A study of the mineral content and feeding value of natural pastures in the Union of South Africa. Third report

Onderstepoort Jou1·nal of T' eterinury Science and A.nimal Industry, Volume 5, !Ylllnber 1, 17dy, 1935.

A Study of the Mineral Content and Feeding Value of Natural Pastures in the

Union of South Africa.

THIRD REPORT.

By

L'. J. ])U 'l'OlT, H.A., JJr.l'hil., Jk :.\Ie(l.YeL, ll.Se;.(.AgriG.), Director of

r

etel· in my ~en i CPS, OurlPrc;telJOOJL;

A. I. :JL\LAN, D.Sc., BioGilemi-;i; J. G. LOU\Y, :JI.~e., Chemist;

C. It. liOLZAPFEL, iii.Se., Che111i6t; anrl G. IWJ~'l'S, B.Sc., Botunist.

INTRODUCTION AND PLAN OF WORK.

Is thP fir;;i publication (du 'l'oit· et ol., HH'2) of ihe above serie6 the plan of inYeshgation \Yas fully desnibed, the objects, methods em ploy eel a nc1 technique "·ere giYeu in detail. The results of the first three snn-eys \\·ere recorclecl :mel rliscu;;sed. A later publication (du Toit eta/., 1Wn) reportNl on the reslllts obiainP<l in the plot experi- Jnents whieh formed a sub-chYision of the original expe1·imental plan.

'l'he an:~lvses of six more sur\·Pys, i.e. until April, 1933, h.aYe now lweu complei·erl r1ud r1re repodetl OJ\ .in this article.

Briefly, tbe surveys mea11t colleci ing samples of pasture at regular interYals from a number of nreas all OYer the Union and analysing these for crurle proiein, ermle fibre, s-oluble exh·act, soh1ble :tsh, pl10sphorus, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium und l:bloriue. Samplec, of ,;oil. and bloo(l wen~

collected simultaneously from the same ~nea 01· from animals g-razing- in that area, the former analysed for i 1torga nic canst itnents and nitrogen ancl the latter f01· phosphorus. ln the first puhlicatim1 mentione<l aboYe the tables of results inchHlecl Yalues for both soil and pastnrP constituents :md for bloo(l phosphorus. 'l'be view was expressed, howeYer, that soil rmr1lysis (loes not provide a very satisfactory method of studying the feeding value of pastures as obviously pasture on poor soil may 5·ielcl excellent values if the samples for analysis are taken at an early stage of growth of the pasture. Hence, soil aualy,;es, \Yhich entailed a considerable amount of labour have been omitted from further work and the number of are.as from which pasture samples have been collected increased accordingly.

201

MINEltAL CONTENT AND FEEDING VAL"GE OF XATlJRAL PASTtTlm~:>

The diagnosis of phosphorus deficiency in pasture by determining the inorganic phosphonts content of the blood of animals grazing·

such pasture is simple and accurate, but the suneys <leseribecl in thi;.;

series of articles were intenderl to be a study of the feeding Yalue of South African pastures and not merely a, study of their phosphoru,;

content. Besides, from the large number of fig-ures for blood phosphorus it has .already become evident that lo"· phosphorus in the blood, and therefore in the pasture, is the rule rather than the exception, ,;o that pasture analy,;is, which is essential for a sturl)' of the g-reate1· problem of the feeding Yalue of the pastures anrl which incidfmially includes the cletenni.nation of phosphorus in the pasture, alrearl.v covers the field of phosphorus deficiency. Blood analysis has therefore sen erl the purpose of establishing in a remarkably short period the fact that practi call,,- all South A frir·an pastures are deficient in pho,; phorus at r;ertain seasons of the yea!'.

Blood analysis for phosphorus is now being userl for studying the phosphorus rleficiellcy problem in henls or on farms where immediate information on this problem is required, and has been exchtLlecl from the g-reate1· sun·eys, where it \\·oulrl naturally inYolve ihe bleeding of many hundreds of stock oYer exiendetl periocl~, a procednre wb ir:h

;tftel' se1·et·al repetitions is gt•nerallY met with ^;I t·edain ;1mouni of opposition on the part of the farme1·s. Anot·her obstacle in the 'my of dra\\·ing the blood and preparing it fol' tlespatch io the laborat01·.'·

for analysis is that a large Humlwr of <ll'eas have to he i1tclmlecl in the surYeys in order to obtain repre,;eniati,-e figures atHl the staff is not aYailable to 1lo the hloorl ,,-ork in such a b rgP numhel' of ;uea,;

<imultaneously. On the othel' hmul, Go1·ernment Stor·k Inspector,.;

;11·e f<tationeil praC'til'ally all O\'f>l' UH• l'nio11, antl ihest-' lll<'ll I'OJied monthly sampleR of 1~asture ^OIL ('ertai n farms in their area;; m; part of their offil'i.al duties. The organization for obtaining the pasture samples is therefm·e vPry simple anrl effir·ienl. 'l'he number of areas from which pasture samples are roller·te1l has beeu grea tl,\· incnasecl Tecentl,\· by employing· ihe stm·k inspectors for this wmk raiher tl1an the fielrl veterinary officer,;, >dwse numhers are limiterl. Ho\\·eyer, all the survey;:; 1·eportecl on in this pape1· have been oolleeied on the old ba,;is described in the first nrt irle wiih one or two minor morlifil'a- 1ions as indica ted helo"·.

Soil analy~es, as alread,v PXplaiJIPcl, have 1leeJl elimi nateil. 'rhe samples of Yeg-etai ion are no longer sort eel i1lio specie:-;

on arrival and these itlentified, but they are freed hom sand, reduced if neceRsar_v, m illerl a nrl <lnal)·,;erl. The obvious disadvantage of this procechtre is that fi;r1tres are ohtainecl which are not truly representative ·of the paRture adua lly eaten but of nll ihe pas.tnre in a parti1:ular area.

The above disatlvalltage has been oYercome in all the rer;ent work, about which later particulars \l·ill appear in due course, hy aetually follo,Ying g-ra7,ing· animab in the Yelll anrl collecting samples of pasture while observillg the animals' met hocl of grazing, selecting of

gra,.;.~e.-;, etl'. In other '~'orcls, the ,;ample I'Ollede1l is as nearly as possible identical with the pasture eaten by the animals "·hich were being followed.

For the sun eys reporterl on in this article samples of pasture were received at all stages of growth so that there was no advantage in rom paring the analysis of a particular species of grass from a

202

l'. J. Dli TOIT, A . . T. MALAK, AND (;. H.OETS.

certain area with the values obtained for the same species from another .area. The results are in any case not comparable, for, .apart hom other climatic all(l soil influeiJces, the difference in stage of growth -of the t""o samples of the same species from rli:ffercnt areas could readily account for the difference in com lJOtlition. 'l'be separate analysis of individual species of vegetation was therefore omitted from the scheme. The rlest"ription of the samples was continued as before

;mel the analy"P" t"an·ierl out a~ described in ihe lnst publi<"nhon (1934).

The 1nethocl for determi11ing ;;olnl1le ash is gin~n by Lou\\· (1934).

The other constituents "·ere lh•termi ned according to the methods given in tlu' e:ulier puhlicntions.

Briefly, then, the inYestigahnn included the collection of pasture samples simultaneously hom a number of areas at tlnee-moDthb·

intervals and the period to he reported on t hi" publication r:lllgecl from January, 1932, until Ap1·il, 1933. 'l'he :;am11lPs \\·ere described on 1·eaching the central labOl'atmy at Onclerswpo01t, (hied ancl milled. The following- (letenninntions were the11 made and ('akulate<l on ahsolute dr)· ba-;is: SolublP ash (omitted from i he present sm·ie,). (')'llde protein, crude fibre, phosphorus, calcium. magnesium, potassium, sorlium, <:hlorine anrl nitrogen h oe e.:drnctiYes plu,; ethe1·

~oluhle ex(raet. 'l'he omi;:;~ion of oue-or t"-o inq10riant rleiermina- i.ions from ihe pres<>nt series su('b as .~olnhle a;;h \\·a . ..; p:oyernPrl h)·

;tYailable assisian<;P aJHl as la.rg-e 1111mher;; of :;;l.mple..; 1\·e1·e :~n·i.ving·

it was ner;ess:~r:v to n·m:-rin 11Jl to rbie "·itl1 ttlP wm·k iu onlPJ' to keep i be organizntion of rollPding, forwRnling-, rPp;istr·riJlp: and preparing·

t be samples for anal:vsis ::1ctive <lnrl Piticient eYPll at the sacrifice of rleterminai ions which r·nnl(l haYe bePn i ndurle<l ,,-iib a<h antage. J-Io,1·eyer, c;uch inadvertent ·omif'siom; in i.he earlier work lJaYe been rectified, the organization of both field and laboratory staff perfecte<l ns the officers, especially in the field, became better acquainted with the work with the result that at present an organization has deYelope<l for the collection of several hundreds Df samples monthly by stock in.-;pector.· stationed in as many m·eas in the Union, for the despatch of these samples to Onderstepoort, where the registration, preparation for analyses and actual determinations are earriecl out efficiently and in such a way that the farmers and officers in the nreas concerned are informerl from time to time of the results of the inYestip;ation and the fruits of their la hour a nrl co-o per a ti on .

RESULTS.

Table I giYes the monthh· rainfall in the arPas of collPciion for the periorl November, 1931, April, 1938.

'l'he values given in Table

r,

not being reo-i,;tere(l aciuallv at tliP sites of the collection of the pasture samples,"' slwuld be taken to be approximate and not absolute. The rainfall table will be discussed in conjunction with the values obtainerl on nnal:vsis of thP pasture samples which are given in Table II.

203

(~ 0

,...

----- l!'nrn. nncl District. Dt·rby No. 56, Plct Rctief. \\~ildcbcestfontf'in, J>ictrrsburg JUmosa. Park, l)otclidstroom .. Stainton, lxopo ....... . 13c·rgrmlal, Vryheid ... . Loch Dloy, Bst;court .... . Zll!U Xativc Training lngt itnh·. Nongonl;l. .......... . -'loss Side, Dundee .. . M:lriannill, J)iJH'town ... . ( 'OIIlllli:::,~jp .J)rifl",, }{,j('hltiOI\d. ] .. ots 451-:l.S, EntmlH·tli, };~I!Owt'. Voorkcur, Umvoti ... . ..\tel bourne, _port Slwpstonc• .. .Hoekdalc·, KingwillbtnSt0\\'11. J\oppkskrna.l, jJt. ('unit' ..... . );.ura Tank Arc:1, Lusiki!-;iki .. . Crado('].;: J'lace, Port J£1iz:dh'l.lt. Pri nwston, Bed ford. . .... LomlJa.rdspost,, JJatll11rst". \\'ood,·aJc, Alhan_, .. ~-\llandalP, :\licLclPIIJtlrg, l':llW- l-~ishops Glen, Bloemfontein. NascU.Y Tl1orn:;, l\:roou~t:1d. Tile Outlook, Hetllii'!Jem. ::\lin10:-::a _Fnrm, Umtata. ltoodcpoort, l\'1 idclrlhurg, Tv I J-1 artehrrstfontei 11 No. 5 I. Kruger:-<dorJ 1• Brooklyn, J3ariH-'l'ton. · Gov. J{anching Stn., z;outpansht>r!,!. Kaal])ba.ts, ::\larico. UPmshokpnn, Mafcl..:ing. Olifant!-i\·Jei, Jlarico ... . ~lclro:·H' Fa.rm, Zw:~rtruggens. )It. ] I upcJ~-. Qucen~town. .Lelicfontcin, Ermclo ... . Rustrontein, Jle Aar. .. . llomrfarm, Klip J{i,·cr, Katnl Churchhill, Kuruman ... The Gaol, Butterworth.

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r, · ()() 3 ·(j9 l·b!l TABLE I Raiufa1! in lnch('s. I J_'"l!-1 Mar. 1932. 1032. 7 ·09 1·48 ,, . -1-6 4·79 (; ·01. 6·18 2 73 4· ·!J9 j·\0 i4·H 17. ~6

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l\:J 0 01 TABLE II. Su1·veys lT!, Tl, Tll, Vll, 1"111 a11tf !LY tcere carried out d~wing Jnnwrry, 19:l2, AzJI·il, 1!):)2, July, ]9;12, Octol}('r, 1D:l2, .lm111ary, 1938, and A71ril, 1933. Fann and District.

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Animals hlrd. Dry cows. Laeta.ting cows. Dry cows. \Vorking oxen. \Yorl\ing oxrn. Dry cows. Oxcu. Oxen. Oxen. Oxen. Oxen. IX l--l--l--1--l--l--1--1--l 1--1---- JV Brooklyn, Barberton........ . .. . . V -~1 ·39 ·20 ·65 ·02 ·16 ~-2 -VI ------41·5 Mixed .... --· Cnstlckop, Barberton. . .•... .. . . Yri ·19 -~~ ·10 ·!7 ·02 ·OS :l·O . . . . .. .. V.lll ··17 ·27 ·2+ 2·08 -0~ ·H ~-3 44·5 1\fixcd, 111;1 inly Urowu. ~0·4 Jlixcrl, Jlt:liHIY grrcn .. . . . •. IX -~7 ·:JO ·22 1·1i0 ·Oi 29 2·0 4-:3·6 Mixed .. .... --- Kanlplaats, :lfarico.... .. .... .. J\. ·09 ·2G ·II ·27 ·01 ·09 :J-5 , , . .... ..... V ·OH ·JJ -1:, ·29 ·01 ·10 4·1 , , .. . . . . . . . . . .. . VJ ·Ofi ·26 ·15 -~2 Tra.cc ·Oll 2·:1 ]tictgat No. L97, ~larico. .......... Yll ·OH ·22 ·IH ·H ·01 ·09 J·2 VJil -2~1 ·2:! ·i+ 1 12 ·03 ·:JO lj·U

:36·5 ~fixed ... H·l Mixed .... -H·G Brown... . . . . . . . .

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1 ,_. ·2J ·5~ I ·2. 4 1·60

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·OH :HI 40·1 IX JO I ·81 ·20 ·i)() ·OJ ·J-1 •·3 ~(i·G ----·----

::\lix~.;li, tnainb· green .. ~Uxed, Inainly borwn. niJxed, lna.in]y brOWII. .)'Uxcd, n1ainly brown. 1\ti:xccl, rna.iuly brown.

G·ii - !) ·2 4·4 :) ·1 ---- 3·1 4·8 5·2 2·4 3·0 ~-2 ;J·5 :J·S 2·5 ~-3

I

Heifers. Heifers and oxen. Heifers a.nll oxen. Dry cows a.nd oxen. -- Drr rwPs. Drr ewrs. Dry cwrs. Dry ewes. Dry cwrs and larta.ting cows. Dry cwrs. Cows in mille Lactating cows. Lacta.ti ng cow~. Dry cows.

'"d '-< t:i c: ...., 6 >-< >-:l > '-< ..., ... > .... f> '7 > !-' Gl fd 0 t<l

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