Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master in Town and Regional Planning, in the Postgraduate Program in the School of Built Environment and Development Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal. This dissertation concentrates on the topic of migration from the less researched corner of the rural areas that lose migrants.
Introduction
Thus, in line with this evidence, this study uses the case of eMabhuqwini in Nkandla, northern KwaZulu-Natal to shed light on the impact of migration on rural areas. The study captures the area of eMabhuqwini due to its vulnerability to the increasing phenomenon of rural migration.
Background and Context of the Study
The Apartheid Era
The study is justified in the sense that migration has had a negative impact on rural development processes at eMabhuqwini. The area of eMabhuqwini has typically seen a growing number of people migrate to areas including Johannesburg and Durban to name but a few.
The Post‐Apartheid Era
4 the delivery of the developmental state will not only have to take place in economic and social spheres, but must also deepen democracy" (Gumede, 2009:7). In South Africa, delivery will not only have to take place in the economic and social spheres, but democracy must also be deepened.
Reconciling Economic Growth and Democracy in the ‘New’ South Africa
The Context of KwaZulu‐Natal
Regarding the councilor's meeting with the community, this respondent revealed that “the councilor only appears when it is time for political elections. 118 Ernest George Ravenstein (1885) The Migration Laws, England. October 1962), “The Costs and Benefits of Human Migration” in The Journal of Political Economy, Vol.
The Rationale for the Study
Research Objectives
Research Questions
Glossary of Terms
Human capital: is seen as closely linked to brain drain, although human capital is defined as a loss of the country's highly skilled workforce. The lack of human capital is also currently considered one of the obstacles to development in Nkandla, especially eMabhuqwini area.
Design and Methodology
Migration is still high in South Africa as the country is still considered a developing country. Development in Nkandla, as will be argued later, is not sustainable because the municipality has difficulty retaining highly qualified staff.
Delimiting the Study
Structure of Dissertation
Introduction
Defining Migration
The respondent further said that "the councilor only goes to the tribal court and does not meet with the community. Much like the previous respondent, another interviewee further noted that "The traditional authorities and local councilor are not playing any positive role in terms of bringing development to the area".
Migration in Global Context
Migration Trends in Developing Countries
Latin America
Latin America is the only developing region with more urban poor than rural poor, although as elsewhere poverty is more prevalent in rural areas (Mazibuko, 2006:32). According to (Marcela et al, 2003), migration in Latin America is currently dominant as a form of spatial movement.
Asia
Rhoda (1983:39) argues that "the Human Capital model uses the concept of investment in human capital to focus on the costs and benefits of migration decisions". On the issue of youth moving away from the underdeveloped area of eMabhuqwini, he mentioned that “the youth have to follow the structures so that they can see development in their area.
Rural – Urban Migration in Contemporary South Africa
Types of Migration
Providing different types of migration from a global and local context is extremely important as it helps to identify types that are most dominant in certain regions around the world. However, providing different types of migration is still a cumbersome task given the fact that migration is an often elusive and controversial phenomenon.
Causes of Migration
- Economic Factors
- Demographic Factors
- Socio‐cultural Factors
- Political Factors
- Miscellaneous Factors
Second, Kainth (2009) also identifies demographic factors as one of the factors that attract people to migrate. Third, Kainth (2009) has also identified socio-cultural factors as dominant in enticing people to go to the cities.
The Causes of Migration in South Africa
The motives for planned 'permanent' moves recorded in the survey are analyzed by Kok and Aliber (2005) regarding moves from the Eastern Cape, Northern Cape and Limpopo to the nine major cities in South Africa, while Cross et al (2005) analyze the motives for intentions to migrate to Gauteng. On the contrary, younger and unmarried adults (especially in the age category 18–29 years) will be more likely to migrate than their older and married counterparts.
The Consequences of Migration
The Consequences for the Area of Origin
Collinson et al (2005a) showed a strong correlation between temporary circular migration and socio-economic status as measured by the households' possession of modern assets or consumer durables. This relationship was supported by household principal education status data, which correlated positively with both circular migration status and ownership of modern assets.
The Consequences for the Area of Destination
Migration and Inequality between Migrants and Non‐Migrants
Taylor et al (1996) assert that people migrate because of a lack of meaningful development in the first place. The costs and risks are likely to be particularly high in the case of international migration (Stark et al, 1986).
National Development Plan (NDP), Provincial Growth and Development Strategy
National Development Plan (NDP)
The PICC was enacted to attempt to transform the economy by identifying the challenges and factors that South Africa needs to respond to in planning and developing enabling infrastructure that promotes economic growth (PICC, 2012). According to the President of the PICC (Mr. D. Gumede), the PICC has traditionally been one of the most important infrastructure development structures in South Africa.
KwaZulu‐Natal Provincial Growth and Development Strategy (KZNPGDS)
31 coordinate, integrate and accelerate implementation; develop a single common National Infrastructure Plan which will be monitored and centrally driven;.
Theoretical Approaches Underpinning Migration
Economic Models of Migration
He also mentioned that "the councilor does not have time to deal with communal matters, as he is busy where he works". Apart from that, the councilor does not call any development meetings with the community.” Evidence for this can be seen from the views of other respondents who mentioned it.
The Human Capital Model
- Expected Income Model
- Intersectoral Linkage Model
- Macro and Micro Rural – Urban Migration Models
- Neoclassical Theories
- Dependency Theory
- Network Theory
Conclusion and Position of the Study in Relation to the Existing Literature
Introduction
For a research project to be credible, it is crucial that the methods are scientifically sound. To achieve this, the strengths and limitations of approaches used to collect data and knowledge should be recognised.
Methods
It is within this context that research methodology focuses on planning, structuring and executing research in a way that is considered to be scientifically sound (Jacobsen. & Landau, 2003). The use of qualitative and quantitative approaches proved to be useful in gathering the necessary data related to the study.
Sampling
Selection of Study Particip
Altrichter et al agree that triangulation gives a more detailed and balanced picture of the situation. In this study, triangulation is thus reflected in the use of multiple methods to generate a comprehensive understanding of the migration phenomenon in eMabhuqwini.
Sample Size
Quantitative and Qualitative Methods
Quantitative Inquiry
Qualitative Inquiry
- Case Study
- Foc Interviews
Leedy and Ormrod point out that "in a case study an individual, program or event is studied in depth over a period of time". The advantage of the case study is that it "can penetrate situations in ways that are not always susceptible to numerical analysis" (Cohen et al, 2000:181). The respondent noted: "The local councilor is known to and he has personally participated in community meetings in the form of AIDS awareness campaigns and other campaigns depending on the activities taking place within the community at any given time.”.
Secondary Sourca
Data Analysis
SPSS refined and analyzed the data by illustrating the patterns and frequencies that emerged in the themes. In this context, the data were checked, cross-checked, categorized and organized according to themes.
Reliability, Validity, and Trustwort
In addition, there are methods that can be used to increase the credibility of the research results. Qualitative research projects place so much emphasis on trustworthiness and credibility of the research findings (Marshall & Rossman, 1995:143).
Limitations
46 are accurate from the point of view of the researcher, participant or readers. As a result, the researcher had to use his limited budget, which did not come close to the cost of the entire project.
Recording and Transcription
The researcher could not deviate from the questions he had. Consequently, the focus group discussions conducted were sometimes dominated by two or three individuals, regardless of the efforts made to promote equal participation of all participants.
Ethical Considerations
In fact, the sample would have been larger if there had been sufficient funding to support the study. It was also explained to the study participants that the dissemination of the research data will be in the form of a completed thesis.
Conclusion
The purpose of protecting confidentiality and anonymity was served through the use of pseudonyms or pseudonyms during data collection.
Introduction
Overview of Nkandla Context
Nkandla town is located to the north-east of the municipal boundary and a Nature Reserve in the form of Nkandla Indigenous Forest and aMatshenempisi Game Reserve in Ward 6. Therefore, the topography of Nkandla is characterized by slopes and hills which presents a challenge in terms of accessibility and provision of rapid access to basic services due to settlement patterns.
Demographic Profile
The municipality is surrounded by the following local municipalities: Ulundi to the north, Nquthu to the northwest, Msinga to the west, uMvoti to the southwest, Maphumulo to the south, uMlalazi to the southeast and uMthonjaneni to the east. The population composition is, as mentioned above, scattered as Nkandla covers a wide area, resulting in uneven development processes.
Local Municipality
Ward 2
EMabhuqwini Administration
According to the respondent, there is one political party that is dominant in the area. Statistics South Africa (2006) Migration and urbanization in South Africa. 1969) “A Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries”, The American Economic Review, Vol.
Settlement Pattern in Nkandla, EMabhuqwini
Economic Base: Agriculture and Forestry
The revenue base is minimal, mostly because the municipality owns a small 2% of the total land (Nkandla IDP- Budget Review, 2013/4). The municipality's isolation from the major transport routes and development corridors negatively affects economic growth.
Economic Profile: Labour Force and Income Levels
Given the fact that Nkandla, which is the home district of eMabhuqwini, has a higher number of unemployed, eMabhuqwini contributes to this unemployment, thus eMabhuqwini itself has a higher unemployment rate. Within the area, there are more unemployed than employed and those who do small jobs.
Average Annual Household Income in Nkandla
Education
Education Levels
This therefore points to the measures taken by the economically active people who are unemployed in Nkandla and especially eMabhuqwini as a push factor. In this context, it can be said that crime is a survival mechanism mainly practiced by people who do not work, partly due to high level of unemployment in eMabhuqwini.
Health
- Access to Basic Services and Infrastructure
- Cross‐ cutting Issues and Implications for Livelihood Strategies
- Crime, Poverty, and Family Life
- Social Capital
- Household Survival Strategies
Unemployment will have an impact on crime levels, creating unfavorable conditions for further business investment in the area. The social capital of eMabhuqwini means that people of the area still value the idea that one is part of the whole, in the sense that they help each other in times of crisis.
Conclusion
Introduction
Statistical Analysis of Variables
Research Findings
It is interesting to note that many age categories, except for the 26-29 age category, are almost evenly distributed in the sample. 66 Many respondents were born in the research site, while a small number were from Nquthu and some others were from other countries of origin.
Cross‐tabulations of Gender and Substantive Variables
The following figure (Figure 4.3.19) talks about the impact of supporting more than one political party in the area where there is a lack of development. Indeed, problems related to the support of different parties explain why there is a lack of development in the area.
Interpretation of Qualitative Findings and Analysis
Introduction
The Research Findings
Household Survey and Focus Groups
The Causes and Consequences of Migration
This research shows that migrants are people who are economically active and range from 18 to 55 years of age, who are financially needy, mostly educated and have the potential to bring change in the form of development in the Mabhuqwini area. The survey findings reflect that a large number of people living permanently in the study area are women who do not work and have a very low level of education.
Causes of Migration
Regarding the issue of migration, according to this respondent: "It is good for people to migrate as there are no employment opportunities in the area.." He believes that the absence of employment opportunities causes migration. He went on to mention that he also believed that "...there is a need for people to return to their area as the urban areas they migrated to also started underdeveloped and then turned into developed areas".
Relatives and Migration
96 people from eMabhuqwini to urban areas leaves people without knowledge and skills in the area. This ambiguity about the role each institution is supposed to play is very detrimental to development initiatives in the area.
Migration Patterns
Relations among Community Structures
Regarding the issue of relations between the councilor, the Neighborhood Committee and the community, one respondent said: "...there is a relationship but it is stagnant because the councilor continues to promise that there will be development but it is not implemented". But in response, the Councilor is angry and aggressive when asked about development issues.
Access to Basic Services and Income
In an effort to curb this situation, the respondent alluded that they ask the advisor about the development and when he will come. On the issue of social expenditure, the respondent alluded to the fact that he spends approximately R1000 on school transport for his children who attend school in Newcastle.
Traditional and Local Leadership
As a result, respondents believe that the Inkosi and the local councilor are not playing a positive role in bringing development to the area. On the issue of the traditional authority and the councilor, she said: “I don't think they are playing a positive role in bringing development to the area.”
Meetings for Development
The respondent also stated that "in the moments when the meetings are called, the community is not active in the form of regular participation in the meetings". "Inkatha was the only party that had been prominent in the area since ancient times," he concluded.
Political Interference
Other Issues
On the one hand, jobs created will help fight poverty and underdevelopment in the community, while retaining skills that are needed locally. It therefore stood in the way of development in many rural areas and urban communities throughout the country.
