However, over time, the community has diversified their livelihoods in order to adapt to these risks. ISSH-C Semi-structured interview with a community member SSI-I Semi-structured interview with institutional actors.
Introduction
Rationale
The aim of the study is to understand the Buffeljagsbaai community's perception of coastal risks and their impacts on their livelihoods, and to determine their adaptation to these risks. Finally, to understand the role of different institutions in addressing and supporting adaptation to coastal risks at the local level.
Objectives
Study Area Background
There are various institutions involved in managing resources and regulating the community's livelihood. The influx of men from outside the community (mainly Eastern Cape) has increased in recent years, and members of the Buffeljagsbaai community estimated that there are 29 groups entering the community to harvest abalone (Aziz, 2017).
Structure of the Thesis
The community's purpose in establishing a co-op was to help community members find employment. As mentioned earlier, it also creates employment, benefits fishermen and creates agreements that are in the best interest of the community (Schults, 2016).
Introduction
Small- Scale Fishing Communities in South Africa
Despite the promulgation of the constitution, the traditional small-scale fishing sector in South Africa remained marginalized (Sowman et al., 2014). The process, which included formulating the draft policy, was a long and challenging process with many delays and procedural errors (Sowman et al., 2014). The process was challenging for the following reasons: all perspectives of the participants involved had to be considered: the fear of the limited marine resources needed to serve a large population, and finally addressing the socio-economic needs of traditional fishing communities.
Climate change and Marine environments on the South coast of South Africa Climate change poses significant challenges for development, especially for developing
The impacts of climate change in Africa have been recognized as a major factor affecting socio-economic development and livelihoods, particularly due to the linkages between climate change, food security, poverty reduction and sustainable development (Bunce et al., 2010; FAO, 2013). The Agulhas Bank is bounded by the cold, nutrient-rich Benguela Current to the west and the warm, nutrient-poor Agulhas Current to the east (Tim et al., 2018).
Vulnerability and adaptation in the context of coastal risks
However, exposure to risks that are rarely experienced can create a false sense of security and lead to misjudgments of coping ability (Wachinger et al., 2013). These societies are usually low-income rural dwellers or isolated farm dwellers (Lee et al., 2015).
Institutions and Institutional Arrangements
To some extent, they are resistant to change, making the transformation of institutions a challenge (Gupta et al., 2010). Allocation systems do not support local livelihoods, undermine people's security, and do not create beneficial community-resource outcomes (Bennett et al., 2015).
CHAPTER THREE: METHODS AND APPROACHES
Introduction
Case Study Approach
There are three main types of case study approaches intrinsic, instrumental and collective (Crowe et al.,2011). The instrumental case study approach was used for this research study, which draws on a specific case to gain better insight and a deeper understanding of the phenomenon. A case study approach explains, explores or describes a phenomenon in the everyday context in which it occurs.
Prior Work and Sampling
Buffeljags Bay is a small, close-knit coastal community and so a case study approach was ideal to help understand the relationship between the institutions and the community and the effectiveness of government strategies in addressing coastal-related risks and to identify what gaps exist between the community and the institutions.
Transect walk
Focus Group
Preparation of two timelines of major events (community development and environmental change) that occurred in the community. Identification and ranking of the degree of involvement of different institutes involved in the community. The images below show the environmental change assessment activity and the involvement of the institutions in the community.
Key informants’ interviews
A total of 25 semi-structured interviews were conducted with local intuitive actors and community members in Buffeljagsbaai. An additional six interviews were conducted with community fishermen; some were performed individually and others in pairs. Six interviews were conducted with the wives of fishermen, while three non-fishermen were interviewed.
Identifying relevant policies and legislative framework for governing Coastal Risks Risks
Five interviews (2 men and 3 women) were conducted with members of the Blinkwaters Cooperatives because they are the spokesperson for the community and were involved in one of the community projects supported by an NGO.
Limitations
Ethical consideration
Introduction
Constitution of the Republic South Africa of 1996
All spheres of government and all state bodies within each sphere must- (b) ensure the well-being of the people of the Republic; Moreover, it requires the need to build capacity within each sphere, as well as in all spheres of government in order to fulfill their functions. These three chapters of the Constitution set out important legal principles and provisions relating to the management of coastal hazards, which are equally applicable to small fishing communities.
In conclusion, the protection of this vulnerable environment must be achieved not only with sustainable measures, but alongside cooperative governance and the inclusiveness of all parties involved. NEMA further reiterates that government institutions in all spheres of governance have concurrent responsibilities regarding the environment. This is the foundation of collaborative governance and a term used throughout the Act and can thus be considered the backbone of integrated environmental management (Bray, 1999).
National Environmental Management: Integrated Coastal Management Act No
The Minister may, by notification in the Government Gazette, declare any land in state ownership as public coastal property in the manner contemplated in subsection (2) in order to—. e) to protect people, property and economic activities from risks arising from dynamic coastal processes, including the risk of sea level rise”. Another comprehensive feature of the ICMA is the development and implementation of coastal management programs which provide a legislative framework to promote and achieve integrated coastal management and planning. These programs are required at national, provincial and local level and outline how the goals of the ICMA can be achieved on the ground.
Climate Change Bill of 2018
A great responsibility rests on South Africa's provincial and local institutions to implement this policy and address, mitigate or plan for adaptation to climate change. These institutions can therefore play an important role in the lives of individuals vulnerable to the impacts of climate change or climate-induced changes. One of the responsibilities that the bill imposes on institutions is to facilitate them. a) “reducing the vulnerability of society, the economy and the environment to the impacts of climate change, strengthening the resilience of the socio-economic and environmental system and increasing the adaptability of the national environment and economy to the consequences of climate change.
The National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy of 2019
Local government policies, plans and programmes in response to climate change and coastal risk in the Overberg District Municipality and coastal risk in the Overberg District Municipality
- Disaster Risk Management Framework and Plan for the Overberg District Municipality of 2016 Municipality of 2016
- Overberg District Municipality Coastal Management Programme
- Overberg District Municipality Coastal Management Lines of 2015
- Overberg Climate Change Response Framework
For the municipality of Overberg, the SDF is an important part of the Integrated Development Plan (IDP). The SDF is in line with the objectives of the IDP and the budget of the municipalities (Overberg District Municipal Spatial Development Framework, 2014). The SDF becomes the spatial representation of the IDP objectives financed by the budget.
Various Government institutions involved in the Buffeljagsbaai Community This section looks at the various local government institutions’ roles and responsibilities and This section looks at the various local government institutions’ roles and responsibilities and
The various impacts and hazards of climate change, as well as the appropriate responses, were identified during a workshop with local and district municipalities and external stakeholders (OCCRF, CCRF workshop, 2017). Various Government Institutions involved in the Buffalo Hunting Bay Community This section looks at the various local government institutions' roles and responsibilities and This section looks at the various local government institutions' roles and responsibilities and. These policies, laws and strategies run on the same fundamental principle of integration and cooperation in all spheres to respond to a complex issue such as coastal risks.
Introduction
The purpose of the study was to understand how the different local institutions mentioned above were involved in Buffeljagsbaai and to understand the local perception of their usefulness in terms of helping the community with coastal risks and survival strategies. These questions were explored with the community and key informants during data collection for the study.
Livelihoods strategies of the people in Buffeljagsbaai
2009 The Department of Health funded the women in the community to market their homemade goods such as sour fig jam and pickled periwinkles. The women of the community were involved in several other livelihood activities to help support their families, such as fish processing, harvesting of tidewater species, pickling and sour jam making. This explains why many members of society are involved in “poaching” (SSI-C, 2020; SSI-C 2019).
Livelihood threats linked to changing environmental conditions - Perceptions and Impacts
The floods brought thick foam to the community's roads and left blue stains. The community fishermen said that there are less fishing days which means that the sea conditions were not safe to go fishing (SSI-C, 2019). Most of the community depends on going out to sea and fishing for their livelihood.
Community Perceptions of the Roles and Responsibilities of Institutions
BAF got one happy because it provides employment to some members of the community. Hermanus Rainbow Trust (five positive icons) has been positively assessed by the community for providing food packages to a few houses in the community (10-12 houses). The community positively assessed the contribution and support of Masifundisa (five positive icons) as they were very involved in the community, supporting fishermen exercising their rights and providing training workshops for women in the community (CFGD, 2019).
Social Challenges
The chairmen of Blinkwaters Co-op are considering making their share the primary co-op in the community. There are limited job opportunities in the community, including being a fisherman or working for Abalone Farms. Apart from the historical separation, the community is divided through the interaction between the various institutions.
Conclusion
The community claims that Queen Victoria of England granted the land to the Buffeljagsbaai community. Another issue that emerged during interviews with the community and institutions was conflict within the community. The second theme that emerged was the lack of presence of government intuitions in the community.
Introduction
Adapting to Coastal-Related Risks
Furthermore, fishing communities are not immune to external pressures that drive larger policies that undermine the community. Findings from the community focus group discussion and interviews revealed that a few community members were involved in the abalone poaching gangs. The community of Buffeljagsbaai is a poor one and fishing is unpredictable and unreliable, therefore people turn to poaching because they have quick access to large sums of money (Iscaacs and Witbooi, 2019; Hauck et al., 2002).
The Disconnect of Mandates and Action of Government Institutions 1. Limited statehood
Unfortunately, in the case of Buffeljagsbaai, there is hostility between the BAF and the community. The Adaptability of Smallholder Farmers to Climate Change in the Northern Region of Ghana. Assessment of the likely sensitivity to climate change for key marine species in the southern Benguela system.
Challenges in the assessment and management of small-scale fisheries in Latin America and the Caribbean. Is there any collaboration with other role players in the community such as DAFF or other departments or NGOs.
