention after the End of the Cold War
- Controversial Interventions, Kosovo (1999) and Iraq (2003)
- Interventions in Africa
Therefore, the end of the Cold War witnessed an increase in cases of humanitarian military intervention. While there has been clear documentation of the Darfur crisis, the international community did not undertake a military humanitarian intervention mission that was necessary to stop it.
Conclusion
In the post-Cold War era, a number of interventions were undertaken under the pretext of humanitarian military intervention. The chapter also noted that the concept was also tainted by the justification of the Iraq invasion as a humanitarian military intervention. The next chapter will discuss how intervening states pursue strategic resources under the guise of humanitarian military intervention.
THE PURSUIT OF STRATEGIC RESOURCES THROUGH THE COVER OF HUMANITARIAN
- Introduction
- Economic Interest
- Geo-Strategic Interest
- Protection of the Balance of Power and Threat Diffusion
- Political Hegemonic Interests
- Conclusion
The importance of Israel's survival is driven, among other reasons, by the need to maintain a bulwark against an unchecked Arab power in the Middle East. The match of such importance is determined by the economic and defense needs of the Great Powers. It has been very difficult to find an HMI mission that can be seen to have been at the limits of International Society theory.
THE CREATION OF THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT DOCTRINE (R2P)
Introduction
Background to Responsibility to Protect, International Events that Influenced Responsibility to
Somalia started as a success story which, however, failed when the US withdrew from the mission after its eighteen rangers (soldiers) were attacked by militias led by Muhammad Farah Aideed (Meek, 2013: 1). The International Panel (Independent International Commission on Kosovo) that was established to investigate the legality of the intervention in Kosovo advised the codification of rules that would govern international intervention to bridge the gap between morally compelling interventions and legality concerns (Independent International Commission on Kosovo, 2000:10). Failure of the state to protect its citizens would automatically transfer responsibility to the international community which could intervene militarily (ICISS, 2001: . xi).
Liberal Support for Responsibility to Protect
His calls for reform of the UN intervention rules found support among liberal world leaders, including Bill Clinton of the US and Tony Blair of Britain. Such support, coming from the leader of one of the most influential states, played an important role in the creation of the R2P. The then British Prime Minister Tony Blair can also be seen as one of the 'proponents' of R2P.
Responsibility to Protect Doctrine and Moral Humanitarian Military Intervention
- Responsibility to Protect Cases, Ivory Coast, Libya and Syria
- Ivory Coast
- Libya
- Syria
This research argues that the most influential of the investigative panels was the Kosovo Commission. Fighting broke out between supporters of the two contestants, leading to the intervention of the international community. In the Syrian crisis, the international community through the UNSC was brought to an almost total paralysis reminiscent of the Cold War era (Simura, 2014: viii and 99).
Conclusion
The failure in Syria cannot therefore be attributed to a single reason, but a number of reasons, including the alleged abuse of Resolution 1973 which created distrust among the veto-wielding states in the UNSC, complex nature of the Syrian crisis and geo-political considerations by international and regional powers that turned the crisis into a proxy war. This chapter has argued that the moral failure of the international community in implementing the R2P doctrine is a burden for all powers in the crisis. The struggle for Middle East dominance by the powers led them to fight the war by proxy, exacerbating the suffering of the Syrian people they purported to protect.
STATE SOVEREIGNTY AND HUMANITARIAN MILITARY INTEVENTIONS
- Introduction
- Definition of State Sovereignty
- State Sovereignty, From Westphalia to the United Nations
- Sovereignty as Responsibility and the Responsibility to Protect Doctrine
- Conclusion
The Peace of Westphalia was considered a reference of state sovereignty until the signing of the UN Charter. We would also question the sincerity of the great powers towards the theory of international community. State sovereignty has a long history dating back to the creation of states.
AN INVESTIGATION ON THE ROLE OF NATIONAL INTERESTS IN HUMANITARIAN
- Introduction
- Definition of National Interest
- Defining National Self Interest
- The Relationship between National Interest and Selfishness
- National Interest and Social Contractarianism
- National Interests and Morality in Humanitarian Military Interventions
- National Interests and the fear of the Political Influence
- National Interest and Humanitarian Military Interventions
- How States Secure their National Interests
- Diplomacy
- Propaganda
- Economic
- Alliances and Treaties
- Coercive Means
- Types and Classification of Interests
- Conclusion
In modern times, national interests are divided into subcategories according to a scale that indicates the urgency of the national. The discussion in this chapter has focused on understanding the role of national self-interest in the implementation of humanitarian intervention from both realist and liberalist perspectives. Ethical scholars such as Walzer have found that national interests strongly influence HMI, particularly in favor of mediating powers.
AN ETHICAL ANALYSIS AND CRITIQUE OF CONTEMPORARY HUMANITARIAN MILITARY
Introduction
The Ethical Challenges in the Pursuit of National Interests in Humanitarian Military
A number of politicians in the US, which was the post-Cold War Great Power, have been influenced by the doctrine to the effect that morality is delegated to the back yard in the conduct of international relations. The first impact was to drive ambitious powers to undertake military interventions in pursuit of selfish interests of their states without considerations for either the effect of the wars on the international system or the victims in the target state. He apologized for his role in the intervention and noted that Iraq was a safer place under Saddam Hussein than it is now.
The Prevalence of Anarchy in International Relations?
However, as noted earlier, the international system is meant by one of two terms, viz. One of the concepts that is susceptible to abuse in international society is the 'HMI concept'. The League of Nations was the first major attempt to create an international community from international society, while the UN represented the success of the project (Kritsiotis.
National Sovereignty and Responsibility to Protect, Nationalism and the Problem of Shared
Peace agreements have been dominated by US presidents and the government, to the exclusion of the international community. Regarding the conduct of HMIs from powerful countries in the affairs of weaker ones, it follows from this concept that their adventures will be motivated by self-interest and not by humanity. In short, the implementation of universal human rights is related to the importance of powerful countries.
Altruism and Humanitarian Military Intervention
This proves, as argued in the previous cases, that the interventions did not meet the definition of altruism, namely that one must be driven by the desire to save people in need, regardless of the harm that might happen to him/her in the process ( Singer, 1981). : 5). As defined earlier in the thesis, HMI refers to the use of force to protect the lives “of persons within a given state and not necessarily subjects of the intervening state” (Shaw. Although HMI is a moral concept, the practice has always been marred by accusations of pursuing national self-interest.
Conclusion
Before the establishment of the UN, the actions of HMI were undertaken by powerful states in the affairs of weaker states without considering what the other states would say. As highlighted in the chapter, sovereignty as established in the social contract does not mean the right of the state leaders to dominate their citizens inhumanely. When assessing the military interventions declared humanitarian by the powerful states in the affairs of weaker developing states, the argument is that most of the interventions declared humanitarian fall short ethically.
RESEARCH FINDINGS
Introduction
Research Findings
- Objective 1: To Discuss the Different Contentious Reasons for the Undertaking of Humanitarian
- Objective 2: To Analyze the Role of National Interest in the Context of Humanitarian Military
- Objective 3: To Assess Whether Self-Interest is Compatible with Humanitarianism
This brings us again to the issue of vested interests in HMI, which is the subject of the next section. It is not the national interests of the United States, but a few. The question of the compatibility between self-interest and humanitarianism is the subject of the following section.
Theories and Practices of Ethics in International Relations
States tend to respect moral rules in international relations when such actions do not threaten their interests. They argued that it is a moral rule in international relations that when a power intends to launch military attacks in another country to counter a threat, it must notify the target country's government. However, in many cases this moral rule has been circumvented, as exemplified by the extrajudicial killing of Osama bin Laden in Pakistan by US Navy SEALs without the knowledge of the Pakistani government (Deeks, 2011).
Conceptual Definitions of Humanitarianism
The behavior of different countries in the international system fluctuates between the explanations given by different theories. The chapter further noted that the concept of humanitarianism was influenced by various religions, especially the Judeo-Christian doctrine as set forth in the Bible. It was because of this line of thinking, as defended in this chapter, that Europeans saw no moral blameworthiness in the practice of slave trading.
An Investigation on the Role of National Self-Interest in Humanitarian Military Interventions . 168
Its development was also, like the development of the concept of human rights and humanity, exclusive. It is also argued in the chapter that there was a significant influence of self-interest even in the initial stages and the development stages of the concept. The chapter also noted that the concept was also tainted by justifying the invasion of Iraq as an HMI.
The Pursuit of Strategic Resources through the Guise of Humanitarian Military Interventions 170
- Geo Strategic Interests
- Balance of Power and Threat Diffusion
- Political Hegemonic Interests
Russia's alleged interventions in the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century were influenced by the need for access to the Mediterranean Sea and full control of the Black Sea. The chapter noted that during the Cold War, the United States declared the Middle East a region of vital interests. According to Gramsci, hegemony represents the status or position of the most powerful country in the international system.
The creation of the Responsibility to Protect Doctrine
This has happened through civil society institutions, which consist of the online institutions and practices that are partially independent from the state. The chapter argued that the international community's moral failure in implementing the R2P doctrine was a burden for all powers in the crisis. The great powers' struggle for Middle East dominance resulted in them fighting the war by proxy, exacerbating the suffering of the Syrian people they purported to protect.
State sovereignty and Humanitarian Military Interventions
That is why the UN Charter makes frequent references to 'peoples', as well as to the term 'human rights'. Blair advanced what he called the doctrine of the international community, which argued that sovereignty was now limited by the world's interconnectedness. The concept of the responsibility to protect as a redefinition or reinterpretation of state sovereignty indicates that every state has the responsibility to protect the rights of its citizens through its internal mechanism.
An Ethical Analysis and Critique of Contemporary Humanitarian Military Interventions
Before the establishment of the UN, the conduct of the HMI was assumed by powerful states in the affairs of weaker states without considering what the other states would say. As stated in the chapter, sovereignty as mentioned in the social contract does not translate into the right of state leaders to inhumanely dominate their citizens. The last sections of the chapter were dedicated to the relationship between HMI on the one hand and human rights and altruism on the other.
GENERAL CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Upon achieving the targeted objectives, the intervening forces must begin the process of troop withdrawal. Coupled with this should be the production of an agreed HMI template to regulate the actions of the intervening countries and their service personnel in order to limit or limit misuse of HMI. From this point of view, it is recommended that the amount of force to be used and the nature of the weaponry be regulated to limit civilian casualties as well as military personnel casualties of the intervening countries.
Letter of Full Approval
Letter of Informed Consent
Structured Interview Guide Questions
List of Interviewees