l l
ICEFISH: Closing the gaps in the knowledge of sub-Antarctic nothenioid fishes
Ofer Gon, Monica Mwale and M. Eric Anderson
South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Private Bag I OI5, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
Since the 1957-58 IPY research on Southern Ocean fishes, particularly the dominant suborder Notothenioidei, increased dramatically. Throughout this period sub- Antarctic notothenioid fishes received significantly less attention than their continental Antarctic relatives. Moreover the limited work that was done, mostly by British, French and Russian ichthyologists, involved mostly biodiversity surveys and studies relating to fisheries biology. The International Collaborative Expedition to collect and study Fish Indigenous to Sub-Antarctic Habitats (ICEFISH) is a programme designed to fill gaps in the knowledge of sub-Antarctic notothenioid fishes in order to improve our understanding of their relationships (sensu latu) to their Antarctic relatives. The programme strives to achieve this goal through international collaboration in a variety of studies investigating the systematics, evolution, population dynamics, physiology and biochemistry of sub-Antarctic notothenioid fishes. Scientists of the South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB) contribute to the ICEFISH objectives by through studies on the systematics and freezing avoidance properties of wide ranging notothenioid fish species. Two SAIAB scientists participated in the first ICEFISH cruise (2004) to the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. Notothenioids and other fishes were collected at various stations between Punta Arenas, Chile, and Tristan da Cunha. These included a new carapid species, Echiodon atopus1 and two specimens of the rare ophidioid fish, Holcomycteronus bruceP. In addition, several new records of fishes were found at Tristan da Cunha3• A large number of ICEFISH specimens and tissue samples were lodged with the National Fish Collection at SAIAB. Additional cruises are planned to Pacific and Indian sectors of the Southern Ocean. SAIAB is also using the ICEFISH programme for launching this year a revision of its authoritative book Fishes of the Southern Ocean first published in 1990.
1.
2.
3.
Anderson, M.E. Description of a new species of Echiodon (Teleostei:
Carapidae) from the South AtlanticOcean. Zootaxa 809, 1-5 (2005).
Anderson, M.E, Stein, D.L. & Detrich, H W. Additions to the ichthyofauna of the Tristan da Cunha Group, South Atlantic. Zoo taxa 1072, 27-33 (2005).
Anderson, M.E. & Stein, D.L. Redescription of the rare ophidioid fish, Holcomycteronus brucei, from two new specimens from the Southern Ocean.
Pol. Bioi. 29, 640-642 (2006).
SANAP PI Symposium Final Programme & Abstracts 42
Directionality in sediment patterns associated with a keystone plant species on Marion Island
Natalie S. Haussmann\ Melodie A. McGeoch1 and Jan C. Boelhouwers2
1 Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag XI, Matieland 7602, South Africa; 2Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villaviigen I6, 752 ~6 Uppsala, Sweden
In recent years, an ongoing awareness of the importance of multidisciplinary research has lead to a large number of studies exploring the ways in which biotic and abiotic systems interact1• Amongst these studies, the field of biogeomorphology focuses on the interactions between species and geomorphologic landforms and processes2• On Marion Island an important interaction exists between the geomorphology of fellfield landscapes and the dominant vascular plant species, Azorella selago3' 4. For example, by influencing frost creep and other sediment movement processes, Azorella cushions play an important role in the formation of terraces and lobes3' 4• Such interactions between plants and sediment movement, resulting in vegetation -banked terraces and lobes5• 6
and sediment sorting7 are well-known from cold-climate regions. To be able to predict landscape evolution, an in-depth understanding of the interactions between this keystone species and the surrounding sediment is necessary. Here, to understand the consequences of Azorella plants for substrate movement and sorting, we quantified the grain size distribution of sediment surrounding Azorella cushions, using a combination of image analysis software. Mean grain size and variance in grain size was significantly greater on the upslope side of Azorella plants, while the number of particles was significantly higher on the downslope side of plants. Mean grain size, variance in grain size and the number of particles differed between cushions, although these differences were not related to cushion size. These results highlight the role of Azorella cushions in interacting with and shaping the surrounding landscape.
Understanding these interactions between Azorella and the landscape is especially important in the light of recent climate change on the island8• 9
, as biogeomorphologic relations are predicted to be affected by climate change.
1. Naylor, L.A., Viles, H.A. & Carter, N.E.A. Biogeomorphology revisited: looking towards the future. Geomorphology 47, 3-14 (2004).
2. Viles, H.A. in Biogeomorphology (ed Viles, H.A.) (Basil Blackwell Ltd., Oxford, 1988).
3. Holness, S. & Boelhouwers, J. Some observations on Holocene changes in periglacial activity at Long Ridge, Marion Island. S. Afr. J Sci. 94, 399-403 (1998).
4. Boelhouwers, J., Holness, S. & Sumner, P. The maritime Subantarctic: a distinct periglacial environment. Geomorphology 52, 39-55 (2003).
5. Brancaleoni, L., Strelin, J. & Gerdol, R. Relationships between geomorphology and vegetation patterns in subantarctic Andean tundra of Tierra del Fuego. Polar Bioi. 26,404-410 (2003).
6. KozDowska, A. & RDczkowska, Z. Vegetation as a tool in the characterisation of geomorphological forms and processes. Geogr. Ann. A. 84A, 233-244 (2002).
7. Perez, F.L. Geobotanical relationship of Draba chionophila (Brassicaceae) rosettes and miniature frost-sorted stripes in the high equatorial Andes. Flora.
197, 24-36 (2002).
SANAP PI Symposium Final Programme 0l Abstracts 43
8. LeRoux, P.C. & McGeoch, M.A. Changes in climate extremes, variability and signature on sub-Antarctic Marion Island. Clim. Change (DOl: I 0.1 007/s 10584- 007-9259-y).
9. Smith, V.R. Climate change in the sub-Antarctic: an illustration from Marion Island. Clim. Change 52, 345-357 (2002).
SANAP PI Symposium Final Programme & Abstracts 44
Biodiversity Responses to Earth System Variability: Structure, Function, Change
Charlene Janion, Elrike Marais, Jennifer E. Lee, John S. Terblanche and Steven L.
Chown* ·
DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag XI, Matieland 7602, South Africa The Antarctic provides unparalleled opportumtles for understanding patterns in biodiversity, the mechanisms underlying these patterns, and the way in which biodiversity responds to and modulates environmental change. The latter have been identifiP.d as pressing questions for modern earth systems scientists and ecologists1• Our research over the past decade has elucidated patterns in Antarctic biodiversity at large and small spatial scales2-4, has provided comprehensive information on the functional responses of Antarctic terrestrial arthropods to environmental variability5•7
, and has started elucidating the biodiversity and conservation consequences of climate change and increases in the numbers of humans travelling to the Antarctic region8-10
.
In doing so it has also served to inform theory and contribute broadly to ecology, evolutionary physiology and to conservation biology. In a triptych of posters we provide an overview of and insights into these findings.
1. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being:
Biodiversity Synthesis. World Resources Institute, Washington D.C. (2005).
2. Chown, S. L., Sinclair, B. J., Leinaas, H. P. & Gaston, K. J. Hemispheric asymmetries in biodiversity- a serious matter for ecology. PLoS Bioi. 2, e406, 1701-1707 (2004).
3. Chown, S. L., Hull, B. & Gaston, K. J. Human impacts, energy availability, and invasion across Southern Ocean Islands. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 14, 521- 528 (2005).
4. Chown, S.L. & Convey, P. 2007. Spatial and temporal variability across life's hierarchies in the terrestrial Antarctic. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Land. B, in press (2007).
5. Sinclair, B. J. & Chown, S. L. Deleterious effects of repeated cold exposure in a freeze-tolerant sub-Antarctic caterpillar. J Exp. Bioi. 208, 869-879 (2005).
6. Deere, J. A. & Chown, S. L. Testing the beneficial acclimation hypothesis and its alternatives for locomotor performance. Am. Nat. 168, 630-644 (2006).
7. Chown, S. L., Slabber, S., McGeoch, M. A., Janion, C. & Leinaas, H. P.
Phenotypic plasticity mediates climate change responses among invasive and indigenous arthropods. Proc. R. Soc. Land. B 274,2531-2537 (2007).
8. Frenot, Y., Chown, S. L., Whinam, J., Selkirk, P. M., Convey, P., Skotnici, M.
& Bergstrom, D. M. Biological invasions in the Antarctic: extent, impacts and
implications. Bioi. Rev. 80, 45-72 (2005).
9. Sinclair, B. J., Scott, M. B., Klok, C. J., Terblanche, J. S., Marshall, D. J., Reyers, B. & Chown, S.L. Determinants of terrestrial arthropod community composition at Cape Hallett, Antarctica. Antarct. Sci. 18, 303-312 (2006).
10. Lee, J. E. & Chown, S. L. Mytilus on the move: transport of an invasive bivalve to the Antarctic. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 339, 307-310 (2007).
*Authorship by random draw, collaborator assistance gratefully acknowledged.
SANAP PI Symposium Final Programme & Abstracts 45
