The work described in this thesis was carried out through the School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, from June 2011 to June 2015, under the supervision of Professor Cristina Trois. Where use has been made of the work of others, this is duly acknowledged in the text.
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INTRODUCTION
- Rationale
- Research Background
- Motivation and objectives
- Research Questions, Aim and Objectives
- Research Questions
- Aim and Objectives
- Field Work
- Statistical Analysis
- Critical Review
- Structure of the Thesis
To analyze waste management in Mumbai, India and to characterize waste flow including sources and quantities. Available waste treatment technologies are investigated, as well as waste policy and the status quo of waste management in SA and India.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
Legislation and Policy Air Quality Policies, Legislation and Regulations - LFG
- Policies, Legislation and Regulations on Landfill Gas Management Projects
- South African Policies and Legislation
- National Environmental Management Act
- Solid Waste Policies in India
The objectives of the Waste Act are structured around the guidelines in the waste management hierarchy, the overall approach that informs waste management in South Africa. The National Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) and its provincial counterparts are responsible for the overall implementation of the Waste Act.
Treatment Technologies
- Recycling and MRF
When investigating greenhouse gas emissions from individual processes, there is agreement on the size of the expected emissions from each process (waste generation, collection and transport, disposal and recycling). Material recovery facilities are part of the waste treatment process by providing a method for the recovery of recyclable materials and the separation of organic waste (Bovea and Powell, 2006).
Biological Technologies: Waste composting and Anaerobic Digestion
- Waste Composting
- Anaerobic digestion
The total carbon content of municipal waste can be divided into two main categories: biogenic carbon and fossil carbon (Moller, 2007, cited in Couth and Trois, 2012). However, the volume of methane formed can be significantly reduced by composting municipal waste before landfilling (Couth and Trois, 2012).
Anaerobic Digestion Technologies
- Products of Anaerobic Digestion
- Digestate
Anaerobic digestion (AD) refers to the degradation of biogenic waste substrates by the action of microorganisms under anaerobic conditions (Tchobanoglous et al., 1993). Methanogenesis takes place mainly by the conversion of the acid formed during acetogenesis to methane (acetotrophic methanogenesis) or by the reduction of CO2 by H2 (hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis).
Aerobic Composting
- In-vessel composting
Mixing or turning the waste material is also essential for even and uniform distribution of microorganisms, moisture and nutrients (Tchobanoglous et al., 1993). Screening of the mature compost is also necessary to remove contaminants such as plastic and metal.
Thermochemical technologies
- Incineration
- Pyrolysis and Gasification
- Plasma Arc Gasification
This hot plasma zone dissociates the molecules in any organic material into individual elemental atoms, while the inorganic materials simultaneously melt into molten lava (urbanidia.nic.in). It has the advantage that NOx (nitrogen oxides) and SOx (sulphur oxides) gas emissions do not occur during normal operation due to lack of oxygen in the system (urbanindia.nic.in).
The Hierarchy of Sustainable Solid Waste management activities
Everything must be done to prevent the generation of waste in the first place. The third step is waste treatment, which leads to alternative technologies; the fourth stage is the disposal of waste, which is often placed in landfills, and the last stage is the rehabilitation of the waste.
Conditions for a sustainable energy system
According to the Kyoto Protocol (Dec 1997), there are six GHGs: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrocarbon, perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride. Since change in the South African energy system is unlikely to occur due to the presence of an oligopoly, one should focus on municipal solid waste management to reduce GHG emissions.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction
South Africa is making progress in ensuring that its economic development is sustainable and that particular attention is paid to the way economic, social and environmental resources are used. The waste management industry must accept and comply with the standards set forth in all air emissions regulations applicable to industry and government in the applicable jurisdiction.
Basic Techniques of Energy Recovery
In addition to the policy context, both departments develop and implement initiatives to promote and facilitate WTE (SANEDI, 2013).
Landfill gas to Electricity: Case studies in South Africa
- Inception of the eThekweni landfill gas to energy project
- CDM Project Assessment
- Experience gained from the implementation of the CDM project
In addition, this period would also allow for sampling and detailed analysis of the gas. According to Jewaskiewitz, Mills and Barratt (2002), project development involves the construction, commissioning and operation of the gas extraction and utilization system.
Case Study of Ekhurleni Municipality
The Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Landfill Gas Extraction and Flaring Project is a CDM project, pending registration with the Executive Board of the UNFCCC. Efficient O&M will also lead to the reduction of unscheduled downtime of the LFG extraction and flaring.
Sustainable development and Waste to Energy
Of critical importance is the understanding that the CDM aspect of the project only really begins with the effective commissioning and operation of the gas extraction system, and that revenue is directly related to the quality of the information recorded on an ongoing basis. The focus of project verification is not only data collection, CDM calculations and figures, but the overall quality of the entire project, from design to implementation, operations and monitoring.
Technical aspects of the potential of an Energy Source
Future waste loading projections are an important component of waste gas production projections and are therefore directly related to the resource value and economic justification required to support the project. It is important not only to have a good understanding of the current regulations and policies governing landfill design and operation, but also to be aware of any upcoming legislation that could affect the feasibility of a waste gas management project.
Chapter Summary
According to a World Bank report (2004), legislation that prescribes the daily operations of the landfill has the ability to achieve the generation of LFG if there are requirements for the construction or operation of the landfill. There may also be barriers to using techniques, such as adding moisture to the waste, such as those used in bioreactor landfills, to increase the initial rate of LFG generation.
METHODOLOGY
- Introduction
- Structure of the study’s Methodological approach
- Investigative Approaches
- Quantitative research
- Qualitative research
- Mixed methods
- Selection of Case Study
- Reasons for the selected landfill sites
- Selection of the MSW strategies
- Simulated waste management scenarios
- Development of an Institutional Framework for Municipalities
- Waste Stream Analysis Methodology
- Planning and design of Waste Stream Analysis
- Waste classification categories
- Equipment and materials
- Sampling Methodology
- Approach to data analysis
- Chapter Summary
The selection of the case study was based on the key informant interviews, which provided knowledge about the technology assessment and selection specific to an area, waste stream and context. Costs in relation to landfill liners are expensive in relation to the minimum requirement for waste disposal in a landfill. 2 Executive Engineer of Deonar landfill involved in site planning and design 3 Executive Engineer of Gorai Landfill.
Key informant interviews were critical in understanding the topic and in guiding the selection of the relevant case study. The primary objective of the post-apartheid government's waste management policy is to move from a fragmented to an integrated approach to waste management. A mixed methods approach using qualitative and quantitative data was used to undertake a case study of the MCGM and NLM.
The key informant interviews and household interviews provided insight into the status quo of municipal solid waste management, which was essential in developing the rationale for the case study.
THE STATUS QUO OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
- Introduction
- Geographical location of the MCGM/Mumbai
- Waste Generation
- Waste Collection
- Transportation
- Transfer Stations
- Landfill Sites
- Mulund landfill site
- Kanjur landfill site
- Deonar Landfill Site
- RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
- Introduction
- Chembur
- Andheri
- Kanjur Marg
- Sewri
- Malad
- Ghatkopar
- Shivaji Nagar
- Byculla
- Mankhurd
- Bandra
- Mahaluxmi
- Colaba
- Dharavi
- Govindi
- JJ Hospital
- Nagpada
- Ranibharg
- Dadar
- CST
- Grand Road
- Worli
- Sehwag
- Sitachem
- Sandhurst
In Sewri, a large percentage of the waste stream is removed by waste pickers for the purpose of recycling. In Ghatkopar, a large percentage of the waste stream is removed by waste pickers for the purpose of recycling. In Byculla, a large percentage of the waste stream is removed by waste pickers for the purpose of recycling.
In Mankhurd, a large percentage of the waste stream is removed by waste pickers for the purpose of recycling. In Govindi, a large percentage of the waste stream is removed by waste pickers for the purpose of recycling. In Worli, a large percentage of the waste stream is removed by waste pickers for the purpose of recycling.
In Sehwag, a large percentage of the waste stream is removed by waste pickers for recycling. In Sitachem, a large percentage of the waste stream is removed by waste pickers for recycling. At Sandhurst, a large percentage of the waste stream is removed by waste pickers for recycling.
CASE STUDY: NEWCASTLE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY
- Introduction
- Population and Densities
- The Newcastle Landfill Site
- Waste Stream Composition
- Waste Collection
- Objectives of the Waste Stream Analysis
- Selection of the waste streams and focus areas
- These waste streams were classified using the following three strata
- RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
- Introduction
- Waste Stream Analysis
- Interpretation of waste stream analysis results
- Processing of PET plastic into woven fibre
- Production Principles
- Unit Operations of the technical plant
- Dacron short fibre production
- Emission of waste water, waste material and pretreated bottle storage
- Chapter Summary
Sometimes hazardous waste is disposed of as part of the general waste stream in the form of oil cans from petrol stations, batteries, weed killers etc. Contaminated and uncontaminated rainwater runoff is collected in a cut-off channel downstream of the waste pile. The methodological approach to the waste stream assessment and the rest of the study are discussed in the following chapter.
The interpretation of the results from the waste stream analysis will reveal trends, inconsistencies and correlation with the expected results. Waste streams will be compared to the source/activity of the waste produced, income group and area type. The adoption of the backward coil tube and the direct current type structure is achieved from the boiler to achieve high thermal efficiency. The salient characteristic of the conduction heating oil boiler is the unfavorable current heat exchange, which achieves the temperature difference between smoke emission and a thermal conductivity oil outlet below 30 ℃.
Alumina absorbs micro-bubbles with impurities in the waste water and floats to the top of the water with its buoyancy, thus isolating the impurities from the water.
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT AT MUNICIPALITIES IN SOUTH AFRICA . 145
- Municipalities’ Feasibility study process
- Stage 1: Feasibility Study
- Stage 2: Procurement
- Feasibility Study Stage 1A
- Feasibility Study Stage 1B
- A standardized integrated waste management plan
- Institutional and planning matters
- Development of an Integrated Waste Management Plan
- Assessment of Waste Treatment Technologies
- Criteria for Energy Recovery Projects and Potential risks
- Road Map to determine the Technical Feasibility of Emission Reduction Benefits
- Road Map of WTE project in municipalities
- Checklist for applicable energy policies, legislation and regulation and market for the Preparation of
- Market Access and Pricing of LFG as a CER
- Project Economics
- Role players in the Project Structure
- Conclusion
LFGTE projects must be considered a competent activity that is part of the municipality's strategic vision. Regulatory matters in terms of the project and site activation are considered in the due diligence. The National Environment: Waste Act, 2008 (“the Act”) aimed to provide a comprehensive framework to regulate waste management practices.
It provides an assessment of the quantities and types of waste generated in the area in the IWMP Situational Analysis. Is the administration of the regulation under the same level of government authority (some jurisdictions may transfer administration of a regulation to another level of government or state-owned corporation or utility). The tool and factors for LFG generation depend on the amounts and generation rate of the landfill gas.
The effectiveness of the project will largely depend on the market price of competitive energy sources.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- Introduction
- Challenges with Implementation
- Financial options and challenges
- Institutional Framework
- Recommendations
- Conclusion
White Paper on Integrated Pollution and Waste Management for South Africa. online) Available at http://www.environment.gov.za/PolLeg/Whitepapers/.
