The research included in this thesis was conducted by the candidate while based in the Discipline of Agrometeorology, School of Agricultural, Soil and Environmental Sciences of the College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. The research was financially supported by the University of KwaZulu-Natal, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science and Mangosuthu University of Technology.
PLAGIARISM
In contrast, exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5) in children living near the landfill and the opinions of adult residents have neither been extensively researched nor documented in developing countries, including South Africa. The study used both qualitative and quantitative methods to examine the impact of the landfill on children and to determine residents' perceptions of the landfill.
INTRODUCTION
- Background of the study
- Rationale for the research
- Aims
- Objectives
- Outline of thesis structure
The main reasons for focusing on PM2.5 in children living near the Bisasar Road landfill are threefold: Khan was on the front lines when he called for the closure of the Bisasar Road landfill (Leonard 2012).
RESPIRATOTY HEALTH EFFECTS IN CHILDREN – A REVIEW
Introduction
The main focus of this study is on the impact of PM2.5 on children living near the Bisasar Road landfill in eThekwini Municipality. Highlights the legislative initiatives for the management of particulate matter (PM2.5) in South Africa and internationally.
Air pollution management in South Africa
This legislation introduced a shift in the way air quality was managed in South Africa. SDB is in the limelight due to poor air quality due to the manifestation of polluting industries.
Solid waste disposal facilities
Although there are few studies that have examined the perceptions of a community living near a landfill and its impact, the existence of dust from landfills has been reported (Okeke and Armor 2000). Community opposition to landfills and other locally undesirable land uses (LULUs) often leads to the abandonment of such landfills (Okeke and Armor 2000).
Particulate matter
Solid particles originate from climatic influences (rain, wind and humidity); industrial production (fossil fuels and manufacturing activities); transport (vehicles, ships, planes and trains); apartment (cooking, heating and cleaning); geographic location (soil erosion) and tobacco smoking (Polichetti et al. 2009). Epidemiological studies provide evidence of a link between PM2.5 and health effects, as PM2.5 represents a significant fraction of PM exposure (Ostro et al. 2010).
Indoor air quality
As a result, they suffer from respiratory symptoms including asthma, wheezing and cough (Linehan et al. 2005). They also found that children aged 10 to 18 years reported negative impacts of PM2.5 on their lung function during the period of rapid lung development (Gauderman et al. 2004).
Respiratory health assessment
Epidemiological studies in developed countries have reported on the impact of the landfill on adults. The study examined the respiratory health effects in children living within a 2 km radius of the landfill.
Legislative and regulatory framework to address PM 2.5
ENVIRONMENTAL AND PERSONAL RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Materials and methods
- Results and discussion
- Conclusions
It is therefore important to understand how housing structure and social behavior of residents contribute to the level of exposure to indoor pollution. The main objective of the study was to characterize the household within a 2 km radius of a landfill with a view to identifying potential environmental and personal risk factors associated with the prevalence of respiratory symptoms. Indoor air pollution is the eighth most important risk factor, responsible for 2.7% of the global burden of disease (between 1.5 and 2 million deaths annually) (Viegi et al. 2004).
Potential households were recruited through door-to-door visits to houses within a 2 km radius of the dumping site on Bisasar Road. The study was conducted in both informal and formal housing within a 2km radius of the Bisasar Road landfill in Clare Estate. This includes the building material used and the type of structure of the individual household (Al-Khatib et al. 2001).
Therefore, it is important to understand how residential structure and the social behavior of residents contribute to indoor pollution exposure levels. Jafta (2007) also found fungal growth in 26% of homes, which is also in the same range as this study. This study presents important findings in understanding the characteristics of homes and potential sources of indoor air pollution.
THE RESPIRATORY HEALTH CONDITIONS IN CHILDREN
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Materials and methods
- Results
- Discussion
- Conclusion
Few of the air monitoring stations are located to monitor population exposure in these areas, which then makes it difficult to assess general exposure to air pollution (Norman et al. 2007). This study focuses on the impact of PM2.5 on children living close to the Bisasar Road landfill, which is one of the largest landfills in Africa. The settlement grew after the relaxation of apartheid laws in the late 1980s (Hallowes et al. 2008).
Children were recruited from 157 households in Clare Estate, Durban through door-to-door visits to homes within a 2 km radius of the Bisasar Road landfill. The study used a modified version of the American Thoracic Society Division of Lung Disease questionnaire (ATS-DLD-78A) to record the occurrence of respiratory symptoms. Considering the fact that children are more susceptible to the air pollution (Vrijheid 2000), this study seeks to establish whether children (aged between 6 and 12 years) living near the landfill are susceptible to respiratory effects , which can be attributed. to the landfill.
In Great Britain, approximately 80% of the British population live within 2 km of known landfill sites (Elliott et al. 2001). Wheezing is the most common symptom of variable airway obstruction occurring in asthma (Asher et al. 2012). It also found that the prevalence of asthma among children living within a 2 km radius of the landfill was higher than the prevalence of asthma seen in other studies.
THE RESPIRATORY HEALTH EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Materials and methods
- Results
- Discussion
- Conclusions
A study by O'Connor et al. 2008) found the relationship between PM2.5 exposure and lower pulmonary function. The study investigated the respiratory health effects of PM2.5 in the children living near the landfill. The converted mean concentration values for mg m-3 to µg m-3 were used to report PM2.5 concentration levels.
The characteristic data of the study population, PM2.5 concentration levels, spirometric data and correlation results between PM2.5 and spirometric data are presented. Associations between 24 hour average PM2.5 concentration measured at homes and lung function performed in children are presented in Table 5.5. It is against this background that the WHO guideline is used in this study to determine whether children living in the vicinity of the landfill are exposed to PM2.5 concentration levels that may cause health effects.
To establish the relationship between PM2.5 exposure and respiratory health effects, spirometric assessments. Children who performed pulmonary function evaluation lived in households where PM2.5 monitoring was performed. The study concludes that PM2.5 from the landfills causes the negative respiratory health effects in children.
COMMUNITY APPRAISAL OF AIR QUALITY NEAR A LANDFILL
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Materials and methods
- Results and discussion
- Conclusion
The landfill is located on the western side of the city of Durban and receives waste from the surrounding Durban area. The main purpose of the study was primarily to explore and describe the community's experiences of the landfill and its impact. In your community, which month of the year do you think generally has the worst air quality?
Do you or one of your family members have health problems that are aggravated by the proximity of the landfill? awareness Activism B2. First, residents were asked to identify their biggest environmental concerns, without being specific about pollution or the impact of the landfill. As for the main environmental problems, the results reflect dissatisfaction with the existence of the landfill (Fig. 6.1).
Do you or any of your family members have health problems that are aggravated by the proximity of the disposal site? Interestingly, 75% of respondents suggested that either the landfill or the community should be moved from the municipality. It turned out that community members saw the landfill site (which they called the "dump site") as the main source of poor air quality.
CONCLUSION AND FURTHER PERSPECTIVES
Introduction
Aims and objectives
Limitations of the study
However, PM2.5 monitoring and spirometry (pulmonary function tests) could not be performed at the same time due to the limited equipment (spirometer and EPAM-5000). Therefore, return visits were made at a later time to perform air sampling and spirometry tests. On return visits, some randomly selected participants were no longer interested in participating or could not be located because they had moved outside the study area.
To address this limitation, more than the planned percentage was randomly selected to allow the study to retain the planned sample of participants. However, these claims could be confirmed by the health histories provided by the parents and carers and the range of medical interventions that the children specifically from this area had had to undergo.
Future possibilities
Final comments and summary conclusions
Particulate matter in the atmosphere: which particle properties are important for their health effects. Global differences in the prevalence and severity of asthma symptoms: phase three of the International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood (ISAAC). Quantification of Air Emissions from Landfills: A Case Study of the Ano Liosia Landfill in the Greater Athens Area.
The prevalence of indoor mold growth in the dwellings of Durban metro, South Africa. Air pollution and climate change favor opportunities in the road transport sector in Durban, South Africa. A continuous inspection will be done by the researcher in the houses where the child sleeps.
Costs for the participant as a result of participating in the study You pay nothing for participating in this study. Do you have any questions about the research or your role in the research? YES NO. How often in the past 12 months has your child had a cough that won't go away?
How many times in the last 12 months has [CHILD] been hospitalized overnight for these episodes of breathing or. As a result of air quality problems, please tell me how often you have had them in the last 12 months.
