How is second-order scarcity, as manifested in contemporary Ethiopia, exacerbated by the specific socio-cultural practice of regular fasting as defined in the canon law of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church (EOC). Knowledge of the socio-cultural practice of regular fasting as defined by the canon law of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church (EOC).
The Research Methodology
The socio-cultural practice of regular fasting as defined by the Canon Law of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church;. The current national government's ability to implement policies and strategies to optimize water use; and.
Definitions of Key Concepts
These key categories were used to separate the data collected through the literature review and qualitative interviews according to their relevance to understanding the local context of the Gojjam Case Study Area (ANRS). The theory posits that cooperation results from the hegemon's pressure on the parties involved.
Ethical Consideration
34;Lack of necessary social resources and adaptive capacity, including social ingenuity and technical ingenuity, can be seen as second-order scarcity" (Turton 2003: 16). 34;Structurally Induced Relative Water Scarcity (SIRWS) is a condition that exists when a combination of a high degree of scarcity of second-order resources and a high degree of abundance of first-order resources occurs simultaneously in a given society.
Chapter Outline
SECOND-ORDER SCARCITY AND SOME ELEMENTS OF SCALE
A LITERATURE REVIEW
- Introduction
- Water as a development issue
- Second-order scarcity as a concept
- Second-order scarcity and fasting
- Second-order scarcity and the ability of a government to implement policies and strategies to optimize water use
- Second-order scarcity and the right of equitable and reasonable utilization of trans-boundary waters
- Conclusion
- Introduction
34; while fat and carbohydrates can be freely digested, a large part of the protein is in the. According to the UN's Millennium Development Project, good water management requires the involvement of the public and the interests of all stakeholders in the management of water resources. At the beginning of the revolution, international water law was characterized by bilateral agreements on the sharing of transboundary waters.
It finally culminated in the adoption of the UN Convention on the Law of Non-Navigational Uses. The effects of the use of the water course by one state on the other states of the water course;. What, then, are the bases of the two principles of substantial damage and equitable use.
This does not mean that the UN Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses has no relevance in current international law. The adoption of the Convention strongly suggests that certain principles [including the principles of fair and reasonable use and without substantial prejudice]. This chapter has presented some key elements of the important issues of the three subproblems of this study, which include: fasting, a government's ability to implement policies and strategies to optimize water use, and the right to fair and reasonable use. to trans- border waters.
Nevertheless, we can deduce the cause-effect relationship between the right to fair and reasonable use of the Nile River basin system.
ETHIOPIA
Second-order scarcity and the right of equitable and reasonable utilization of water in the Nile River Basin System
This section will discuss the issues and interrelationships between second order scarcity and the right to equitable and reasonable use of water in the Nile River Basin System. The third subsection will discuss the cause-effect relationship between the right to fair and reasonable utilization of the Nile River Basin system and second-order scarcity in Ethiopia. Therefore, the Nile River Basin System in total gets about 86 percent of its water from Ethiopia.
In 1959, Egypt and Sudan - the two downstream countries in the Nile River Basin system - signed an agreement called the 'Full Use of the Nile'. At that stage, President Meles did state the Ethiopian government's position regarding the issue of the utilization of waters of the Nile River basin system. NBI member states have since been working through this framework to establish a new water regime in the Nile River Basin system.
Under such circumstances, the status quo of the exclusive use of the waters of the Nile River basin by the downstream states of Egypt and Sudan is maintained. In short, the case of the Nile river basin system illustrates the cause-and-effect relationship between the right to an equitable and reasonable use of transboundary waters and second-order scarcity.
Second-order scarcity and the current national government's ability to implement its policies and strategies to optimize water use
This suggests that the limitation of institutional capacity is one of the major bottlenecks for innovation and development in the water sector. Minister of Water Resources, said communication between different institutions in the water management hierarchy is insufficient and he attributes this to a lack of capacity at ground level. He further said that the NGO sector in Ethiopia contributes about one third of the water sector budget, but they receive little recognition or support from the government.
In support of this, Mekonnen suggests that the government review the way it engages non-state actors in the water sector. The current national government's ability to implement policies and strategies to optimize water use: A second-order resource. On the issue of water policy implementation, Adane said the lack of policy enforcement guidelines is hindering its implementation.
This would require the political will of the government to increase the budget for the water sector. In summary, poor water management in Ethiopia hinders the current national government from implementing policies and strategies to optimize water use, thereby exacerbating second-order scarcity.
Second-order scarcity and the socio-cultural practice of regular fasting as prescribed by Canon Law of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church
The actual number of fast days as prescribed by EOC canon law is large. Mikre's position and notes that followers of the EOC fast for about half of the year. Tiruneh said that the saints' days that followers of the EOC must observe are especially those that fall on the Ethiopian 5th, 7th, 12th
It can therefore be said that the many holidays and the frequent fasting of followers of the EOC limit them from. He added that the socio-cultural practice of regular fasting and non-working days by followers of the EOC has become a culture that perpetuates low agricultural productivity and low development in general. What then does the socio-cultural practice of regular fasting as prescribed by the Canon Law of the EOC have to do with second-order scarcity.
It can therefore be said that the socio-cultural practice of regular fasting by followers of EOC is eroding the human capacity of farmers to work thereby adversely affecting agricultural productivity and their livelihood. It can therefore be seen that the socio-cultural practice of regular fasting by followers of EOC erodes the human capacity to work and thus exacerbates second-order scarcity.
CONCLUSION
- Introduction
- The First Sub-Problem and Hypothesis
- The Second Sub-Problem and Hypothesis
- The Third Sub-Problem and Hypothesis
- Conclusion
Therefore, if these changes to the Canon Law of the EOC are not communicated to people in rural areas, second-order scarcity is likely to continue. How is second-order scarcity, as manifested in contemporary Ethiopia, perpetuated by the apparent inability of the current national government to implement policies and strategies to optimize water resource use. If the national government is unable to implement its policies and strategies to optimize water use for national development, second-order scarcity is likely to persist.
A government's ability to implement policies and strategies to optimize water use—a key part of water governance—is a second-order resource. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the second hypothesis is valid because. to failures in water governance, the current government is unable to implement its policies and strategies to optimize water use for national development, thus perpetuating second-order scarcity. If Ethiopia exercises the right to equitable and reasonable use of water in the Nile River Basin System, then sustainable national development programs can be designed to alleviate the impact of second-order scarcity.
Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the third hypothesis is valid because Ethiopia's inability to exercise its right to fair and reasonable use is a bottleneck to increasing its ability to address second-order scarcity in tackle the country. The national element is the current government's apparent inability to implement policies and strategies to optimize water use for national development due to poor water management that perpetuates second-order scarcity.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTEVIEW QUESTIONS
INTERVIEW QUESTIONS: SET 1
Please indicate which stakeholders normally participate in deliberations about water utilization and management arrangements in general within ANRS. Please describe what you consider to be the opportunities and constraints for water resource development in the ANRS and more specifically in the eastern and western Gojjam zones. Please prioritize the objectives (benefits) of the Tana Beles Integrated Water Resources Development Project (TBIWRDP).
What connections do you think there are between the history of exploitation/under-exploitation of water resources and contemporary water resource development initiatives of the Blue Nile/Abbay River? Please describe the links between agricultural productivity, food security and water use/underuse in the Blue Nile Basin.
INTERVIEW QUESTIONS: SET 2
INFORMED CONSENT FORM
To be read out by researcher before the start of the interview. One copy of the form to be left with the respondent; one copy to be signed by the respondent and kept by the researcher.). I have a Bachelor of Arts degree in International Relations and I am currently pursuing a Masters in Development Studies in the School of Development Studies at the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) in Durban, South Africa. I am doing a research thesis on 'Ethiopia's water resources and challenges to its development' for the completion of the degree.
This study aims to collect information on the development of water resources in Ethiopia, with a particular emphasis on the Eastern and Western Gojjam zones of Ethiopia, and to assess the factors contributing to the underutilization of water resources for the development of Ethiopia. This topic was identified after the researcher analyzed the different ones. development needs of Ethiopia and the current development initiatives underway in the country. It was found that the development of water resources in Ethiopia affects all economic sectors and plays a crucial role in the socio-economic development of the population.
If you have no objection, a tape recorder will be used to transcribe the interview. Do you consent to the use of any of the following in the research: check one of the options below).
