These studies have largely dwelt on the challenges of land registration processes in Nigeria. However, none of these studies compared the rate of property registration in the informal market with the rate of government land.
Research Methodology
Results and Discussion
In 2014 and 2015, there was a marked increase in the number of awards to both men and women. The percentage annual change in the number of processed CO by gender is shown in.
Conclusion and Recommendations
Further studies can be conducted on the level of awareness of property owners in the study area about the importance of land registration. Laws in Tanzania allow married couples to jointly own land, but in practice it is more common for land to be titled in the husband's name alone.
Introduction
The study also examines various initiatives aimed at promoting co-ownership of matrimonial property and analyzes constraints on co-ownership. The paper argues for joint ownership of marital assets, which is key to women's economic empowerment.
Background
A large number of women's groups in Tanzania3 have played significant roles in promoting gender-sensitive land reform. Evidence of the impact of joint titles on women's outcomes is limited (Ali et al., 2014).
Methodology
Using a register of residents maintained by KAUMAMA and the local government, a purposive sampling technique was used to select 6 couples to participate in the pilot study. The answers to the open questions of the key informants in the pilot study were used to develop the final questionnaire (open and closed question) for survey phase.
Results
The results show that the majority of surveyed couples (60.2%) agree that co-titling in land ownership is important. Neither of the two female spouses who were in polygamous marriages were interested in co-titling.
Discussion and Conclusion
However, the extent of women's access to land in the study area's customary land allocation process has not been adequately documented. What is the extent of women's access to land in the context of land availability, land affordability, security of tenure and ease of transaction.
Literature Review
The reported progress in access to land rights can be attributed to the different constitutions applicable in the study areas. Government land policies tend to either increase or decrease farmers' access to land rights (Keovilignavong and Suhardiman, 2020). 2013) found that women lack ownership, control and full access to land in Ghana's Chansa community.
Discussion of Findings
This suggests that LUA has advanced women's access to land in the context of land availability. This section addresses the factors affecting women's access to land in the study area. Custom and tradition Some cultural beliefs, the problem of land rights and limited land limit women's access to land in the study area.
Conclusion
A sample of 141 members of the Real Estate Developers Association of Nigeria (REDAN) and 31 heads of units of the Land Bureau were surveyed. This suggests the application of game theory to explain developers' rationalization at the study site. This work is based on development titles obtained by the developers (C of O or GCT) to estimate their contribution to the housing stock in the study area.
Results and Analysis
In this section, developers' perceptions of the main barriers to housing construction after land acquisition are analyzed based on responses to a questionnaire. Items with mean values of 4.0 and above were rated as major barriers to residential development in the study sites. Land Office officials were asked to assess the extent to which seven collaborative strategies were being used to improve the immediate residential development of land acquired in marginal areas.
Conclusion and Recommendation
Urban regeneration and the perceptions of participants in the commercial property market: The case of the Johannesburg city centre. The purpose of this study is to assess the challenges faced by participants in the commercial property market in relation to the regeneration of Johannesburg Inner City (JIC). The research therefore provides municipal policy makers with an understanding of the concerns that participants in the commercial real estate market have.
Urban Renewal in Johannesburg, South Africa
Established in 2003, The Trust for Urban Housing Finance (TUHF) uses a specialist finance strategy to lend to investors, particularly financing the renovation and improvement of inner city residential properties. This strategy was developed in response to the fact that commercial banks did not understand the investment dynamics of the inner city and therefore were not interested in lending to real estate investors in the inner city (TUHF, 2018). Despite efforts to encourage and attract investors to the inner city to drive the process of urban renewal, challenges remain (Harada & Jørgensen, 2016).
Conceptual Framework
UDZs and CIDs have led the success of urban regeneration, crime-fighting and service delivery (Raco et al., 2008; Bethlehem, 2013; Thompson, 2015; Johannesburg CID Forum, 2018). It consists of 15 blocks (industrial and commercial space), developed by a company called Propertuity in 2008 (Hoogendoorn & Gregory, 2016; . Stryjakiewicz et al., 2017). To date, the private sector anchors regeneration projects within JIC districts, where the Johannesburg Development Agency sets the standards for creating and facilitating initiatives that maximize private sector participation by promoting efficient and sustainable urban regeneration in meeting some of the Development Goals. Sustainable (SDG) McGreal et al., 2000; Amirtahmasebi et al., 2015; United Nations, 2019).
Data Collection and Methodology
In the ownership phase, an important risk is tenant delinquency, where tenants fail to pay rent, which negatively affects property performance. Describe the nature of risk related to private equity, structured debt, real estate, mortgage servicing and tenant delinquency. The interview questions were tested (pilot) using five real estate investors through face-to-face contact in July 2018.
Research Results
In addition to social housing, there is a need for mixed-use properties with a growth focus in the inner city districts. A concern that emerged in the interviews is the deterioration of cleanliness and aesthetics in the inner city districts. When commercial real estate professionals work together in the CID, it allows them to collaborate for the good of the city and this encourages other participants to participate in the regeneration of the inner city (Kährik et al., 2016).
Conclusion, Recommendations and Implications
The spread of the City Improvement District Model in Johannesburg and Cape Town: urban renewal and the neoliberal agenda in South Africa. Power to the people: when culture works as a social catalyst in urban renewal processes (and when not). Social housing and urban regeneration in South Africa, research series published by HDA, South Africa. http://thehda.co.za/pdf/uploads/multimedia/HDA_NASHO_reseach.
Background of the Study
However, water scarcity in South Africa could potentially derail the construction industry and property development. This paper explores the effects of water scarcity on the construction industry in South Africa with reference to the following provinces; Western Cape, Gauteng, Mpumalanga and Limpopo. There are two types of water consumption in the construction industry, namely embedded water and direct water.
Literature Review
The industrial sector is the second largest consumer of water in South Africa after the agricultural sector (Gerbens-Leenes et al., 2018). Several studies conclude that external factors are most likely to cause delays in construction projects (Assaf & Al- Hejji, 2006; Muhwezi et al., 2014). Studies show that cost and time overruns are interrelated in construction projects (Kaliba et al., 2009; . Olawale & Sun, 2010).
Methodology
The respondents approached the issue of water scarcity from different perspectives based on their professional experience. In the first phase of the interviews, respondents from the Western Cape were asked additional questions about their awareness of the drought before embarking on projects undertaken during the drought season. Even in the first phase of the interviews, the questions were designed to allow respondents to provide relevant information for this study in all provinces.
Analysis
Sometimes the contractor incurs expenses related to water shortage in the site as they take full responsibility to complete the project. In addition, a risk assessment involving drought and water scarcity should be undertaken before starting the project. If the project has not started, sometimes they delay the start date to avoid costs related to drought or water shortage.
Discussion
Mitigation mechanisms should be incorporated that describe how water would be retrieved in the event of a shortage. In this process, they can identify certain challenges around the use of water in the project. 2016) noted that some issues related to water scarcity could be highlighted in the pre-planning and planning phase. In addition, those involved in the early stages of design and construction should think beyond the construction project.
Conclusion
Franzsen and McCluskey (2017a) argue that property tax research is not as widespread in Africa as in other regions of the world. The UN-Habitat PT Guide identifies two political imperatives (tax base and rate) and three administrative imperatives (coverage, valuation and collection) as the structures that must be in place for property tax effectiveness. The UN-Habitat PT Guide explains the process of initiating, developing, implementing and maintaining an effective land and property tax system.
Case Studies
This became necessary due to the lack of efficiency in the coverage of the tax base and the level of revenue collection of the three local governments in Dar es Salaam (Kayuza, 2014). The local government's valuation department is responsible for preparing the valuation list and issuing the tax assessments (Massawe, 2020). Nigeria is one of the few countries that operate a decentralized property tax system, which is devolved to state and local governments.
Discussion
Lagos is the only city in the study where the state government sets its rates, reflecting the devolution of property taxes from the federal Nigerian government. The implementation of the law will be instrumental in increasing Kigali's property tax to GDP ratio. This is in line with best practices for collection efficiency outlined in the UN-Habitat PT guide.
Conclusion
The literature shows that lack of effective collection has been the bane of property tax revenue in Africa. Available at: https://www.cmi.no/publications/6880-the-role-of-ict- in-property-tax-administration-lessons- from-tanzania.CMI Brief No 6. Eds), Property Tax in Africa : Status, challenges and prospects. The basis and administration of the property tax: what can be learned from International Practice.
