The results should be written in the past tense when describing findings in the authors' experiments. References: In the text, a reference identified by an author's name should be followed by the date of the reference in parentheses.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
According to the researchers, the maintenance of socio-cultural aspects should be a prerequisite for slum upgrading activities. Other authors such as Leckie (1995) have also argued that slum upgrading should incorporate behavioral aspects of slum dwellers for sustainability.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Current slum upgrading practices do not seem to have included maintenance on the agenda. The World Bank (2006) recommends that upgrading projects should provide incentives for community management and maintenance of improved slum infrastructure.
Urban Slum Upgrading and Participatory Governance (PG): An Investigation into the Role of Community Based Institutions in Slums in Tackling the Challenges of Slums in Developing Countries, the Case of Lagos State Nigeria. Challenges of Slum Upgrading for Urban Informal Settlements: Case of Soweto East Village in Kibera Informal Settlements, Nairobi City.
THE LIMIT OF LAND REGULARISATION AS POVERTY ALLEVIATION STRATEGY IN INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS
EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM LAGOS, NIGERIA
- INTRODUCTION
- FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
The reason can be attributed to the fact that a majority of the residents are tenants. Understanding the Complexity of Factors Affecting Livelihoods of the Urban Poor in Lagos' Informal Settlements.
SOCIOECONOMIC DYNAMICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH OUTCOMES IN INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS OF
PORT HARCOURT, NIGERIA
- THE CONTEXT OF THE STUDY
- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This includes the household dynamics regarding socio-economic conditions, environmental and housing conditions and the health profile of the residents. Most of the respondents (65%) are self-employed and mostly work in the informal economic sector as artisans or traders. In the communities investigated, it is not surprising that the majority of respondents defecate by the water.
The purpose of the study is to ascertain whether the identified socio-economic and environmental conditions have any impact on the health of the residents. The disease profile of the residents in the selected communities shows that most of the investigated diseases are very prominent in Bundu, Marine Base and Rex Lawson (table 3). To further investigate the relationship between residents' socio-economic and environmental conditions with their health status, chi square tests were used to ascertain some associations.
It can be concluded that household socioeconomic conditions in most communities play an important role in residents' health-seeking behavior. It is expected that the important occupations of the communities are based on the characteristics of the communities, for example, most of the residents in the seaside communities are fishermen so they dominate.
URBAN PLANNING, DEMOLITION OF PROPERTY AND CITIZENS’ DEPRIVATION IN AFRICAN CITIES: A
POLYCENTRIC PLANNING PERSEPCTIVE
- METHODOLOGY
- THEORETICAL UNDERPINNING
- CASES OF DEMOLITION AND FORCED EVICTION OF CITIZENS IN AFRICAN CITIES
- THE RESILIENCE OF SELF-GOVERNING COMMUNITY INSTITUTIONS IN AFRICAN CITIES
- POLYCENTRIC PLANNING AND A NEW URBAN GOVERNMENTALITY Analysis and discussions show that there is the need for new institutional arrangements that
- CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- REFERENCES
In order to contextualize the line of analysis in this paper, polycentric planning, a side of the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework was adopted. Polycentric planning recognizes the fundamental flaws in the centralist planning model and the persistent failure of the state to satisfy the collective yearnings and aspirations of citizens. As a result, polycentric planning drew attention to the self-management and self-organization capabilities of people based on collective action at the community level.
Different planning standards were specified for the different segments of the city with physical planning and infrastructure provision concentrated in the European or government reserve areas (GRAs), while African residential areas or poor reserve areas (PRAs) were neglected (Akinola, 1992b). As elite leadership has faltered, it is imperative to look for alternatives on how to appropriately address the needs and aspirations of the urban poor in Africa. Taking all the three cases together, the methods used by public officials to carry out demolition exercises are contrary to the basic principles set out in the UN Guidelines on Development-Based Evictions and Displacements, which order authorities not to carry out evictions as well as not allow demolition exercises. to take place in bad weather, at night, and by implication at dawn, during festivals or religious holidays, before elections, or during or just before school examinations and in circumstances that do not give the victims the opportunity to recover their property. The critical issue that needs to be adequately addressed in connection with demolition exercises is the responsibility of public officials who have the duty to monitor and stop the construction of illegal structures and who usually play the Ostrich and allow illegal structures to be erected.
Since political factor determines the operation of other sectors of the economy, the restructuring of the public sphere becomes central to the solution of urban management and development crisis (Akinola 2011a). At the end of the day, African countries would experience good urban governance and poverty reduction (No. 19).
FRAMEWORK FOR THE SUSTAINABILITY OF HOUSING CO-OPERATIVES IN SOUTH AFRICA
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CO-OPERATIVES IN SOUTH AFRICA
Van Niekerk (cited by Jara & Satgar, 2008) emphasizes that the history of cooperative development in South Africa is linked to the way in which the country was administered. Until the early 1990s, the formal cooperative movement in South Africa was predominantly organized along the lines of registered commercial agricultural cooperatives affiliated to the Agricultural Business Chamber of the South African Agricultural Union (Peet cited by Rust, 2001). Co-operative housing according to Rooftop Canada Resource Center (s.a) is an alternative housing approach that uses the principles and processes of co-operatives, while a housing co-operative is the organization that responds to the needs of its members by adopting the methods and practices of the co-operative housing system.
The use of the collaborative housing approach to solve people's housing needs has a long history, as documented by UN-Habitat (2006). The postal survey was adopted through the administration of 176 structured questionnaires to the identified housing cooperatives (66 questionnaires to the chairmen of all identified housing cooperatives from the list obtained from the Registrar of Cooperatives while 110 questionnaires were administered to the members of the housing cooperatives ). The number of questionnaires sent to each housing cooperative was determined by the chairman of that housing cooperative and was not a function of the number of members in the housing cooperative.
The unit of analysis was the members of the cooperative housing associations and not the cooperative housing associations. All the respondents agreed that the strategies identified could lead to sustainability for housing associations in South Africa if implemented well.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
The lack of a housing co-operative legislative framework has, according to the Mayor of London (2004), caused difficulties in the establishment and management of housing co-operatives in the UK. The low number of housing cooperatives in South Africa may be due to the fact that the environment is not suitable for a cooperative housing approach (Rust, 2001). According to UN-Habitat (2006a), the environment in which housing cooperatives operate must be favorable for the success of housing cooperatives.
In Portugal, incentives such as value added tax (VAT), exemption from land purchase taxes and subsidized loan interest rates are given to housing cooperatives (ICAe, s.a). It is therefore up to SHRA, SAHCA, SEDA, all spheres of the Department of Human Settlements (municipal, provincial and national) and housing co-operatives to lead this component of the proposed framework. Values that place the interests of the housing cooperative and members above other interests.
The Mayor of London (2004) indicates that the inability of housing co-operatives to distinguish between control and management sometimes leads to failure. According to the CHF (2009), housing co-operatives are not based on the person in charge of the management.
The roles of various governments have been the driving force behind housing cooperatives in those countries where housing cooperatives have been successful because of the tremendous support that housing cooperatives have received. While the role of the government is undisputed, a high level of commitment is expected from members in terms of paying dues regularly and ensuring adequate participation in the activities of their housing cooperatives. Above all, management in housing cooperatives should be dynamic; to this extent, it should always be what works best in the given situation, which means being flexible so that the housing cooperative can be open to new ideas that will be useful.
In a nutshell, the proposed framework clearly shows that for housing co-ops to become sustainable, all role players need to get on board and collectively do what is expected of each role player. Presentation on housing co-operatives by SAHCA to Parliament from the National Housing Portfolio Committee, Cape Town, 24 February 2010. Shelter Co-operatives in South Africa: Contributions of the Co-operative Sector to Shelter Development.
Update on the status of housing cooperatives in South Africa; Draft report prepared for Boligfonden (SHF), October. Cooperatives in social development, report of the UN Secretary-General at the 64th session of the General Assembly, 31 July, New York.
ANALYSIS OF CONSTRUCTION-RELATED FACTORS AFFECTING THE EFFICIENCY OF CONSTRUCTION
LABOUR
- CONSTRUCTION RELATED FACTORS AND CONSTRUCTION WORKERS EFFICIENCY
- RESEARCH METHOD
- INTERVIEW REPORT
- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCE
Undoubtedly, the site manager plays an important role in the successful delivery of construction projects. Construction skills of construction managers are considered to be a crucial tool for improving the efficiency of construction work (Table 4.6). The results reveal that the communication skills of construction site managers are an important factor in the efficiency of construction work (Tables 4.7 and 4.22).
Site managers' ability to communicate project goals to project teams is essential to the execution of construction projects. Decisions made by site managers on construction projects have been found to be of significant importance to the efficiency of construction work (Table 4.7). The site manager stated that the communication skills of the site managers on the construction sites had not been encouraging.
The purpose of the study is to evaluate the impact of construction-related factors on the efficiency of construction workers. The success of construction projects depends to a large extent on the effectiveness of site managers and individual site supervisors.
