A synopsis of the remainder of this survey of peacebuilding is as follows: Chapter Two: Peacebuilding in Practice: Towards a Work. This chapter will examine the role of NGOs in the contemporary context of peacebuilding and transition.
CHAPTER TWO: Peace Building in Practice - Toward a Critical Review and Working Definition of Peace
Building
Toward a definition of peace
The concept of negative peace implies the existence of another way of looking at peace, which is 'positive'. One of the proponents of the concept of positive peace, Johan Galtung, describes peace as the absence of violence.
Background to Peace Building as an International Enterprise
The international community's response to the new demands formed the basis of the peacebuilding approach. The new world order was sorely tested, along with many of the new assumptions of strong peacekeeping, and proved inadequate.
Defining Peace Building
Conciliation Resources website at http://www.c-r.org/cr/commpeace.htm Evans, G. c) that peacemaking can be used at any stage of conflict. As mentioned above, the important point is that peacemaking can be used at any stage of a conflict.
Peace Building Activities
It turns out that peacebuilding should be seen as a dynamic continuum with interventions at all stages of conflict. Communication, education and conflict resolution can be seen as important keywords in the peace building process.
Approaches to Understanding the NGO Phenomenon
Defining NGOs
45 A similar interpretation of NGOs was made as "organizations established by and for the communities with little or no government intervention."46 Many of these interpretations can be criticized as limited and indeed erroneous in the context of the imperatives of globalization. and governance. They also articulate the interests of the most vulnerable and marginalized groups in society, such as the poor.
Types of NGOs and their Roles
An empowerment orientation is the goal of the NGO that helps disadvantaged or marginalized communities to develop to the fullest sense of their being, in order to maximize their potential. Mtshali said: "An independent NGO sector is the chassis or backbone of civil society and the ability of people to monitor and focus its activity. 1989) for a fuller treatment of the growing role of NGOs.
Challenges to NGOs
Scholars lament the lack of contemporary applied research on the voluntary sector in South Africa in the context of the challenges and crises of the country's transitional phase. Before 1994, northern donors generally directed funding to NGOs, apart from apartheid. The voluntary sector has repeatedly called for reform of the legislative and tax environment in which they operate.
Procurement reform was released in 1997 and calls for simplification and reform of the tendering system. NGOs have also suffered the 'brain drain' in the form of the loss of skilled staff members to government and the private sector.
CHAPTER FOUR: Best Peace Building Practices - Toward a Peace Building Typology
J Peacebuilding encompasses a range of tasks from conflict prevention to post-conflict reconstruction, in which NGOs play an important role. J Peacebuilding involves strengthening the capacities of individuals and communities to solve problems without resorting to violence. The typology will seek to accommodate the aforementioned implications of peacebuilding as argued in this study.
Although the focus of this study is post-conflict peacebuilding, the typology will go beyond post-conflict methodologies to include a broad holistic and inclusive approach to the continuum of peacebuilding interventions. It will endeavor to provide as broad and comprehensive an overview of peacebuilding practice as possible, while recognizing that 'best peacebuilding practice' may not always mean similar things in different environments and contexts.
Building a Peace Building Typology
The improvement of the security situation enables the implementation of humanitarian aid and relief operations, such as food, security, shelter and medical care. This helps towards greater stabilization of the affected population and in turn paves the way for ongoing political negotiations and demobilization and disarmament efforts.99. Therefore, many important parts of the peacebuilding process may be delayed or even bypassed in favor of holding and planning elections.
Consequently, this meant that in the post-election period, society lacked the necessary stability to ensure the continuity of the peace building process. Tschirgi cites the examples of Angola, Cambodia and Liberia, in which the electoral process was accelerated at the expense of other peacebuilding initiatives.104 Tschirgi's point is valid.
The Peace Building Typology
According to analysts such as Gareth Evans and Michael Lund, preemptive deployment is another proactive measure designed to facilitate a political solution by avoiding or limiting a political conflict. According to de Waal, humanitarian aid (HA) is emergency aid or relief to provide basic means of survival, such as food, water, shelter, sanitation and health care. HA programs can be specifically designed to include conflict prevention, to mitigate existing conflict, or to focus on post-conflict reconstruction in ways to discourage recurrence by incorporating development principles such as capacity and institution-building goals into emergency response.
According to Adams and Bradbury, indigenous conflict management is a procedure.121 In general, one or both parties request the intervention of an elder, the council of elders, traditional leadership or other community members such as women's organizations, professional associations, e.g. teachers in the area. It is important to be aware of traditional cultures, customs and roles, and to learn the societal structure in areas where external actors such as international agencies run programmes, including the role of the elderly, women, etc.
PEACE BUILDING TYPOLOGY
The typology is intended to show what an 'idealized' peacebuilding program might consist of. The different interventions are intended to broadly embrace the different aspects of peacebuilding, according to the needs of the. A case study will be made in the next chapter to gain some insight into the processes of peace building on the ground.
CHAPTER FIVE: Case Study of the Oxfam Canada Peace Building Programme - Peace Building in
Background
There were several developments at the local and national level that affected the state of violence in the province. This anti-development aspect of the province's problems constitutes a void for the peacebuilding program to fill. The joint Oxfam Canada/NOVIS Urban Program supports some of the most marginalized communities in the informal settlements around.
The partners in the program are two long-term partners of Oxfam Canada, the Program for Survivors of Violence (SPV) and. The Oxfam Canada KwaZulu-Natal Peacebuilding Program is based on a central philosophy: that of the interconnection between peace and.
Operational Aspects of Peace Building
Defense Forces (SADF) with their provincial threat assessment in the run-up to the election. The circus project is an example of the concrete difference that peacebuilding can make. The first phase of the peacebuilding typology, that is, official diplomacy and military action, is not specific to the program to which it refers.
Therefore, in this case and in the context of post-conflict peacebuilding, the category of "humanitarian measures" can describe almost the entire scope of the peacebuilding program. From the above, it is clear that the peace building program is actively engaged in the post-conflict reconstruction of the province.
CHAPTER SIX: Conclusion - Peace Building In Perspective
Peace building and NGOs
The typology of peacebuilding interventions gives an idea of which NGO tools best serve this purpose. The challenges of peacebuilding are infinitely more difficult and complex than is generally recognized. Therefore, the central and primary challenge of peace-building seems to be focused on repairing relations in society and restoring trust and faith.
Oxfam Canada's Peace Program recognizes this challenge in its peacebuilding process. In the case of Oxfam Canada's peacebuilding program, the project would be an ideal typology of peacebuilding interventions if there were no financial constraints.
Lessons Learned
The peacebuilding program should focus on helping to support and shape the movement towards peace and development, and should be able to envisage a movement towards long-term social transformation. It is important that communities learn about peace building in a broad educational sense, that is, awareness of coexistence, tolerance and reconciliation. While these ideas should be given to the communities, it is important that the local leadership or important stakeholders in the peace building process should be thoroughly prepared and trained.
Building a stable and lasting peace must come from a number of integrative approaches to peacebuilding. Donors should give additional impetus to the peacebuilding process by providing expert advice and support, and initiating conferences and agenda setting.
Conclusion
The practices described in the peacebuilding typology are intended to indicate which are the major interventions. Conflict resolution, physical security, humanitarian aid, government and NGO capacity, social reconstruction, elections and human rights are cited as part of the process and it is to the program's credit that all these types of processes are included in it. It is simply an acknowledgment that certain sets of interventions work better than others according to the context in which the conflict is situated.
However, political and social stability and viability have for too long been equated with state-centric concepts of peace and security, which focus primarily on strengthening state institutions. At a minimum, as a concept and as a policy tool, peacebuilding offers the possibility of changing traditional ideas about the dual issues of security and development.
APPENDIX A: Interview with DAVID GALLAGHER, OXFAM CANADA REGIONAL DIRECTOR
So we were here, we were aware, we realized the extent of the endemic violence related to the political situation, we were also very involved in the 1994 election process as election observers. In the process of the latter, we became very involved with one of our peacebuilding program partners, NIM. J What would you say is the most difficult in terms of the work you do.
The biggest problem is partial, incompetent policing, and that is part of the reason we exist: to plug the holes in the system. It also raises questions about the way NGOs traditionally operate due to the shortage of funding.
APPENDIX C: Interview with BERENICE MEINT JIES, PROGRAMME FOR SURVIVORS OF VIOLENCE (PSV)
CI How to facilitate entry into the community, given that the context is so fragile in terms of violence and its effects on people. Q. How do you see the prospects for peace between the communities you work in and in KwaZulu-Natal in general? Building peace means being brave enough to discover the past and not patch it up with clever initiatives.
The social fabric destroyed by apartheid must be restored with great care. A benchmark for peace: Peace and Conflict Assessment (PCIA) of Development Projects in Conflict Areas (1998) Working Paper #1. Peacebuilding and Reconstruction Program Initiative and the Evaluation Unit.
Books
Sub-regional approaches to African conflict prevention and resolution in European platform for conflict prevention and transformation publication in collaboration with ACCORD (African Center for Conflict . Resolution) Searching for Peace in Africa. Analysis of conflicts in the European platform for conflict prevention and transformation Publication in collaboration with ACCORD (African Center for Conflict Resolution) Searching for Peace in Africa.
World Wide Web Sites
