Onderstepoort Jo1trnal of Vete1't'!Wty Science and Animal Industry, Vol11me 7, NumlJcT 1, l1tly, 1936.
Recent Investigations into the Toxicity of Known an d Unknown Poisonou s Plan ts
in the Union of South Africa.
B~- D01:~\Y G. S'l'EYK, Section of Pharmacolog~· and Toxieology, Onderstepoort.
(Con tin ned from OncleTstepoort J munal of Veterinary Science and Animal lndust?·y, Vol. 4, :.\"o. 2, 1935.)
Co:l.IPOSITAE.
Denekia capensis Thunb. (O.P .H. No. 8895; 23.7.34 N.H. No. 16485).
Cmnm.o·n name: - -
Origin: Syferkraal, P .0. Potgietersrust, Transvaal.
State and stage of development: Dry and in the late flowerirg and seeding stage.
Sheep 38899 (full mouth, 29 Kg.) received 200 gm. of dry plant daily, except Sundays, for a period of twenty-five days. Total amount of dry plant drenched= 4,200 gm.
Sheep 34170 u~tll 1TW1Lth, 31 Kg.) received 400 gm. of dry plant da1ly, except Sundays, for a period of twenty-five days. Total amount of (lry plant drenched= 8,400 gm.
Rentlt: Negative.
GeigeTia aspem Harv. O.P.H. No. 12844; 16.10.34).
Common name: Vomiting-bush; vermeerbossie.
Origin: Skaapplaats, P.O. \Volvehoek, O.F.S.
State and stage of de·~;elozJ?nent: Fresh and in the pre-flowering stage. (iV.ll. -'Se\\· growths on plants of previous season.)
Sheep 38193 (4 tooth; 35 Kg.): 600 gm. of the fresh plant at 3.30 p.m. on 16.10.34.
17.10.34-9 a.m.- hoven, apathetic, accelerated pulse and laboured respiration. Received another 600 gm. of fresh plant.
Vomiting occurred about three hours after administrati-on of the
;,er:ond dose. 'l'emperature 104·8° F. 18.10.34- 8 a.m.- animal found dead.
169
TOXICITY OF Kl\"OWK AKD rKKNOIYK POISOC\'OL:S PLANTS.
Post-moTtem appearc~nce.-Pronounced general cyanot:is; rumen JJJarkedly tlistenrle<l "·ith ga:;; hyperaemia of ruminal ,,·all; acute catarrhal enteritis; pronoun cecl hyperaemia. of i he lungs; haemorr- ha[\·et: in lite mncosa of the tl10rncic portion of the ir:Jchea.
The plant \\·ns t:he11 clriPcl i11 t·he ,.,hnde and iHln1inisteJ ed to a f'hee11 to ascertaiu ,,·het her it had tlecrease<l in toxicity.
Sheep 38845 (4 toot./1: 30 Eu.): 400 gm. lh y plant 011 20.ll.:JJ.
21.1].:3-:1:- appem·s ill; bbourerl Je~pin1tion; apathy; hoven. ReceiYed anothe1· 400 gm. rhy pb nt.
22.1\.:J-1:- do. Hecei,·e<l :illother J()(J gn1. dry ]Jbnt.
;(:J.:LJ.J4- do. Lips :;t:line<l 11ith rnn1inal c:onlt'ltb. Ht>cei1·ed :uu1hcr 4UU gn1. chy plant.
2-±.ll.J±- do. 'l'empendnre 10±·8° F. gm. dry plauL
Ueceiwd another ·100
2().] I . :JJ- tlo., YOJ11 it i ng; tem pern lure ] 04 · (i° F. H ecei ntl 2Ull gm. dry plant.
] 7.11 .;J4- tlo., Y·olll it ing. Drencl1 i ng d isco1Jt in ned.
28.1] .34- do.; imp1oYing; tempe1·ature 104° F. 29.11.34- improYing: tempen1ture 104° F. J0.1J .J4- improYing; temperature 10-:1:·4° F. 1.12.04- i mp1·ovi ng; tempera i ure 102 · ±° F. 2.12.J±- appnreutly normal.
Forty grams of dry pla11t i,; eqni ,·alent to n bout lOU grams ot fresh plant.
'1'1Yo thousantl six hundred g-m. dry plont (equi\·alent to abc.ut (i,500 gm. fre,;h plant( only c-au~ed tr:wsitory symptoms of ?;Cnneu- s?·ekLc in ;;heep 38845, whibt: 1,200 g-m. fresh plant (equivalent to 180 g1J1. dry phnt) cnu-;ecl <leath in ~ltt>ep :J!)l9:J.
Jt th<·nd:ore appears th<il the fre;;h pl:mt tlecre:Jse:; in toxicity during the proees:; of llesiccnhon. 'I'he result of thi::; expelill1ent is lJO\Yever not eonclusive proof ih<Jt such i:; 1he t.;ase as owi!1g t-o rhe fact ihat a limiterl nmo1mt of plant material \Yas aY<l ilahle oul:-· two sheep c011ld be en1ployetl in the 1est.
lnula gravcolens Desf. (O.P.H. ~o. 1782; 12.6.3,)).
Common -names: Khaki hush, E.hnki weE'tl, stink11·t>ecl (Australia), kakiebos.
Ori_gi11 : Stellen bosch, Cape ProYin ce.
State and star;e of rleTrlopwent: Dry aud in seerling· nntl post seecling stnge.
· 'l'he person from ,,·hom the plant "·as received stated that she had used it with great stu·cess in the treatment of a cnr;e of rhemnatism after other reco,Q·niserl ctues had failed to give relief.
D. G. STEYN.
In Australia it is used in the treatment of asthma and in Eur0pe it is administered in colic, dysuria and amenorrhoea. A volatile oil with a greenish fluorescence has been isolated by Schimmel and Co.
and probably contains bomyl acetate. According to )ierck the plant apparently contains bYo active principles, "·hich have a paraly8mg effect on the central nervous system CWatt and Breyer-Brarrdwyk, 1932).
Rabbit A (2·4 Kg.) received 10 gm. dry plant twice daily for seven clays, that is a total of 140 gm. in the course of seYen clays.
Rabbit B (2·25 Kg.), ditto.
SheezJ 43448 (35 Kg.) receiYed 300 gm. dry plant Clai.Jy on iiv<>
consecutive days, that is a total of 1,500 gm. dry plant.
Result: Negative.
Pyrethrum etctmct.
'l'he extract is obtained from the flowers of Py?·ethr'ltm cm·neum, P. caucas1:u1n, P. cine?·iafoliuno and P. 1'ose1tm.
In the cDurse of experiments conducted "·i th locust poisons the effeds of Py1·eth1'1t1n extracts upon locusts were investigated. gx- trads of Pyreth1'1tm flowers are very poisonous to cold -bloode<l animals but much less so to warm-blooded animals, owing to the fact that the ]Jyretlm:nes are readily saponified and broken rlo\\n in thE>
system of the latter animals (Magens, 1932).
It is a well-kno"·n fact that the py1·etl11'ins are not very toxic to stock. The " Pyrethrin extract " used in this experiment contamed approximately 50 per cent. pure py1·ethrin ancl for the remaining
" essential oils " of the plant.
Sheep 40651 (2-tootlt, 22 Kg.) receiYed 50 c.c. of the extract pe:t os at 9 a.m. on 5.9.34.
6.9.34- apparently healthy. 7.9.34- do.
8.9.34- do.
9. 9 .34-listless, laboured respiration and accelerated and strong pnlse.
10.9.34-8 a.m.-very listless, staggering gait, marked ataxy and weakness in hind-legs, pronounced dyspnoea. Eventually the animal "·as unable to rise (general paralysis). It died at 9 a.m. with symptoms of asphyxia and with the head dra,Yn back"·anls.
P ost-m07'tem appeamnces (interim about 1 hour).- Blood very watery and stained the finger badly; oedema of the bronchial and mediastinal lymphgolands; pronouncecl hyperaemia and oedema of the mucous membrane of the posterior portion of the ruminal an(1 reticulum "·all; acute catarrhal enteritis affecting the jejunum and ileum.
171
TOXICITY OF KKO\Y:i'l- AKD uNI~KO\YK POISONOrS PLA:c<TS.
Senecio buplewoldes DC. (O.P.H. Ko. 11490; 26.9.34;
N.H. Xo. 16642).
Co?Twnon name: Rag\1·ort.
01'igin: Allerton h1horaior;y, Pietermaritzburg, Katal.
State and stage of development: \Vilted and in the flowering Rtage.
Sheep 34170 (full mouth, 42 Kg.) receiYed 1,200 gm. of the dry plant on three consecutive days (erlui,-nlent to about 3,500 gm. of fresh plant).
JCegnlt: The animal deYeloped no sylllptoms of poisoning except transient fever.
Senecio (nearest Se11ecio Burchellii D.C.) (O.P.H. ~o. h1G01;
23.11 .34). Com·nwn name: Hag"·ort.
01·im:n: Boksburg, TransYaal.
State and stage of de1.:elopment: Fresh and 111 the flowering stage.
SheezJ 38899 (4 tooth: :)1 K.r;.) receiYed 2,000 gm. of the fresh plant and 1,000 gm. of the dry plant in the course of ten days.
Restdt: :Y egatiYe.
SMghwn saccharatwn Pers (O.P.H. :Yo. 524; 15.4.35).
Cmmnon name: Sweet sorghum, black amber cane, soetriet.
Origin : Ne"·castle, Katal.
State and stage of development: Fresh and in the late seeding stage.
'l'he fresh leaves "·ere found to contain approximately 0 ·15 per cent. hydrocyanic acid.
Acacia ,qimffae Willd. (O.P.H. ~o. 1230; 8.5.35).
Commwn names: TransYaH l camelthorn, T1·ansvaalse kamed- doring-.
Ori,r;in: Colorado Ranch, Rustenburg, Transvaal.
State and stage of derelopment: Dry mature pods.
The )1:anager of the Colora(lo Hanch informed the writer that seYere losses amongst cattle had orcnT!'e(l in a camp 11·here camel- thorn trees are growing a hund au tly. 'l'hese trees had never borne and shed so many pods in previous years as during this season.
Another fact that should be mentioned is that at the time the losses occurred grazing was very poor in the camp concerne(l.
172
D. G. STEYX.
The :Jl:mager cilated th:1t the ::winwL \\el'e usually found rlead. no -;~·mpioms lu11·ing· bePn notir-Prl prior to 1leat!t. Autopsy reYealed no r·haraderi:sti~_; le,.;ions, the only striking IPattue being that in rdl caseo; the rumen co1d ainP1l brge number.-; of prntly ma~ti cate1l camel- thorlt pods. "Cnforittnaieh· no specin1E'ns of 1uminnl contE'nt,.; \Yen' ,.;ubmit.iell for an:1ly-;is. • ·
The pod~ \IPI·e found to conb in :1ppro:s.imately O·US per r·E'ni. hyclrocy:m i r: acirl.
For fmther information concerning th0 to.;;icii.l· of !hi~ trPP SPP 'lte~·n and Himi111rtou, Fn:J .
. lc11r·iu soli.r;na \fP11dl. (0. P.II. ~o. ·FJO: 2:3.4.0:)).
Uo111mon wtmcs: Port .1 ack~on 11 illow, goltleu willo,,·, (hi.r;in : Bnaken::; HiYer X:diYe HE'serw, Port Elizalwth.
Stale m1c~ stave of rlerelotJitlCIII: .FrE'sh young· shoot" IYith 110
flo,,·E'rS or fnnts.
Sheep -J.2:):lS (+ Lool/,: 12 ],·!J.) n•ceiwl1 1,200 gn1. of hP~h le:\Yl'~
nn tiYO conseculi1·e days. Result: ~egati,·e.
Hyrlroc!Janic acid lest.
(1) Fresh lenYE'S :1lone: negatlYe.
(2) Fresh le:1 ve" nlon e + l'hlorofonn : neg-ati w . (:l) }'!-esh le:\Ye-; :ilom• + emulsion: nPgatiYe.
These results \\·ere ronfinnec1 b~- tests concluctetl by Dr. C.
Himmgton.
Casslo alm 1s L. (O.P.H. ~o. 21HO; 11.6.:3-±: S .II. ~o. JG430). Uommon name: ...
f),ir;in: l'otgiPtersrust Disi rid, Tr:ulsY:tal.
Stole 1111d slrtiJI' of dcreloznnrnl : Dry nud l l l t lie HoweriJtg nnd seelling stage .
.Sl,eep :lSSS:) (!i tooth; :!6 f:.r;.) Iel'eiw<ll,OOO gm. of the eutire dry plaut in thP COIIl'Se of J-[ye clays.
Rcsnlt: Negative.
c,otalurirt Bml,eu1w Henih. (O.l'.H. So. 677-±; 10.5.!14).
Common nrn111': St i lt-,icknPss hush: sty,,·esiektPhos.
Oriuin: Matih1skraal, P.O. Hustfon!ein School, Pietersburg Distnct.
St11te and stage of cleceloznnent: Dry an<l in the late !'eecling· stage.
The stem,;, leaYes and porls \Yere gTounrl nncl llrenl'lierl to sheep.
173
TOXICITY OF K:\0\L\ .·\:\]) 1::\K:\0\\.:\ rOI.SOXOrS PLIXTS.
Sheep :1.'\946 (fi-toot/1: 28 f\_g.) recei1etl 100 gm. dry plant or.
G.l.34.
1.1.=14- apjlears healthy. 100 gm. drY plant.
8.7.:)4- rlo. K ot rlrenche<l.
9.1.:14- .-;light painfulne~.s lll hont hoof.-;. J 00 ,Q'lll. dry pLmt.
10.7. :)4- slig·li ( painfu]np,;s 1Il fmnt hoofs. 100 g'tll.
11 .I.:J4- sligld painfulnp,;s Ill front l10ofs. 100 gnt.
12.1.:)4- <ljlpeaJs 1101'1\lal again. 100 ~('Ill. rl1y vl:Jnt.
l:J.1.34- d re1u·li i ng rl i~con ( i nuerl.
rhy plant.
dry plmli.
,. .. :,fii'I'J! :JSIU:J (fi-toulf,: 2!) Xu.) 1er·eiw<l J()O g·n1. rh.Y plant on
G.l.34.
1./.:l-!- 8 a.m.- peculiar gait <h if all feet are Jlainflll. '!'liP hind-leg;-; are placer] 11·ell under the hotly ::nul hal'k anhetl. All hoof.-;, especially tho,;e of the hi1Hl-lPg·s, Jlainhil anrl \Yflrnl; telll]lf'J'a( ure 1U:J·8° 1<'. Another -!00 gm. of rhy pLmt: (empPlahll<' 1():)·.'\° F.
8. 7.:14- rondition slightl:-· he tier; no( rlrenl'herl.
9.7.:1-±- <lo.; JOO gm. <lry plant.
10.7.:14- r·onclition allllost 11onnal; 400 g·m. rlr:-· plant.
11./.:J.J:- rlo.; JOO gill. dry plant.
12.7.:1-l- ap]lfll<'lltly ll('<llth.\·; 400 gm. <h.1· plant.
1J.7.:J-:l: -do.; rlrr'IH:hing rliscontim1ed.
Hcsult: Sl1eerJ :)::)]9=1 definitely PxhihitPrl sympton1s ot a11 ac11ie Luniniiis, \Yiiich surprisingly ]l<ls.serl oft in ~pite of ron(imwd dren('h- ing- of the aHilllal. The aninuils \\·en' kepi under obsen·ation for four months, but Jto elongation of the hoof was noti cetl.
As soon a:-; fresh plan(· material is aYnilable tl1ic; P-'perin1ent IYill hr l'Oll ( i ntte<l.
1-otononis r·nlycina 1:nr. hir.q!fissima Diim. (O.P.II. -:'\o. -±6-±;
];1.4.=15: CrYptog;tmir Herh Ko. =l"FlD).
Common na?IU' :- ----.
Ori.r;in: 'L'<Hlion Station, Krugersdorp J)ishir ( (('olled<'d by .Jlr.
L. C. ('. LiebPnberg of ihe ])iYision of .PL!nt Indn~(r_y).
State awl stu.r;c of rlerelov111ent: Dr~· ;~nrl in tlw HO\I'Priug ;mrl
~<'Prling- stngP. 'l'hP plan( is :dfederl h:-- fungi.
I !yrhocyrl?l ie ucirl test.
(1) 1 gn1. of entire plant- negntiYe.
(2) 1 gn1. of entire plant+ chlrnofonn-neg·atlYe.
(:l) 1 g-n1. of 01dire plant +en1ulsion- negaliYe.
174
D. G. STEYK.
LILI.-I.CEAE.
lJ/prr11LI vlrwcum Hkr. (O.P.H. ~o. 2218-±: 28.3.:J0).
Common 71Cllll.e: \\"ild onion, ,,·ilcle-ui, Jnalkop-ui.
OJ•iyln: " Ru.-;geuoeg ··, Loni'i 'l'richanlt Di.-;hid.
,C..:, tate anrl sta!JC of rleceloJnnent: Fresh hulh:; in the post seeding
stage.
Ftcs/1 lcore:;.
Rabl!it :L (1·8i) Xy.): 10 gn1. nt J L cl.lll., :28.3.:r,.
HalJ!ut JJ (l ·U /,·r;.): :l() gm. al 1] a.m., 28.0.3:).
29.3.Ti- appl'<Hs healthy. J0 gm. fresh lc;tn:·~
Hcsult: :'\ egntiYe.
Fresh /J11lbs.
RablJit .cl (2·2 7-:q.): IU gnt. nt 1J.L) n.m., 28.:J.:J6.
Result: ~eg-nlin•.
Rablut lJ (2:VJ /\.g.): 30 gm. at Jl.Li a.m., 28.:1.3:-J.
2[J.~LJ0-appe:us heal! h~·. 36 g-m. fresh b1tlbs.
30.3.:1::)- llianhoe;t, nol fePllill).;".
31.3.05- rlianhoea, illlproYing.
l..J-.36-apparenil~· healthy. 2.-±.35-apparenlly healthy.
On a uumhe1· of vreYious oc<·;J'iions the plant has hee11 pnl,·ed toxic to sheep an<l rnbhits. The den easecl toxici1,v of the aboYe speci- meu is probably due lo its being t<>stell in 1he ]lost f;eecling stage .
.Jialerial (O.P.H. ~o. Fi13fl: 12.11.:l.J.) of thi'i plant in tlte flo11·ering sbge colledetl on the HP.-;ean·h Station, P.O . .Jian1, Louis 'l'richanlL Di'itric-t, ,,·a:; drenclwtl to a ~!Jeep.
,<..:,J,eep 40G'2:l (G-toot/,: :jJ 1\.y.): 800 gm. of the fresh bulbs, le:wes and fio11·er'i at .f p.m. on 12.ll.J.f.
13.] 1.3-J.- not fee<ling \\·ell, li~tless, another 800 gill.
14.] 1.3-1-- l.:l() ;l.nt.- ,;tnn<ling in a comer of the ]Wll Jll'e:;sJng hard against the fence: tenqwralure lOG·-1-0 .1•'.; Jll'ofuse tli;uThoea (faeces yello,,· and watery); n'ry apathetic; not feeding·; groaniug;
<l~·spnoert; <llTelel'<lte<l antl 'ihong Jntlsc (12·fi p.lll.) 10.1 1.3-J.- 7.10 a.nJ.- Diel1 JWl'Yious night.
/1osl-motlcm apJ!Cal"!liiCes.-Interim approximately fiyc• hours.
Humen markedly distended '"ith gas; intense gPneral cyanosis; :.u·ute catanhal abomasa-enteritis.
175
Ornitl!Ogalwn Pretoriensc Bh. (O.P.H. Xo. 18715; 8.1.35). Common n1tmcs :- - -.
01·igin: QueenHt011·n Dish·ict, C'apP Provim:e.
State and stoue of rlereLoznnent: Fre~h and m ihe :8{,\l·ering sbge.
HaM It (2 ·1 Fg .) : 00 gm. of the fre~h bulb and lea Yes per os on 8.1.3.3.
& lila (=Mogg 5G30 named , rillo onzli.folla Hkr) O.P.IL :Ko. J250G A; ,->.10.3-±; X.H. Xo. HiG-lG).
Common Jwmes: - -- .
Origin: " Hietpoort ", P.O. S;mclspruit . .E:1~t.en1 'J'ransYaal.
Stote awl sta.l)c of d evclojJ nwnt: Fres l1 an rl in t.he flo11·eri ng stage.
H11bl;it ,[ (J ·8 I\.u.): 10 gm. fresh bulb~, lPal·e-; and flo11·er~ OJI
5.] 0.3'J.
6.10.3,3- apparently healthy; J 0 gm.
Habuit lJ (2 Fg.): 20 gm. fresh bulbs, le;1ns and f:lo11ers ·On 5.10.3;),
6.10.3,)- appanmtly J1ealthy; 20 gm.
Nf'.'lrlt: :\'egative.
Tttlhaghia ac1.dilobia ex rfcs~:1'ip. rO.P .II. X o. l20UG B; 5.10.3-±.
X.H. 1GG41).
Common name:- ·- - .
On;gin: " Hietpoort ··, 1'.0. S<lnrlspruit, Eastern '1\ansva.al.
Stotc oiUL stoge of rlet·l'lo;11ncnt: Fn~~h bull.s inihe seecling sbge. Ro!Jult rl (J 8 ll.g.): 10 gn1. he~h bulbs on 0.10.3+.
G.l 0.3-±- npparently heallhy; anotlter LO gm.
7.10.34- do.
8.10 .34.- <lo.
9.10.34- do.
Rabbit B (2 [{g.): 20 gm. fresh bulbs on :].10.34.
6.1 0.34- <lpparently healthy; another 20 gm. 7.J 0.3-l: to 10.10.04- appatelltly healthy.
Result; : N ega ti ve.
176
D. G. STEYN.
U·rginea altissima Bb. (O.P.H. ~o. 15708; 23.11.34.) Com-mon name: 11:aerman.
Orig1·n: " Bierkraal ", Rustenhurg Distri.d.
State and stage of de'uelopnwnt: Fresh bulbs with flO\nrs
\flower-stalks 3-4 feet long).
Rabbit A (1·8 Kg.): 10 gm. juice expressed from fresh bulbs on 23.11.34 .
. . . . Result: K egatiw.
Rabbit B (2 · 0 l{.r;.) : 60 gm. J m ce expressed hom fresh bulbs on 23.11.34.
23.11.34-not feeding. 24.11.34-not feeding.
2-5.11.34-apparently healthy.
Rabhd C (2·1 Eg.): 120 gm. JU!ce expressed from fresh bulbs on 23.11.34.
24.11.3-±-7.30 a.m.-found paralysed in cage; respirations slow and (leep; heart-beat 30 p.m. irregular ancl \\·eak.
25.11.34-8 a.m.-still paralysed; killed in e.Ttremis.
Fast-mortem. (lppeamnce.- IIyperuemia of the lungs; dilatation of hath heart ventricles; hyperaemia of the kidneys; pronounce<l hyperaemia of the mucosa of the stomach and sn1all intestine.
OxALIDACEAE.
O,vahs Smithii Soncl. (O.P.H. Ko. 1891; 11.6.35). Common names : -- ---·.
Origin: Port Elizabeth.
State and stage of rlevelozJment: Fresh bulbs "·ith no flmYers or seed.
Rllbhit A (2·8 Kg.): 20 gm. fresh bulbs daily for three clays.
R(lbbit B (2·3 Kg.): 20 gm. fresh bulbs daily for three clays.
Result: NegatiYe.
SANTALACEAE.
Thesiwn trij{o1'um 'l'hb. (O.P.H. N-o. 8631; 16.7.34:
~.H. ~o. 16478).
Common name: Gifbossie.
Origin:" Springfield". P.O. Tafelberg, Cape Province.
State and stage of rlwvelo]!ment: Dry plant in seeding stage. Rabbit A (2·1 Kg.): 10 gm. of dry plant daily for four clays. llablJit B (2·2 !(g.): 20 gm. of dry plant daily for four days.
Result: K egative.
177
'l'OX!CITY 011 IG'WWK A="D uNI\:KOWN POISONOUS PJ"ANTS.
VrTACEAE.
C'issus Juttae.
Common names: \Vild grape, "·ilde drui,Ye.
On:gin: "Auros ", P.O. Otavi, South vVe··t Africa.
State and stage of dwrelopment: Dry leaves submitted. Specific name ()f plant \Yas sent by the person "·ho submitted it.
Sheep 38945 (full mmtth; 31 Kg.) received 3,200 gm. of the dry leaves iu the course of nine days.
Result: K egatiYe.
ACI\:KOYI'LEDGMEN'l'S 0
I am indebted to Dr. E. P. Phillips, Principal Botanist, DiYi- sion of Plant Industry, Pretoria, ancl to ~ir. A. 0. D. Mogg, ~Ir.
Liebeuberg and Miss Vercloorn, botanists in the Division of .Plant Indu::;tJ-y, for the identification of plant specimens; to ~Ir. ~1. G. van Niekerk I am indebted for assistance rendered during the course of the experiments.
REFEREKCES.
MAGE S, H. J. (1932). Pyrethrum and its uses in Yeterinary :\Iedicine.
Vet. Med., Jan., p. 23.
STEYN, DOUW G., A~D RIMIKGTOK, C. (1935). The Occurrence of Cyano- genetic Glucosides in South African Species of Acacia. Onclerstepo01 t
Jo1trnl. Vet. Sci. and An. Ind., Vol. 4, Ko. l, 1935, pp. 51-63.
WATT, J. M., AND BHEYER-BRANDWYK, M. G. (1932). The :\Iedicinal and
Poisonou~ Plants of Southern Africa. E. and S. Li1·ingstone, Edinbnrgh, 1932
178
